SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: W195 : Water Quality Issues in Poultry Production and Processing
- Period Covered: 05/01/2001 to 10/01/2002
- Date of Report: 08/18/2003
- Annual Meeting Dates: 10/30/2002 to 10/30/2002
Participants
Blake, John - Alabama; Carey, John - Texas; Carr, Lew - Maryland; Chipperfield, Kevin - British Columbia; Hess, Joe - Alabama; Hulet, Mike - Pennsylvania; Jacobs, Jacquie - Minnesota; Lavergne, Theresia - Louisiana; Malone, Bud - Delaware; Patterson, Paul - Pennsylvania; Reynnells, Richard - USDA/CSREES; Roberson, Kevin - Michigan; Rock, Jim - Connecticut; Stephens, Matt - Louisiana; Thawley, David - Administrative Advisor; Van Wicklen, Garrett -Delaware
The 2002 annual meeting was held in conjunction with the National Poultry Waste Management Symposium in Birmingham, Alabama. The W-195 meeting was held on October 30, 2002.
Discussion of the 2003 and 2004 annual meetings: Mike Hulet opened the meeting with a discussion of the possibility of holding the 2003 annual meeting in Holland. This would be a joint meeting between W195, NCR189, and S291. The groups would participate in air quality and water quality tours, as well as tour poultry and livestock production and processing facilities. The meeting would be conducted in October when airplane fares are approximately $300 to $400. We would consider utilizing the Wagginenin International Center for our housing while in Holland. Also, there is an international poultry expo and conference held in Europe (Eurotier) at the end of October, and those interested could attend the conference too. Additionally, the group discussed the possibility of conducting an international waste management conference to be held in Holland and conducted in conjunction with the annual meeting. The group believes that it would be important for all three research groups (W195, NCR189, and S291) to participate in this international meeting in order to possibly secure federal funding for travel.
However, the ASAE is conducting a combined conference on swine housing, animal waste, and air quality in October of 2003 in Raleigh, NC. Thus, the NCR189 and S291 groups will not be available to go to Holland in October 2003. Both NCR189 and S291 will conduct their 2003 annual meeting in conjunction with the conference in Raleigh. These groups could be available to go to Holland in October of 2004. Therefore, Richard Reynnells made a motion that all three groups work together to coordinate the October 2004 annual meeting to be held in Holland. Also, since the next National Poultry Waste Management Symposium will be held in October 2004. The motion called for the Symposium to be held at the end of September or first of October, and then the annual meeting to be held at the end of October. The motion passed. The group decided to hold the 2003 W195 annual meeting in Raleigh in conjunction with the ASAE conference. The tentative meeting date is October 12, 2003. Gary Van Wicklen will contact Brent Auvermann (ASAE) about meeting rooms for the 2003 meeting, as well as to arrange time for discussions between all three groups during the 2003 annual meeting.
Discussion of the 2003 and 2004 annual meetings: Mike Hulet opened the meeting with a discussion of the possibility of holding the 2003 annual meeting in Holland. This would be a joint meeting between W195, NCR189, and S291. The groups would participate in air quality and water quality tours, as well as tour poultry and livestock production and processing facilities. The meeting would be conducted in October when airplane fares are approximately $300 to $400. We would consider utilizing the Wagginenin International Center for our housing while in Holland. Also, there is an international poultry expo and conference held in Europe (Eurotier) at the end of October, and those interested could attend the conference too. Additionally, the group discussed the possibility of conducting an international waste management conference to be held in Holland and conducted in conjunction with the annual meeting. The group believes that it would be important for all three research groups (W195, NCR189, and S291) to participate in this international meeting in order to possibly secure federal funding for travel.
However, the ASAE is conducting a combined conference on swine housing, animal waste, and air quality in October of 2003 in Raleigh, NC. Thus, the NCR189 and S291 groups will not be available to go to Holland in October 2003. Both NCR189 and S291 will conduct their 2003 annual meeting in conjunction with the conference in Raleigh. These groups could be available to go to Holland in October of 2004. Therefore, Richard Reynnells made a motion that all three groups work together to coordinate the October 2004 annual meeting to be held in Holland. Also, since the next National Poultry Waste Management Symposium will be held in October 2004. The motion called for the Symposium to be held at the end of September or first of October, and then the annual meeting to be held at the end of October. The motion passed. The group decided to hold the 2003 W195 annual meeting in Raleigh in conjunction with the ASAE conference. The tentative meeting date is October 12, 2003. Gary Van Wicklen will contact Brent Auvermann (ASAE) about meeting rooms for the 2003 meeting, as well as to arrange time for discussions between all three groups during the 2003 annual meeting.
