Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Meeting was called to order by Mo Way at 8 AM, 25 February 2008 The group had a moment of silence for Dr. Bob ONeil, our colleague from Purdue University, who recently passed away. Tentative location/ time for 2009: Baton Rouge, LA, Feb 23-24 (host, Jeff Davis) Officers for 2009: Matt ONeal (Chair) and Jeff Davis (Secretary) During the meeting, the new project was announced: S-1039 CSREES Update (Rick Meyer) Administration goals are to do the following: expand peer reviewed allocation of funds; support base extension programs and new technologies for extension; support minority institutions; and move Integrated 406 programs into NRI. There is a 2.5% overall reduction in the fed budget. Hatch and McIntire Stennis funds  expand multi-state research to approx 70% (from 25%) and proposed redirection of Hatch monies into competitive funding program. Areas with funding increase are eXtension and the National Diagnostic Lab system. Proposed consolidation of CAR, RAMP, Pest Management Centers and methyl bromide transition programs into a single grant program with three focus areas: 1. IPM tactics; 2) diversified IPM systems; and 3) regional IPM centers. Critical & Emerging Pests and Diseases Program funding may increase ($732,000 to $2.5 million). Accountability is still very important, and documenting impacts is critical. Impact statements for the old S-1010 were discussed. Volunteers asked to provide verbiage to Chris DiFonzo were the following: Stink Bugs (Bob McPherson); BLB (Tom Hunt); Defoliation (Mo Way); and Dectes (Buschman). Experiment Station Update (Dave Boethel) Discussed Farm Bill and proposed federal grants program consolidations from the experiment station point-of-view. Proposal to allow increased indirect costs on the part of the federal government (now capped at 21%). Objective 1. Characterize insect-soybean interactions and their impact on plant growth, grain quality, and yield. Sub-objective 1a. Establish or modify thresholds of important regional pests to account for maturity group, planting systems, plant age, and natural enemy populations. Soybean aphid Minnesota: The 250 threshold was developed when soybean prices were lower. Is the threshold valid at current higher bean prices? MN research showed that the SBA reproduction curve is U-shaped. Aphid growth rates at vegetative-R1 and R6 were higher than at R2-R5. At low aphid densities, it is difficult statistically separate yield differences under 2 bu/acre. Using the Minnesota data set, Ragsdale et al found no response in yield to season-long low aphid density. There was no difference in decisions at either $6 or $12 bu crop price. At the current crop prices, the EIL is probably lower (~ 500 SBA/ plant) and the window to treat likely narrows to 3-4 days, but the 250 threshold itself remains valid. A computer model is being developed by Brian McCornack to account for plant stage and development. Also McCornack et al tested a node-sampling method to estimate aphid density on plants. Aphids shift to the mid-canopy at R4 and white morphs can form. White morphs live half as long and total fecundity drops by 70%. Could be temperature / microclimate, or predation may cause aphids to redistribute lower on the plant. When you know the stage, you can do an estimate of whole plant counts by choosing the appropriate a node (node  leaflet, petiole, pod) to sample. Paper accepted (McCornack et al) by JEE to discuss the method. This sampling saved time and worked as well compared to whole plant counts. Missouri: Followed up on work showing that horse nettle was a host for SBA. Only mowed horse nettle appeared to support SBA. Have since confirmed this in the field and will continue with growth chamber studies of other Solanaceaous plants. Virginia surveillance program: Repeated visits to fields in July into September. Aphids found in every field at low numbers. 5,000 acres treated, but likely because of the information coming out about SBA, not that fields were over threshold. Quebec: A high aphid year, many hectares treated. A higher threshold was used in the past, but many people used the 250 threshold during the 2007 outbreak. Thresholds/ Natural enemies: In Minnesota, Harmonia and C-7 were most effective aphid predators in field observation studies conducted by A. Costamagna. Predators classified as highly mobile (such as Coccinellids) had a positive response to increased aphid numbers, while residents (such as midge larvae) had a negative response. Costamagna compared data from two hour observations to information from sweep nets, a transect, whole plant counts, and sticky cards. A 30-pace transect (walking, observing, and counting Coccinellids) mirrored data from the more time consuming two-hour counts. The quick transect method is a start to incorporate natural enemy information into the aphid threshold. In Canada, Univ. of Guelph conducted a preliminary study of the impact of foliar applications on natural enemies in preparation to including natural enemies in thresholds. Foliar insecticides were applied at 250 and 500 SBA per plant. There were higher levels of NE in the plots sprayed at 500 SBA per plant. Stink Bug Virginia Tech (Ames Herbert): VT reported on recent work surveying, sampling, identifying natural enemies, and measuring impacts of stink bug. Some of this work has been done, but 20-30 years ago under different production practices in the south, versus mid-Atlantic. Species composition: (90%) green stink bug, 10% brown stink bug. VT has a cooperative project with DE and MD to study impact of stink bug feeding. Bagged a row-foot of beans (~ 7 plants), and infested with stink bug adults or nymphs for a week at R4, R5, R6, and R7. After one week, stink bugs were removed and plants remained caged until harvest. At R4, there was significantly more gray mold and purple stain in adult-infested cages, and numerically more flat pods. Total numbers of seeds and mature pods were significantly less in adult-infested cages. In Mississippi, F. Musser caged varying numbers of stink bugs (0-11 per row foot) on R7 plants for two weeks. Soybean grain damage increased, but the pattern of yield loss was not clear. There wasnt a lot of green stem attributed to stink bug feeding in either study. LSU (Jeff Davis): Reported work on Piezodorus guildinii, red-banded stink bug, from Brazil. This species is difficult to control with insecticides that control other stink bug species. Multiple applications are being made to control this pest in LA, with acephate being the most effective product. This species seems to be moving north. Future work will look at insecticides, dynamic thresholds, and molecular markers. Jeff requested samples in 70% or 90% ethanol during the season for the marker work. Georgia (Bob McPherson): Green bean syndrome is an increasing problem, often attributed to stink bug feeding. Plants remain green even after herbicide application. Attempted to recreate the effect by removing pods and also defoliating at different times. In some years, they could simulate the look of green bean syndrome by depodding late (Late R5, R6). In other cases, it didnt matter what treatment was done in plots, the entire field had green bean syndrome. Despite the syndrome, there was not economic threshold-levels for any insect, including stink bug. Conclusion  its more than just stink bug feeding or pod loss that accounts for green bean syndrome. Kentucky (D. Johnson): Followed up with data showing that treatment with Quadris in some cases appeared to be related to green bean syndrome by creating healthy plants. Sub-objective 1b. Characterize the unique relationships between insect pests and organic/ specialty beans. Wisconsin: Dave Hogg has a student comparing organic and conventional systems, examining aphid numbers and natural enemies. He found higher numbers of both in organic systems. Sub-objective 1c. Understand the movement of pest Lepidoptera as it relates to pest management Virginia (Herbert): VT is continuing its survey for corn earworm. Percent acres treated for corn earworm continues to increase. AH shared efficacy trial data since the early 1990s. In every trial, there was an insecticide that gave 100% control. However, in the last few years, pyrethroid efficacy has dropped. VT also documented severe bean leaf beetle damage to pods for the first time in Virginia. Suspect some of this damage may have been confused with corn earworm feeding. Sub-objective 1d. Maintain the Northcentral regional aphid suction trap network. D. Voegtlin: The network had forty-two traps in 10 states in 2008. Nearly 200 aphid species have been recorded over the last few years. Collections from traps contributed to the development of an identification key for Aphis sp caught routinely in traps. The URL for this key is: http://ctap.inhs.uiuc.edu/lagos/key.asp?key=Aphis&lng=En&i=1&keyN=1. Discussion of trap data ownership - members felt it was public information. Long term the biggest issue is funding. Discussion of continuation of the network - most felt that postage and supplies could be funded by each state to help out with costs. Ames Herbert showed results of a survey of PIPE participants (16 responses). There was discussion of continuing participation and resources, and how the suction trap data and field sampling fit with the PIPE network. Objective 2. Develop and validate tactics for management of key soybean insects. Sub-objective 2a. Efficacy of seed treatments and foliar insecticides for key soybean insects. Soybean aphid Discussion of seed treatments. Members generally report no yield benefit to use of seed treatments, although there may be differences in plant appearance and plant development. Minnesota did document a yield increase due to control of early infestation of potato leafhopper. Minnesota also points out that although predators may not be killed, they can starve = essentially the same effect as a foliar spray in removing predators from a system. There was broader discussion of company policies promoting sales and insurance use of treated seed. Many of these practices are contrary to IPM. Kelley Tilmon is heading an IPM working group in NC region. Would like to develop a slide set showing why the 250 SBA threshold is valid and what can go wrong with prophylactic/ insurance pesticide use. KT asked for volunteers to work to coordinate a message. Ontario: Tracey Baute reported early infestation of SBA the first week of June 2007 in early-planted fields. By June 13, there was an avg 450 aphids per plant in these early-planted fields. Many predators and parasitoids recruited to the infestation, numerous deep fried aphids = mummies. A similar situation occurred in Michigan during the same time frame, suggesting a broad flight of winged aphids from a common source. In Ontario, strip plots were sprayed with Admire, Matador (= Warrior) and Lagon (= dimethoate) on June 15. Lagon failed within days and the grower retreated. Matador started to fail (become infested) in July. The impact of Admire carried through to end of season. Untreated and dimethoate plots had poor canopy closure and weed problems. Also in Ridgetown, ON, a sprayer was developed that can change nozzle types for experimental application by rolling the boom. This sprayer was used in studies with water sensitive cards to detect the spray pattern. The best set up for coverage was a double nozzle aimed forward and back, at a 60 degree angle, with minimum 20 GPA and 70 psi. Statistically this set up reduced aphid number, although yield differences were not significant. Iowa State (K. Johnson): A large efficacy trial was conducted by ISU, with 32 products compared to treated and untreated checks. Yield-wise, it didnt matter what product was applied, as long as the treatment was applied at or near 250. Cruiser and Gaucho seed treatments gave little yield protection and reduction in SBA numbers. The yield boost from Cruiser was less than that for a foliar application. In another study, plots were sprayed an OP, a pyrethroid or a tank mix, using different droplet sizes. Again, product didnt make a difference, but droplet size did, with higher yield (1.2 bu) in plots sprayed with finer droplets. Michigan (DiFonzo): A method was developed to assay aphid mortality from insecticide exposure. Using this method, the lab compared an unexposed greenhouse population to field populations collected from areas with a history of insecticide use. No evidence of resistance found for Asana, Lorsban, and Warrior. A resistant colony is being developed to use in future testing. Dectes Virginia: First report of Dectes stem borer in Virginia, found in continuous soybean fields. Kansas: Conducted a survey of states about presence and damage of Dectes. Three major areas of damage were 1. KS/ OK/ NE/ TX panhandle; 2. Kentucky SW into MS, LA; 3. east coast from NJ to SC. Larry Buschman asked that in states with no detections, people check fields to ground truth the survey. Early maturing fields in Kansas have the most Dectes problems; girdling may be triggered by moisture content, and early maturing varieties dry down quickly. Kansas work focused on aerial applications to large fields. Two applications gave up to 80% control. Sampling is an issue  it is difficult to time treatments. Systemic insecticides were tested for Dectes control. Fipronil (Regent) is effective as a seed and foliar treatment. A foliar spray of fipronil reduced the number of entry-nodes and larvae at several locations. However, yield was higher only at only one location. Fipronil seed treatments did a good job reducing plant infestation, but yield response was mixed. Kentucky: Number of adult Dectes per 100 sweeps peaked in mid to late July. In plots in KY, TN, and AR, fipronil reduce the number of tunneled stems and larvae, but yield either was not taken or did not differ among treatments. In a study to assess what contributed to yield loss, the only significant factor was stem diameter. Stink bug Virginia: Pyrethroids (Karate, Baythroid) plus Orthene worked well to control both. Neonicotinoids did not work as well, with the exception of the product Venom. VT conducted a mortality study with organic products applied to individual beans in Petri dishes. There was good efficacy of Spinosad, pyrethins, neem, and product combinations. In another study, halves of Petri dishes were treated, and the time stink bugs spent in each side of a dish was compared. Spinosad appeared to be attractive to stink bugs (more time spent on the Spinosad treated area). Azadirachtin had no impact (time on treated and untreated halves was similar). Pyrethrum acted as a repellent. Sub-objective 2b. Enhance biological control of soybean aphid, using both conservation of natural enemies and classical biological control releases. Classical Biocontrol Minnesota: Binodoxys communis was released at 23 locations in Minnesota. Aphid populations were built up in cages and then mummies were added. After increase, there was an avg 136 mummies per plant in cages. Cages were then removed. Mummies were found near the cage in 20 of 23 fields. Similar releases were also made in Indiana, Michigan, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Minnesota is continuing to rear and test other parasitoids for release. Several states will continue releases in 2008 (MN, IA, SD) USDA lab: (Hoelmer): Discussed foreign exploration for importation biocontrol and quarantine/ testing. KH is looking for natural enemies on both soybean and Rhamnus in Asia, and continuing to find new agents with each trip. At least 50 distinct populations are being maintained at the Newark lab. Logistics of rearing are a limiting factor. KH presented results of host specificity testing on the Aphelinus spp. (Univ of MN handles the Braconid testing). See Table1 in his report for a list of aphid populations in culture. Table 2 breaks list up by evaluation status. A population of Aphelinus near-gossypii is within several years (2010?) of potential introduction, if host testing continues to look promising. Conservation Biocontrol: Many states reported high numbers of native parasitoids. Perhaps increased aphid numbers on other crops provided for increase of native populations. South Dakota: Study manipulated aphid density in field cages, uncaged, and monitored unflux of ladybeetles and egg laying. More aphids = greater recruitment. Entomopathogens: Minnesota conducted cage studies with Pandora neoaphidis, spraying fungicides on plants before and after inoculating cages with Pandora. Applying fungicide before inoculum resulted in a lower entomopathogen prevalence. Mixes of a stroby + triazole were worse than application of a single fungicide. Daves worst case would be applying fungicides prior to presence of infected aphids (such as applying fungicides prophylactically at R1). Stink bug Virginia: Screening was done for natural enemies