Accomplishments
Auburn University
As a result of the AFO (Animal Feeding Operations) and CAFO (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) regulations, all Animal Feeding Operations are required to maintain records to ensure that manure from a producers flock can be spread at acceptable rates on available land. Recommendations for manure storage and for the disposal of carcasses resulting from normal mortality may also be included. Any individual transporting litter off-farm must also be a Certified Animal Waste Vendor. Through various training programs, poultry growers in Alabama are now prepared to deal with the current AFO/CAFO regulations. The impending CAFO and AFO regulations have a tremendous impact on the on-farm usage of poultry manure. Alabama has been the first state to prohibit the land application of poultry manure from November 15 to February 15 when crops are not actively growing. The resulting ADEM regulation has prompted the poultry industry to investigate alternatives. Several composting projects were initiated to support the wintertime clean out and subsequent storage and sales of composted breeder manure.
The use of sand as a bedding material is being aggressively tested for its long-term suitability in more than ten commercial broiler houses. Preliminary results indicate that sand can be used as an alternative bedding material. It is economical and offers some distinct advantages over traditional bedding materials derived from wood products.
The use of litter treatments by the poultry industry in Alabama has become a routine management practice. In general, commercial litter treatments aid in the reduction of ammonia volatilization, phosphorus runoff, and pathogenic microorganisms. Producers require information concerning the usage, efficacy, and application of litter treatments in order to make appropriate decisions concerning their use. Several extension publications were developed to fulfill their current needs.
Methods for the disposal of poultry carcasses include incineration, composting, and conversion into a usable feed ingredient. The emergence of newer incineration technologies created a need to investigate the economics and efficiencies of new incineration equipment. There is also a need to consider techniques that will define the composting process and the use and value of the composted material as a fertilizer. Other methods that offer the pickup of dead birds and the transport of the carcasses to a rendering facility in an environmentally friendly manner were also investigated. Methods for the preservation of poultry carcasses prior to rendering, as well as methods for large-scale processing of daily mortalities from several integrated companies are being employed in Alabama.
Planting trees around the perimeter of poultry houses provides a visual screen, vegetative filter, windbreak and demonstrates the continual commitment of the poultry grower to implement a voluntary tree-planting program as part of his ongoing commitment to be a good neighbor and environmental steward. Educational materials are being developed to initiate a tree-planting program for poultry producers. Initially this program will target areas of urban encroachment, which makes maintaining good relations with neighbors a greater challenge.
Since geographic differences in water quality may exist, research to quantify the effect of water inclusions on poultry health and performance will be conducted in several locations. All results will be correlated with poultry production parameters from the participating states that will be surveyed. Several stations located in geographically different climatic areas will conduct research and field trials to evaluate the effect of different water treatments on the performance of broiler chickens. An extension publication was developed as a reference for poultry producers in Alabama.
University of Arkansas
One critical aspect of a healthy growing environment for birds is high quality drinking water. The evaluation of drinking water for poultry producers both at the source and at the end of lines in production facilities has helped poultry companies identify operations which need better water sanitation programs. An ongoing evaluation with the Oxidation-Reduction Potential meter has also provided industry information on a quick, inexpensive test to determine the quality of drinking water.
The development of the Phosphorus Index provides poultry producers with alternative best management practices for managing nutrients as compared to solely linking application of nutrients to the level of phosphorus in the soil. The utilization of this Index will provide many producers in Arkansas with an opportunity to still apply litter to pasture land while maintaining an effective nutrient management program.
University of Delaware
Sand was compared to pine shavings as an alternative bedding under Delmarva poultry production practices. Based on one years production from three paired-house comparisons, broiler performance and litter quality for the sand-base litter was comparable to that of pine shavings. The physical and chemical characteristics of these litters were determined over two years of continuous use and are currently being evaluated for alternative-use markets.
In the event of a highly pathogenic disease outbreak that requires entire house depopulation; rapid, cost-effective, environmentally sound and biosecure options for carcass disposal are essential. Independent and collaborative efforts have been initiated to evaluate and demonstrate shallow burial and in-house composting as alternatives in the event of an emergency disease situation.
Emissions of ammonia and particulates from poultry facilities are a growing concern from an air and water quality standpoint. Demonstrations have been initiated to evaluate the potential of planting trees around the perimeter of farms as vegetative filters to capture emissions. In the coming year, efforts will continue in estimating the efficacy of trees in capturing emissions, determining the fate of nutrients captured and assessing the impact of trees surrounding houses have on select poultry production parameters.
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
As a means of improving water quality through the management of poultry waste, LSU AgCenter extension personnel are evaluating methods of in-house pasteurization of broiler litter. The methods of in-house pasteurization of broiler litter are being evaluated in on-farm trials within commercial facilities. Litter nutrient content, litter pathogen count, and broiler performance are the criteria being evaluated. Additionally, the ammonia levels within the house are being monitored during the placement of the subsequent flock. During the next year, we will continue to evaluate methods of in-house pasteurization of broiler litter, as well as continue to monitor the criteria mentioned above.
Michigan State University
The research at the MI station for this project is to identify nutritional factors that will reduce phosphorus excretion from poultry. Initial work focused on appropriate calcium and phosphorus levels to feed to toms during grow-out. This information led to feeding trials to make decisions about the potential for phytase and low-phytate corn use in turkey diets. A study will be conducted this year to follow up on the P requirement issue using pelleted feed (vs. mash) fed to toms taken to a 40 lb market weight which reflects the current trend in the turkey industry. The MI station will also conduct research on the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to evaluate the impact this commodity could have on reduction of P excretion from turkeys. This is crucial information to the corn growers of MI, as an ethanol plant is opening in the state and there will be a large market potential for feeding DDGS to poultry. A trial is underway and will continue throughout the year to evaluate the effectiveness of phytase in pullet and layer diets. This is needed to alleviate fears among egg producers in the Midwest U.S. that the use of this enzyme is contributing to a higher incidence of gout and soft bones in layers.
North Carolina State University
The objective of this research was to examine the effect of dietary phosphorus and phytase levels on the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens. Large White turkey breeder hens were fed diets with and with out phytase and with phosphorus levels which were greatly reduced compared to recommendations from the National Research Council. During a 28-week egg production period, there were no consistent differences for any of the parameters observed due to dietary phosphorus, enzyme, or interactions. Hens fed the highest level of phosphorus had greater egg production during week 9 while hens fed the lowest phosphorus had greater egg production during week 22. Birds fed diets with enzyme had a significantly lower percentage of birds to go out of production. Addition of enzyme to turkey breeder hen diets resulted in transitory improvements to hatchability of all eggs and fertile eggs. Decreasing dietary phosphorus resulted in no major reproductive problems for turkey hens.
Oregon State University
Over the next 12 months, I intend to obtain funding to test water given to broiler chickens throughout the state of Oregon. This data will be compared to data obtained in 1991 for the same broiler farms.
Penn State University
Ammonia volatilization from poultry can be a water quality issue when deposited to surface waters. Microbial uricase enzyme is the first step in breaking down uric acid in poultry manure. Our research findings indicate that Zn, and Cu blocked the activity of microbial uricase in poultry manure (Kim and Patterson, 2002a). ZnSO4 treatment of poultry manure significantly reduced the number of uric acid utilizing bacteria in manure, reduced ammonia volatilization and increased manure uric acid nitrogen and total nitrogen retention compared to controls (P < .05). Another strategy to reduce ammonia volatilization is to inoculate poultry manure with soil-nitrifying bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrite or nitrate (Kim and Patterson, 2002b). Soil inoculates with nitrifying bacteria reduced ammonia-N in manure:soil treatments both numerically and significantly, however total-N levels were not influenced. Nitrate and nitrite levels were increased in some but not all manure:soil treatments, suggesting there is some promise to this technique. Negative ionization of hen water, feed and environment had no impact on water quality or microbial levels in the environments, eggs or water (Bell et al. 2002), however the treatments resulted in greater egg albumen height and Haugh units.