of stink bugs in Virginia beans. Checked parasitism of naturally laid eggs in the field, and of sentinel eggs placed in the field. SE Virginia had a high rate of parasitism of stink bug eggs. At least 4 different parasitoid species were found. Brown marmorated stink bug is an invasive from Asia, first found near Allentown, PA. It is noticed by the general public because it enters houses in the fall. It had a broad host range including fruit and soybeans, but it is unclear what if anything this pest will do in beans in the U.S.. In China, its range does not extend as far north as soybean aphid, so it is unclear how far north in the U.S. it may be a problem. Adult ID = marbled appearance and distinct white banded antennae; nymph ID = distinct points on the pronotum. Newark lab is working on biocontrol of BMSB, surveying for parasitoids in China and rearing candidates for potential introduction. A graduate student from VT went to China on an NSF grant to fill in literature gaps on BMSB. She surveyed for the insect on different host plants and collected parasitoids. Sub-objective 2c. Screen, characterize, and incorporate host plant resistance to soybean aphid and other key insects. Soybean aphid host plant resistance screening of lines across several states (SD, KA, MI, MN). Kansas is planning to screen Kansas HPR materials with the Ohio aphid biotype. In Michigan, aphids in from a colony that could feed on RAG1 plants did not survive on Michigan soybean lines resistant to SBA. Work by Claudio Gratton and others, Univ of Wisconsin, found that host plant resistance exacerbates virus spread, but the difference was related to variety. There is long term interest in genetic variation in soybean aphid, related to host plant resistance and other issues. D. Voegtlin found colonies that can survive on Rhamnus frangulae. SBA has also been found to live on nightshade. In 2008, Andy Michel, Ohio State University, would like to have aphid collections from across the region. Kelly Tilmon is also working on molecular markers, and she has aphid samples collected across the season. Dectes Kansas: Host plant resistance screening is continuing. Found two PIs with some resistance, based on a ratio of # oviposition scars to # of larvae. Resistance may be based on vascular tissue arrangement. Stink Bug Texas (Mo Way): Working with a soybean agronomist to evaluate germplasm for resistance to stink bug. Found one variety, NC-ROY (mg 6), planted in mid-May, that appears to avoid the peak stink bug population. MW Feels that later maturity group beans planted in May can avoid stink bug damage. NC ROY is a bushy bean with low pods, which may cause problems under moist conditions (cutter bar slides over the beans and fire ants cause problems). In Georgia (Bob McPherson) is also working with soybean breeder to find resistance to stink bug and lep defoliators. Found several sources of resistance, a few will be released for breeding purposes.

Objective 1. Characterize insect-soybean interactions and their impacts on plant growth, grain quality and yield Sub-objective 1a. Establish or modify thresholds of important regional pests to account for maturity group, planting systems, plant age and natural enemy populations Sub-objective 1b. Characterize the unique relationships between insect pests and organic/speciality beans Sub-objective 1c. Understand the movement of pest Lepidoptera as it relates to pest management Sub-objective 1d. Maintain the Northcentral regional aphid suction trap network Objective 2. Develop and validate tactics for management of key soybean insects Sub-objective 2a. Efficacy of seed treatments and foliar insecticides for key soybean insects Sub-objective 2b. Enhance biological control of soybean aphid, using both conservation of natural enemies and classical biological control releases Sub-objective 2c. Screen, characterize and incorporate host plant resistance to soybean aphid and other key pests GA (Objectives 1 and 2) The early maturing vegetable soybean cultivar, Midori Giant, escaped heavy stink bug and caterpillar damage when planted early from mid April to mid May. This short season crop yielded over 3800lb/acre of fresh green beans when planted early compared to only 3000lb/acre when planted in mid June. Planting early is a good management tool to avoid harmful insect populations and reduce pesticide residues on vegetable soybeans. Possibly, Midori Giant could produce 2-3 crops annually in south GA with minimal insect damage. Green bean syndrome studies revealed planting date, pod injury and possibly hot/dry weather all contribute to this problem; however, for late planted (June 15) soybeans, depodding during podfill produced extensive green bean syndrome and low yields. Data suggest pod injury during podfill can be very detrimental to yield. Soybean aphid (SBA) was detected for the 6th year at the UGA Georgia Mountain Research and Education Center near Blairsville, GA. Damaging SBA populations were not detected. Twelve soybean breeding lines from Glenn Buss at Virginia Tech were selected for advanced screening for stink bug and lepidopteran resistance. These lines have the resistant cultivar IAC100 in their pedigrees. The IAC100 variety and 3 entries with IAC100 in their pedigrees had the least stink bug damaged seeds over the past 5 years. Although lepidopteran defoliation was low in 2007, 4 entries expressing both stink bug and lepidopteran resistance were identified and will undergo further testing. Stink bugs were economically damaging in many GA soybean fields late in the season in 2007. Whiteflies also were more abundant in 2007 than in many past years and some soybean farmers sprayed for these pests. Mexican bean beetles approached treatment levels in north GA. IL (Objectives 1 and 2) Western corn rootworm (WCR) continues to be abundant in northern IL soybeans. Populations were lower in 2007 possibly due to the extensive planting of WCR-resistant transgenic corn. WCR readily migrate from corn to soybeans or vice versa. Using detection of ingested Roundup Ready soybean tissue, movement of WCR beetles from soybeans to corn is about twice as rapid compared to movement within corn. WCR were concentrated in late planted trap crops and in some soybeans planted adjacent to late planted corn. Late planted corn strips installed in rotated soybean fields results in WCR egg laying in the strips and nearby soybeans. Data indicate WCR concentrate in late planted trap crops and in some soybeans adjacent to late planted corn. A melanic morph of WCR was detected in IL soybean fields. About 1% of the total sampled WCR was the melanic morph. In August 2007, east central IL experienced relatively high populations of whiteflies. IL participated in SBA suction trap sampling with David Voegtlin as the coordinator. IL has the most consecutive years of SBA suction trap data---2001-2007. July and August catches for 2007 were the highest since 2003. In the fall of 2006, surveys revealed most randomly selected buckthorn twigs possessed SBA eggs, but an early April freeze dramatically reduced these populations. An extensive survey conducted in the summer of 2007 found SBA populations increased markedly in late July/early August and peaked in early to mid August. Populations declined rapidly after peaking. The economic threshold of 250 SBA per plant was exceeded in 9 of 26 fields monitored. Many soybean fields in northern IL were sprayed in 2007. Seed of SBA susceptible and resistant varieties was treated with Cruiser or left untreated; SBA populations were monitored during the growing season and yields compared. In most cases, Cruiser decreased SBA populations, regardless of variety. However, levels of control were not dramatic. Yields generally were higher in plots treated with Cruiser. At 7 days after foliar treatments in August, Cruiser seed treatment, Lorsban 4E, Cobalt and Warrior provided good control of SBA. The Cruiser seed treatment gave about a 7 bu/acre yield advantage over the untreated. IL participated in the field release program involving Binodoxys communis. IN (Objectives 1 and 2) A mixed prey diet for Orius insidiosus allowed this beneficial organism to be an effective predator of SBA when aphid populations were low during the early season. Studies also showed little competition for SBA prey between O. inisidiosus and the multicolored minute pirate bug. Seed-applied systemic insecticides delayed SBA population growth. Data showed the ideal planting date in early May outyielded the early and late planting dates by at least 4 bu/acre. Controlling sub-threshold populations of SBA with a seed treatment did not result in higher yields. IN is participating in releases of a potential parasitoid of SBA. IA (Objective 1) RAG1 is a dominant gene identified as a source of SBA-antibiosis. Soybeans containing this gene produced SBA peak populations of only 497 compared to 3404 produced on a parental line not possessing this gene. Untreated resistant soybeans outyielded untreated susceptible soybeans 24 bu/acre. However, insecticide treated susceptible soybeans outyielded insecticide treated resistant soybeans but the difference was not significant. Results suggest the RAG1 gene does not confer tolerance. KS (Objectives 1 and 2) Recommended treatment thresholds for SBA are 50 aphids per leaflet for pre-reproductive plants and 250 aphids per plant at R1. At R3 and R4-5, thresholds increase to 1000 and 1500 aphids per plant, respectively. PI165673 and PI165676 may be sources of resistance to soybean stem borer (SSB). Fipronil seed treatments provided 45-100% control of SSB while foliar applications gave 65-95% control. MI (Objectives 1 and 2) Five SBA suction traps were in operation in MI in 2007. First aphids collected in the traps occurred on May 25. SBA populations in the field exceeded the threshold in mid June in Northcentral MI. After mid June, SBA populations were low during the remainder of the season. As of February 2008, no SBA eggs were found on buckthorn. A large plot field study in Saginaw County showed Cruiser 5FS seed treatment significantly reduced bean leaf beetle (BLB) feeding. SBA populations were well below treatment thresholds throughout this study. However, The Cruiser 5FS seed treatment outyielded the untreated about 5 bu/acre. SBA was evaluated for resistance to Asana, Warrior and Lorsban by treating (using a tea strainer method) aphids collected from fields historically sprayed frequently for SBA and by treating lab-reared SBA colonies which have never been exposed to insecticides. Basically, resistance to these insecticides was not detected. Lorsban evaluations were difficult because of volatility problems affecting other treatments. B. communis was released at 7 locations in 2007. SBA populations were very low at these locations, so establishment was not confirmed. Two soybean lines have been identified by Dr. Dechun Wang at Michigan State University as possessing antibiotic resistance to SBA. These lines are being used as parents in a backcross procedure to develop a SBA resistant cultivar. Four lines from these crosses (E06906, E06902, E06901 and E06905) were evaluated in 2007. Although SBA populations were low, these lines had the lowest % infestation, but they suffered significantly more Japanese beetle damage than other lines in the test. MN (Objectives 1 and 2) Suction traps at 2 locations collected SBA in mid May which is the earliest ever. Data suggest captures of SBA in the spring is not predictive of later abundance on soybeans. A freeze in late April resulted in high SBA mortality on buckthorn causing a delay in colonization of soybeans. Trap catches in the fall of 2007 were the lowest ever and no SBA were found on buckthorn; thus, 2008 is expected to be a light SBA year. Three genetic sources of SBA resistance have been identified and these genes have been incorporated into soybean cultivars across various maturity groups. Resistance is based on a 2 gene recessive trait identified by Michigan State University scientists, RAG1 which is a single dominant gene researched by University of Illinois scientists and unknown genes conferring resistance on 2 lines from scientists efforts at Kansas State University. Field trials in MN revealed the resistant lines (E06905, E06901, E06906 and E06902) identified by Michigan State University produced exceptionally low populations of SBA at 3 of 4 locations. However, trials in WI, where SBA populations were the highest in 2007, showed 2 of the above lines remained resistant. Published evidence shows a SBA biotype has the ability to overcome RAG1 resistance. In trials in MN, lines possessing the RAG1 gene displayed intermediate resistance between susceptible commercial cultivars and the E0XXXX lines from Michigan State University. In larger field trials in MN in 2007, RAG1 lines supported far fewer SBA than susceptible lines. Isolines without the RAG1 gene produced populations of SBA exceeding the economic injury level of >10,000 cumulative SBA days relatively early. Resistant lines exceeded the economic injury level late in the growing season when SBA populations are not as damaging. Current economic thresholds for SBA were developed by this project and are being verified and refined. In 2007, data show soybeans are good hosts of SBA from the vegetative to R1 stages---relatively early in plant development. Also, once plants reach R6, soybeans again become attractive to SBA. Research suggests SBA is found in the top portion of plants through mid July after which insects colonize the lower canopy. MN has developed a node-based sample method to estimate SBA population densities. The Soybean Aphid Growth Estimator (SAGE) is an early version, temperature driven model which predicts SBA population growth. More research will be performed to produce a more reliable version. Experiments were conducted to determine the role of predation on SBA population dynamics. Findings clearly show immigration can overwhelm predation. Predators, such as lacewing larvae, lady bird beetle larvae and syrphid fly larvae, are unable to fly and move with winged aphids. A federal permit to release the Chinese parasitoid B. communis was granted in 2007. Over 20 releases totaling 12,000 parasitoids were made throughout MN in 2007. Releases consisted of mummified aphids, parasitized aphids or both. Successful parasitism (5%) occurred outside the release cages. No evidence of mummy formation was observed in alate aphids exposed to B. communis in the fall suggesting this parasitoid may not attack alates during the fall. However, these parasitoids may fly directly to buckthorn---where apterous aphids reside---or attack an alternative host to overwinter. Fungicides applied to control soybean rust were found to adversely affect disease epizootics in SBA. Combinations of strobilurins and triazoles had more impact on disease (caused by Panadora neophidis ) development than either alone. Applying fungicide before rather than after infection took place in aphids was more detrimental to disease development within aphids. Results suggest current soybean rust control procedures are detrimental to development of disease epizootics in SBA (different mode of action fungicides applied before population outbreaks of SBA). MS (Objectives 1 and 2) Growers complain that insecticidal control of BLB is not as effective as in the past. Research in 2007 showed BLB collected from soybean areas frequently treated for this pest were 6-19 fold more resistant to cypermethrin than BLB collected from Starkville where pesticidal use is minimal. Insecticidal efficacy studies show pyrethroids provide less than 85% control of BLB whereas some new products other than pyrethroids give greater than 95% control. Cage studies to determine impact of southern green stink bug (SGSB) on R7 soybeans revealed no yield loss but significant loss in quality. The tentative economic injury level for quality loss at this stage of soybean maturation is greater than 5 SGSB/row foot. Crop consultants and extension specialists estimated stink bugs infested 100% of the soybean acreage in MS and about 60% of the acreage was treated with a loss of 3.5% in yield in 2007. Estimated total losses plus costs of control for all soybean pest insects in MS in 2007 was about $40/acre. MO (Objective 1) SBA populations were relatively low in 2007. Scattered soybean fields in the northern portion of the state were sprayed for SBA when populations exceeded the threshold of 250 aphids/plant. Previous research found SBA may utilize horse nettle as an alternate host in the fall in MO. Dectes stem borers caused heavy losses in bottomland soybean fields in southeast MO. Infestations are thought to arise from giant ragweed and other broadleaf weeds growing on river levees near soybean fields. Dr. Kelly Tindall is a recent hire with soybean insect responsibilities. In 2008, she will initiate research on this soybean stem borer. Green stink bug (GSB) problems on soybeans occurred throughout the state in 2007. Damage included delayed maturity. GSBs are generally found in abundance on the edges of soybean fields. They enter fields around early June. Populations continue to increase until first frost. White grub problems on soybeans are increasing, but wireworm problems are stable---not increasing. NE (Objectives 1 and 2) BLB is a major early soybean pest in NE. CruiserMaxx Pak is a combination inseciticde/fungicide seed treatment targeting BLB and soybean seedling diseases. A large field study was conducted in 2006 and 2007 which showed this seed treatment package significantly reduced BLB populations which were below the economic threshold throughout the season. Also, SBA populations were below the economic threshold during the season. Yields were not significantly different between the seed treatment package and the untreated. Greenhouse studies in 2007 evaluated SBA resistance in Dowling, Jackson, K1621, K-1639-2, KS4202 and Asgrow 2703. R2 stage soybeans were infested with 10 SBA per plant. Basically, KS4202, K-1639-2 and K1621 proved moderately resistant while Dowling , Asgrow 2703 and Jackson were classified as moderately to highly susceptible. The same entries were evaluated in field tests which monitored SBA populations in August. High SBA populations developed in these field studies. Basically, KS4202, K1621 and K-1639-2 were rated moderately resistant while Jackson, Dowling and Asgrow 2703 were rated moderately to highly susceptible. Results from the greenhouse and field studies suggest resistance to SBA is dependent on stage of growth of soybeans. OH (Objectives 1 and 2) High SBA densities were found on buckthorn in late March, but a severe freeze in early April in northern OH, IN, MI and Ontario caused significant mortality of developing SBA populations. Also, the freeze killed most of the buckthorn food source for SBA which impacted populations. Thus, in general, in OH in 2007, SBA densities were low on soybeans. However, economic outbreaks of SBA occurred in northeastern OH which my have been the result of migration from Quebec where heavy populations of SBA developed. Winds from the northeast (Quebec) across Lake Erie may have blown the aphids into OH. Research in organic soybean fields in 2007 found low populations of SBA. However, pod feeding by BLB is considered a major problem in organic soybeans in OH. Late plantings of organic soybeans provide no organic soybean hosts in the spring for overwintering BLB. Organic fields are usually planted in June; these fields remain succulent into September after conventional soybeans mature. So, late season BLBs moving from conventional into organic soybeans cause serious pod feeding damage. A study with CruiserMaxx, Gaucho and clothianidin showed these seed treatments greatly reduced BLB feeding damage. Gaucho did not prevent stand loss due to seedcorn maggot (SCM). A new biotype of the SBA was discovered in OH. This biotype can overcome resistance to germplasm previously identified by IL scientists as resistant to SBA. Also, MGIV PIs 243540, 567301B and 567324 were found to be resistant to SBA. PIs 243540 and 567301B are resistant to both biotypes of SBA. ON---University of Guelph (Objectives 1 and 2) A large field study compared efficacy and effects on beneficial insects of seed treatments and foliar sprays timed at different SBA densities. At time of preparation of this report, yield data had not been analyzed. Aphid and beneficial insect numbers decreased following insecticide applications (lamba-cyhalotrhin), but, in general, SBA densities were relatively low throughout the experiments. Data suggest higher action thresholds for SBA can be adopted when natural enemies are in abundance. An electric suction trap placed in Ridgetown, ON did not collect SBA until late July which corresponded with observed SBA populations in commercial soybeans grown in the area. ON---Ontario Ministry of Agriculture (Objectives 1 and 2) In 2007, 64 commercial soybean fields were monitored weekly through the growing season for pests. Viruses---Alfalfa mosaic (AMV), Bean pod mottle (BPMV), Soybean dwarf (SbDV), Soybean mosaic (SMV) and Tobacco ring spot (TRSV)---also were monitored starting in August. SbDV was found in 15% of monitored fields; all other viruses were detected in 5% or fewer of the sampled fields. However, SbDV was found for the first time in ON during this project. BPMV is often associated with BLB transmission, but some Japanese beetles collected from these fields tested positive for BPMV. SBA arrived 1 month earlier in 2007 in ON than in previous years. Due to this early arrival, some soybean fields reached threshold levels by early August. By the end of August, most infestations dropped below threshold levels probably due to beneficial arthropod activity. Double nozzles performed better than single nozzles relative to SBA control. High volume, high pressure and double nozzles performed the best. These spray conditions enabled pesticides to penetrate the soybean canopy better. Seed treatments were effective against SBA through August. A single foliar spray applied in mid August gave good control of SBA through maturity. Data suggest seed treatments may delay the need for foliar sprays which allows more time for beneficials to control SBA. Gaucho and Cruiser were the seed treatments evaluated. SBA Scouting Cards and Threshold Postcards were widely distributed to English and French speaking clientele in ON, Manitoba and Quebec. This information also was made available on the web. SD (Objective 1) A new SBA threshold of 250 aphids/plant was developed and adopted. Research was conducted to identify sources of resistance to the SBA. Resistance genes are being used in public and commercial breeding programs. SD participated in the aphid suction trap multi-state project. SD participated in gaining a permit to release the SBA parasitoid, B. communis. A distance education program on SBA pest management was developed and presented. This program served 16 states and provinces. TX (Objectives 1 and 2) Stink bugs continue to be the major insect pests of TX soybeans, particularly early maturity group soybeans planted in mid April. The most damaging species is the redbanded stink bug (RBSB), Piezodorus guildinii. A complex of stink bugs, including the RBSB, is associated with flat pod syndrome and delayed maturity. In 2007, cage studies revealed pods exposed to RBSB developed flat pod syndrome, but pods not exposed did not develop flat pod syndrome which implies pods must be fed on directly to produce flat pods. Acephate provided excellent control of stink bugs while pyrethroids provided nearly as effective control. NC Roy produced excellent yields and exhibited some resisitance to stink bugs. MGV and VI cultivars performed better than MGIV cultivars at the Beaumont Center. DE---USDA-ARS (Objective 1) Efforts to import foreign biological control agents of SBA are on going. Explorations in China and South Korea during May of 2007 concentrated on sampling Rhamnus spp. During this time, temperatures in China were abnormally cold, so SBAs were difficult to find. However, 800 SBA mummies were collected on Rhamnus spp., brought to DE and placed in quarantine. Several new species of parasitoids were discovered emerging from these mummies. These new species are now under evaluation. A return trip to Asia (China and Japan) in late June/early July 2007 produced more than 1600 SBA mummies collected from soybean fields in China. One new parasitoid species was discovered and is now under evaluation in DE. Data collected from DE and PA show levels of parasitism by indigenous parasitoids in these states are very low. Surveys also were conducted for egg parasitoids of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, which is an invasive species that feeds on soybeans and a wide variety of fruits. One species of Trissolcus (Scelionidae) was found and is in culture at DE. Four other Trissolcus species were collected from Japan---these parasitoids also are under evaluation at DE. Much more work needs to be done regarding host specificity studies for 9 additional species of parasitoids collected from Asia. These parasites are tested against a broad range of aphid hosts widely and closely related to SBA. A promising parasitoid, Aphelinus near gossypii, has shown acceptable SBA host specificity and may be ready for release in 2009. SD---USDA-ARS (Objecitve 1) Growth chamber experiments revealed SBA reproduction was reduced on Cobb, Tie-feng 8, Braxton, PI 230977, Perrin, Tracy-M, D75-10169, Dowling and Jackson and fewer aphids reached reproductive maturity on Cobb, Tie-feng 8, PI 230977, Dowling and Jackson. Nymphiposition was reduced on Cobb,PI-230977, PI 71506, Dowling and Jackson. Some synthetic compounds were found to be attractive to some predators. VA (Objectives 1 and 2) A multi-state (VA, MD and DE) field cage study to revise the economic injury levels for stink bugs revealed adults and late instar nymphs have significant impacts on seed quality and yield when feeding begins at R4. No impacts were detected when feeding began at R5, R6 or R7. Corn earworm (CEW) adults were monitored for resistance to pyrethroids. Moths were collected from male pheromone baited Hartstack cone traps. Over 1600 moths were captured and tested. Data show CEW moths in VA are not resistant to cypermethrin. This information gave VA soybean growers confidence that relatively inexpensive pyrethroids could continue to be applied extensively for CEW control. A foliar applied insecticide combining 2 unrelated active ingredients showed promise in 2007 tests. This product could make control more effective over a broader range of insect pests. Another new stink bug product is less detrimental to beneficials than many currently labeled insecticides. The BMSB has become established in PA, NJ, DE, MD and VA. Many fruit crops and soybeans are at risk. Potential host plants were screened to determine host suitability. Rhamnus was an early and late season host, Catalpa a late season host and Paulownia and Lonicera were hosts throughout the summer. WI (Objectives 1 and 2) Seven aphid suction traps were monitored from June through October in 2007 in WI. Pyrethrum, azadirachtin, insecticidal soap, rosemary oil and narrow range horticultural oils were evaluated for activity against SBA for use in organically grown soybeans. Seventeen soybean lines from the SBA host plant resistance program in MN were evaluated for SBA resistance. A potential SBA biotype capable of overcoming the RAG1 gene was discovered. SBA populations were monitored weekly in 17 sentinel field sites from vegetative stages to R5. Based on these data, SBA IPM recommendations were updated every 7-14 days. This information was featured on the national ipmPIPE map. The ipmPIPE web site recorded over 87,000 visits from January-September 2007. The SBA can vector SMV. The possibility exists that SBA resistant germplasm may cause more SMV problems by increasing interplant movement and feeding of SBA. A field experiment revealed that alate SBA were more abundant on susceptible than resistant lines. The least amount of interplant movement by alates was detected in SBA susceptible germplasm. However, no relationship between alate interplant movement and SMV incidence was found. SBA and natural enemy populations were monitored in conventional and organic soybeans. No significant differences between conventional and organic soybeans were detected; however, SBA were more abundant in organic than conventional soybeans when SBA populations peaked in August. The most abundant natural enemies were O. insidiosus and Harmonia axyridis. Both these beneficials were found in relatively equal numbers in conventional and organic soybeans. Methyl salicylate did not prove to be an effective attractant of natural enemies in organic soybeans.

Georgia: Bundy, C. S. and R. M. McPherson. 2007. Cropping preferences of common lepidopteran pests in a cotton/soybean cropping system. J. Entomol. Sci. 42: 105-118. McPherson, R. M. and G. R. Buss. 2007. Evaluating lepidopteran defoliation resistance in soybean breeding lines containing the stink bug resistance IAC-100 cultivar in their pedigrees. J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 962-968. McPherson, R. M., G. R. Buss, and P. M. Roberts. 2007. Assessing stink bug resistance in soybean breeding lines containing genes from germplasm IAC-100. J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1456-1463. McPherson, R. M., W. C. Johnson, III, E. G. Fonsah, and P. M. Roberts. Insect pests and yield potential of vegetable soybean (edamame) produced in Georgia. J. Entomol. Sci. (in press). McPherson, R. M. and C. S. Bundy. Stink bugs, pp. 99-101, in W. O. Lamp, R. C. Berberet, L. G. Higley, and C. R. Baird (eds.), Handbook of forage and grassland insect pests. Entomol. Soc. Amer., Lanham, MD. McPherson, R. M. and J. K. Green. 2007. Stink bugs, pp. 72-74, in G. D. Buntin (ed.), Handbook of small grain insect pests. Entomol. Soc. Amer., Lanham, MD. Roberts, P. and R. M. McPherson. 2007. Insect Management. Georgia Soybean Production Guide. CSS 07-02:5pp. Roberts, P. and R. M. McPherson. 2007. Soybean insect control. Georgia Soybean Production Guide. CSS 07-02:6pp. Illinois: Twenty-one articles referring to insect pests of sobyeans were published in the Bulletin (http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/bulletin) and the Pest Management & Crop Development Bulletin (the paper version)issue numbers 5 (April 27), 7 (May 11), 8 (May 18), 10 (June 1), 11 (June 8), 12 (June 15, 13 (June 22), 14 (June 29), 16 (July 13), 17 (July 20), 18 (July 27), 19 (August 3), 20 (August 10), 21 (August 17), 23 (October 5), and 24 (November 24). The articles focused on soybean aphid (14 articles, including information from surveillance and about the Binodoxys communis releases), Japanese beetle (3 articles, bean leaf beetle (1 article), and twospotted spider mites and/or whiteflies (2 articles). In addition, the following IOBC-NRS newsletter article was invited: Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2007. Distance education and biological control of the soybean aphid, p. 3. (International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and PlantsNearctic Regional Section). The following proceedings papers and reports included information about management of soybean insects, including information from the soybean aphids surveys, data from insecticide efficacy trials, and data from the soybean aphid-resistant cultivars efficacy trial: Steffey, K. L. 2007. Preparing for soybean aphids in 2007, pp. 3035. In Proceedings of the 2007 University of Illinois Corn & Soybean Classics, University of Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign. (~1,100 people attended six meetings). Steffey, K. L. .2007. (Abstract) Soybean insect management: Everything but the kitchen sink. In Growing Our Future Agronomy Day booklet 2007. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. (~1,100 people attended) Steffey, K. L., and M. E. Gray. 2007. Lessons from a quiet seasonWhat lies ahead? pp. 1620. In Proceedings of the 2007 Illinois Crop Protection Technology Conference, University of Illinois. (~600 people attended the conference) Steffey, K., M. Gray, and R. Estes. 2007 insect management data. CD provided to attendees at a meeting of North Central Extension Entomologists (field crops), November 89, St. Louis, MO. Steffey, K. L., M. Gray, R. Estes, N. Tinsley, and J. Heeren. 2008. Soybean aphids and soybean defoliatorsAre we making progress? pp. 4147. In Proceedings of the 2008 University of Illinois Corn & Soybean Classics. University of Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign. (~1,150 people attended six meetings) Steffey, K., M. Gray, R. Estes, and D. Voegtlin. 2007. Management research, with emphasis on bean leaf beetle and soybean aphid. Final report (January 1December 31, 2006) submitted for the Soybean Diseases and Pests Managed Research Area, Illinois Soybean Association, Bloomington. Information from the insecticide efficacy trial and soybean cultivar trial will be published in on Target (http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/ontarget), our annual summary of field crop insect management trials. The 2007 edition of this publication will be in March 2008. Information about management of soybean insects was presented at several face-to-face local, regional, and statewide field days and meetings in 2007. Indiana: (not previously reported): 2006/10 TO 2007/9(1. Butler, C. D., and R. J. ONeil. 2007a. Life history characteristics of Orius insidiosus (Say) fed Aphis glycines Matsumura. Biol. Control 40:333-338. Bulter, C. D., and R. J. ONeil. 2007b. Life history chacteristics of Orius insidiosis (Say) fed diets of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura and soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach). Biol Control 40:339-346. Harwood, J.D., Desneux, N., Yoo, H. J. S., Rowley, D. L., Greenstone, M. H., Obrycki, J. J., and ONeil, R. J. 2007. Tracking the role of alternative prey in soybean aphid predation by Orius insidiosus: a molecular approach. Molecular Ecology, 16:4390-4400. Iowa: Hesler, L.S., K.E. Dashiell, and J.G. Lundgren 2007. Characterization of resistance to Aphis glycines in soybean accessions. EUPHYTICA 154: 91-99 Diaz-Montano, J., J.C. Reese, W.T. Schapaugh, and L.R. Cambell. 2006. Characterization of antibiosis and antixenosis to the soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in several genotypes. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 1884-1889. Mensah, C., C. DiFonzo, R.L. Nelson, and D.C. Wang. 2005. Resistance to soybean aphid in early maturing soybean germplasm. Crop Sci. 45: 2228-2233. Ragsdale, D., B.P. McCornack, R.C. Venette, B.D. Potter, I.V. Macrae, E.W. Hodgson, M.E. ONeal, K. D. Johnson, R.J. ONeil, C.D. DiFonzo, T.E. Hunt, P. Glogoza, and E.M. Cullen. 2007. Economic threshold for soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1258-1267 Rosenheim, J.A., L.R. Wilhoit, and C.A. Armer. Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of an herbivore population. Oecologia 96: 439-449. Heimpel G.E., D.W. Ragsdale, R. Venette, K.R. Hopper, R.J. ONeil, C.E. Rutledge, and Z.S. Wu. 2004. Prospects for importation biological control of the soybean aphid : Anticipating potential costs and benefits. Annals. Entomol. Soc. America. 97: 249-258. Costamagna, A.C., and D.A. Landis. 2006. Predators exert top-down control of soybean aphid across a gradient of agricultural management systems. Ecol. Applic. 16: 1619-1628. Schmidt, N.P., M.E. ONeal and P.M. Dixon. Aphidophagous predators in Iowa soybean: a community comparison across multiple sampling methods. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. In press. Schmidt, N.P., M.E. ONeal, and J.W. Singer. 2007. Alfalfa living mulch advances biological control of soybean aphid. Environ. Entomol. 36: 416-424. Kansas: Buschman, Larry, Terutaka Niide, William Schapaugh and Barney Garden. 2007. Efficacy of Fipronil Applied as Foliar Treatment to six commercial soybean varieties to control Dectes Stem Borers in Soybean, Scandia, KS, 2006. In SWREC 2007 Field Day Rept. K-State Rept. Prog. 980: pp 62-64. Buschman, Larry, Holly Davis, Randal Currie and Phil Sloderbeck. 2007. Efficacy of Systemic Insecticides Applied as Foliar or Seed Treatments to Control Dectes Stem Borers in Soybean at Garden City, KS, 2006. In SWREC 2007 Field Day Rept. K-State Rept. Prog. 980: pp 65-67. Diaz-Montano, J., J. C. Reese, J. Louis, L. R. Campbell, and W. T. Schapaugh. 2007. Feeding behavior by the soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes. J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 984-989. Diaz-Montano, J., J. C. Reese, W. T. Schapaugh, and L. R. Campbell. 2007. Chlorophyll losses caused by soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1657-1662. Mutti, N., J. Louis, L. K. Pappan, K. Pappan, K. Begum, M.-S. Chen, Y. Park, N. Dittmer, J. Marshall, J. C. Reese, and G. R. Reeck. 2008. A novel protein from the salivary glands of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is essential in feeding on host plants. PNAS. In Press. Kentucky: Johnson, D. 2007. Effect of seed and foliar insecticide treatments on infestation incidence and yield reduction by Dectes stem borer (Dectes texanus texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)) in Kentucky grown soybean in 2007. A report of this and other studies may be found on the UK Extension Entomology, Applied Research web pages at: http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Res/ResPubs.shtm Stewart, S., G. Lorenz, D. Johnson, and K. Tindall. 2008. Dectes stem borer and its impact on soybean yields. Ann. Meet. SEB-ESA. March 2-5, 2008, Jacksonville, FL. Other Publications from UK Harwood, J.D., Desneux, N., Yoo, H.J.S., Rowley, D.L., Greenstone, M.H., Obrycki, J.J. & O'Neil, R.J. (2007). Tracking the role of alternative prey in soybean aphid predation by Orius insidiosus: a molecular approach. Molecular Ecology 16: 4390-4400. Michigan: Journal Costamagna, A.C, D.A. Landis, and C.D. DiFonzo. 2007. Suppression of soybean aphid by generalist predators results in a trophic cascade in soybeans. Ecol. Applications. 17(2): 441-451. Harder, D.B., C.L. Sprague, C.D. DiFonzo, K.A. Renner, E.J. Ott and W.G. Johnson. 2007. Influence of stem-boring insects on common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) control in soybean with glyphosate. Weed Tech. 21: 241-248. Olson, K.D., T. Badibanga, and C.D. DiFonzo. 2007. Farmers awareness and use of IPM for soybean aphid control: Survey results for the 2004, 2005, and 2006 crop years. University of Minnesota Dept of Applied Economics. Staff Paper P07-13. Available at: http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/pdf_view.pl?paperid=28707&ftype=.pdf. Walter, A. J. and C.D. DiFonzo. 2007. Soil potassium deficiency affects soybean phloem nitrogen and soybean aphid populations. Environ. Entomol. 36(1):26-33. Extension Bulletins Brown-Rytlewski, D., M. Staton, and C. DiFonzo. 2007. Pesticide application technology for soybean rust and soybean aphids. Soybean Facts - MSU Field Crops Area of Expertise team & the Michigan Soybean Promotion Committee. DiFonzo, C.D. 2007. Soybean aphid management in Michigan. Soybean Facts MSU Field Crops Area of Expertise team bulletin. Soybean Facts - MSU Field Crops Area of Expertise team & the Michigan Soybean Promotion Committee. DiFonzo, C.D., M. Jewett, F. Warner, D. Brown-Rytlewski, and W. Kirk. 2008. Insect, nematode, and disease control in field and forage crops. MSU Bulletin E-1582. DiFonzo, C.D. 2007. Identifying White Grubs: No Ifs, Ands, or Butts. CDD #2007-03. DiFonzo, C.D. 2007. Asiatic Garden Beetle in Michigan Field Crops. CDD #2007-02. Gardiner, M, C.D. DiFonzo, M. Brewer, and T. Noma. 2007. Identifying Natural Enemies in Crops and landscape. Michigan State University Pocket Guide E-2949. Modified and revise from original 2006 bulletin. NCSRP (North Central Soybean Research Program) Plant Health Initiative. 2008. Soybean Aphid 2008 Research Update. Bulletin prepared by the NCSRP from information and interviews of soybean aphid researchers from across the Midwest, including CDD. In Preparation. Schultz, T, K.D. Thelen, and C. DiFonzo. 2007. Neonicotinoid seed treatments for soybean. Soybean Facts - MSU Field Crops Area of Expertise team & the Michigan Soybean Promotion Committee. Minnesota: Refereed: McCornack, B.P., R.L. Koch, and D.W. Ragsdale. 2007. A simple method for in-field sex determination of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Insect Science. 7:10 http://www.insectscience.org/7.10/i1536-2442-2007-10.pdf Ragsdale, D.W., B.P. McCornack, R.C. Venette, B.D. Potter, I.V. MacRae, E.W. Hodgson, M.E. ONeal, K.D. Johnson, R.J. OINeil, C.D. Difonzo, T.E. Hunt, P. Glogoza, and E. M. Cullen. 2007. Economic threshold for soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 100(4): 1258-1267. Davis, Jeffrey A., Edward B. Radcliffe and David W. Ragsdale. 2007. Resistance to green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), in potato cultivars. Amer. J. Pot. Res. 84:259-269. Hodgson, E.W., B.P. McCornack, K.A. Koch, D.W. Ragsdale, K.D. Johnson, M.E. ONeal, E.M. Cullen, H.J. Kraiss, C.D. DiFonzo, M. Jewett, and L.M. Behnken. 2007. Field validation of Speed Scouting for soybean aphid. Online Journal. Crop Manag. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/cm/ Wyckhuys, K.A.G., R.L. Koch, and G.E. Heimpel. 2007. Physical and ant-mediated refuges from parasitism: implications for non-target effects in biological control. Biological Control 40:306-313. Wyckhuys, K.A.G., K.R. Hopper, K.M. Wu, C. Straub, C. Cratton, and G.E. Heimpel. 2007. Predicting potential ecological impact of soybean aphid biological control introductions. Biocontrol News and Information 28:30N  34N. Wyckhuys, K.A.G., and G.E. Heimpel. 2007. Response of the soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to olfactory cues from target and non-target host-plant complexes. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1232:149-158. Wu, Z., and G.E. Heimpel. 2007. Dynamic egg maturation strategies in an aphid parasitoid. Physiological Entomology 32:143-149. Mississippi: Musser, F. R. and A. L. Catchot. 2008. Mississippi soybean insect losses. Midsouth Entomologist (in press). Missouri: No publications Nebraska: Peer Referreed Publications. Brosius, T. R., L. G. Higley, and T. E. Hunt. 2007. Population dynamics of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) and biotic mortality at the edge of its range. J. Econ. Entomol. 100:1268-1275. Ragsdale, D. W., B. P. McCornack, R. C. Venette, B. D. Potter, I. V. MacRae, E. W. Hodgson, M. E. Oâ¬"Neal, K. D. Johnson, R. J. Oâ¬"Neil, C. D. Difonzo, T. E. Hunt, P. A. Glogoza, and E. M. Cullen. 2007. Economic threshold for soybean aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1258-1267. Magalhaes, L.C., T.E. Hunt, and B.D. Siegfried. (accepted 2007). Development of methods to evaluate susceptibility of soybean aphid to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam at lethal and sublethal concentrations. Entomol. Exp. Appl. Technical Reports Echtenkamp, G. W.,and T. E. Hunt. 2007. Control of bean leaf beetle in soybeans, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests. 32: F47. Echtenkamp, G. W.,and T. E. Hunt. 2007. Control of soybean aphid in soybeans, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests. 32: F48. Extension Publications Hunt, T. E., K. Jarvi, T. Brosius, L. Higley. 2007. Soybean Insect Update. pp. 61-64, Proceedings of Crop Protection Clinics, University of Nebraska Extension, Lincoln. Masters Thesis Magalhaes, Leonardo C. 2007. Soybean aphid response to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam treatments under field and laboratory conditions. Svehla, Sheri E. 2007. The impact of irrigation and planting date on soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) population dynamics and soybean yield. Ohio: Mian, R., R. B. Hammond, and S. St. Martin. 2007. New Plant Introductions with Resistance to the Soybean Aphid. Crop Sci. 47: (in press). S. T. Kang, M. A.R. Mian, and R. B. Hammond. 2007. Soybean aphid resistance in PI243540 is controlled by a single dominant gene. Crop Science (accepted). Eisley, J. B., and R. B. Hammond. 2007. Control of Insect Pests of Field Crops. OSUE. Bulletin 545-07. On-line edition only. Ontario: Tracey Baute, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, 120 Main Street E., Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Tel: (519) 674-1696 E-mail: tracey.baute@ontario.ca Michele Roy, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec Complexe scientifique, 2700, rue Einstein, bureau D.1.330.2 Sainte-Foy (Québec) G1P 3W8 téléphone: (418) 643-9729 télécopieur: (418) 646-6806 Email: michele.roy@mapaq.gouv.qc.ca John Gavloski, Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Box 1149, 65-3rd Ave NE, Carman, MB, R0G 0J0 Tel: (204) 745-5668 Fax: (204) 745-5690 Email: jgavloski@gov.mb.ca Soybean Aphid Scouting Cards and Soybean Aphid Threshold Postcards were developed and distributed to 25,000 English and 5000 French speaking growers in Ontario, Manitoba and Quebec. Free copies have been made available at several extension meetings, at provincial agricultural extension offices across all three provinces and as electronic versions in both French and English on the Ontario Soybean Growers website at: www.soybean.on.ca. Soybean Aphid Management Publication: Plans are underway to create a full soybean aphid management publication to be made available to all Canadian soybean growers for early summer 2008. Though still in final stages of development this publication will be approximately 14 pages, in full colour publication and cover key information on SBA lifecycle and biology, impact on host crops, detailed scouting methods and explanations of the action threshold and economic injury levels, field case studies depicting different scouting scenarios to help growers understand when thresholds have been reached, detailed description and images of the key soybean growth stages, summary of research done on management strategies. Scouting Video: Soybean aphid scouting videos will be developed in Ontario in season and will be made available online and on DVD to growers and consultants. OMAFRA staff will be filmed in soybean fields going step by step through the scouting methods, showing growers how to scout for soybean aphids in their fields and how determine if populations are reaching threshold. South Dakota: Hesler, L.S. & K.E. Dashiell. 2008. Identification and characterization of new sources of resistance to Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae) in soybean lines. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 43(2) (accepted 9 Dec. 2007). Hesler, L.S. & K.E. Dashiell. 2007. Resistance to Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) in various soybean lines under controlled laboratory conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 100:1464-1469. Hesler, L.S., K.E. Dashiell & J.G. Lundgren. 2007. Characterization of resistance to Aphis glycines in soybean accessions. Euphytica 154:91-99. Texas: Way, M.O., M.S. Nunez and R.A. Pearson. Evaluation of Diamond 0.8EC for control of Lepidoptera in soybeans, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests. (submitted). Way, M.O., M.S. Nunez and R.A. Pearson. Evaluation of Novaluron for control of redbanded stink bug, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests. (submitted). Way, M.O., M.S. Nunez and R.A. Pearson. Evaluation of selected insecticides for redbanded stink bug, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests. (submitted). Way, M.O., M.S. Nunez and R.A. Pearson. Evaluation of selected insecticides for brown stink bugs, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests. (submitted). USDA: Heraty, J.M., J.B. Woolley, K.R. Hopper, D.L. Hawks, J.-W. Kim and M. Buffington. 2007. Molecular phylogenetics and reproductive incompatibility in a complex of cryptic species of aphid parasitoids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 480-493. Virginia: Herbert, D.A., Jr. and S. Malone. 2007. Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton, Peanut and Soybean. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publ. No.444-380, Blacksburg, Virginia. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/entomology/444-380/444-380.html Herbert, D.A., Jr., and S. Malone. 2007. Evaluation of selected foliar applied insecticides for control of corn earworm in Virginia soybean, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests 32 (http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/members_only/AMT32/F/F49.pdf) Fleischer, S., G. Payne, T. Kuhar, D.A. Herbert, Jr., S. Malone, J. Whalen, G. Dively, D. Johnson, J. A. Hebberger, J. Ingerson-Mahar, D. Miller, and S. Isard. 2007. Helicoverpa zea trends from the northeast: Suggestions towards collaborative mapping of migration and pyrethroid susceptibility. Plant Management Network. http://plantmanagementnetwork.org/php/elements/sum2.asp?id=6305 Herbert, D.A., Jr., S. Malone, E. Cullen, and S. Ratcliffe. 2007. Identification of soybean aphid and look-alike species. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publ. 444-373, Blacksburg, Virginia. Wisconsin: Kraiss, H. and E.M. Cullen. Efficacy and non-target effects of reduced-risk insecticides on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its biological control agent, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101: 391-398. Kraiss, H. and E.M. Cullen. Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Pest Management Science (early view published online Feb 6, 2008, DOI: 10.1002/ps.1541). Pedersen, P., C. Grau, E. Cullen, N. Koval and J. Hill. 2007. Potential for Integrated Management of Soybean Virus Disease. Plant Disease 91: 1255-1259. Ragsdale, D. W., B. P. McCornack, R. C. Venette, B. D. Potter, I. V. MacRae, E. W. Hodgson, M. E. O'Neal, K. D. Johnson, R. J. O'Neil, C. D. Difonzo, T. E. Hunt, P. A. Glogoza, and E. M. Cullen. 2007. Economic threshold for soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 1258-1267. Hodgson, E.W., B.P. McCornack, K.A. Koch, D.W. Ragsdale, K.D. Johnson, M.E. ONeal, E.M. Cullen, H.J. Kraiss, C.D. DiFonzo and L.M. Behnken. 2007. Field validation of Speed Scouting for soybean aphid. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2007-0511-01-RS. Herbert, A., S. Malone, E. Cullen and S. Ratcliffe. 2007. Identification of soybean aphid and look-alike species. USDA CSREES ipmPIPE and North Central IPM Center, University of Illinois.