Information collected from deep-bedded turkey finisher houses indicated a high level of phosphorus accumulation (Patterson, Hulet and Lorenz, unpublished information, 2002) that was in proportion greater than that seen in either broiler or layer litter. Therefore, plans for coming the coming year, include mitigation of phosphorus in turkey diets to decrease excretion by utilizing phytase and reduced phosphorus in turkey diet formulation. The effects of these diets on fitness and production of turkeys will be studied. Other plans include testing in field trials of other bedding material that might bind ammonia and decrease volatilization while increasing fertilizer value of the broiler bedding material.
Texas A&M University
Characterization of broiler litter production and nutrient mass balance is being conducted under current commercial-style management. To date, the accurate quantification of litter accumulated throughout the production process and the concentration and fate of nitrogen have been studied. Accurate estimates of litter production have been developed.
As a result of the AFO (Animal Feeding Operations) and CAFO (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) regulations, all Animal Feeding Operations are required to maintain records to ensure that manure from a producers flock can be spread at acceptable rates on available land. Recommendations for manure storage and for the disposal of carcasses resulting from normal mortality may also be included. Any individual transporting litter off-farm must also be a Certified Animal Waste Vendor. Through various training programs, poultry growers in Alabama are now prepared to deal with the current AFO/CAFO regulations. The impending CAFO and AFO regulations have a tremendous impact on the on-farm usage of poultry manure. Alabama has been the first state to prohibit the land application of poultry manure from November 15 to February 15 when crops are not actively growing. The resulting ADEM regulation has prompted the poultry industry to investigate alternatives. Several composting projects were initiated to support the wintertime clean out and subsequent storage and sales of composted breeder manure.
The use of sand as a bedding material is being aggressively tested for its long-term suitability in more than ten commercial broiler houses. Preliminary results indicate that sand can be used as an alternative bedding material. It is economical and offers some distinct advantages over traditional bedding materials derived from wood products.
The use of litter treatments by the poultry industry in Alabama has become a routine management practice. In general, commercial litter treatments aid in the reduction of ammonia volatilization, phosphorus runoff, and pathogenic microorganisms. Producers require information concerning the usage, efficacy, and application of litter treatments in order to make appropriate decisions concerning their use. Several extension publications were developed to fulfill their current needs.
Methods for the disposal of poultry carcasses include incineration, composting, and conversion into a usable feed ingredient. The emergence of newer incineration technologies created a need to investigate the economics and efficiencies of new incineration equipment. There is also a need to consider techniques that will define the composting process and the use and value of the composted material as a fertilizer. Other methods that offer the pickup of dead birds and the transport of the carcasses to a rendering facility in an environmentally friendly manner were also investigated. Methods for the preservation of poultry carcasses prior to rendering, as well as methods for large-scale processing of daily mortalities from several integrated companies are being employed in Alabama.
Planting trees around the perimeter of poultry houses provides a visual screen, vegetative filter, windbreak and demonstrates the continual commitment of the poultry grower to implement a voluntary tree-planting program as part of his ongoing commitment to be a good neighbor and environmental steward. Educational materials are being developed to initiate a tree-planting program for poultry producers. Initially this program will target areas of urban encroachment, which makes maintaining good relations with neighbors a greater challenge.
Since geographic differences in water quality may exist, research to quantify the effect of water inclusions on poultry health and performance will be conducted in several locations. All results will be correlated with poultry production parameters from the participating states that will be surveyed. Several stations located in geographically different climatic areas will conduct research and field trials to evaluate the effect of different water treatments on the performance of broiler chickens. An extension publication was developed as a reference for poultry producers in Alabama.
University of Arkansas
One critical aspect of a healthy growing environment for birds is high quality drinking water. The evaluation of drinking water for poultry producers both at the source and at the end of lines in production facilities has helped poultry companies identify operations which need better water sanitation programs. An ongoing evaluation with the Oxidation-Reduction Potential meter has also provided industry information on a quick, inexpensive test to determine the quality of drinking water.
The development of the Phosphorus Index provides poultry producers with alternative best management practices for managing nutrients as compared to solely linking application of nutrients to the level of phosphorus in the soil. The utilization of this Index will provide many producers in Arkansas with an opportunity to still apply litter to pasture land while maintaining an effective nutrient management program.
University of Delaware
Sand was compared to pine shavings as an alternative bedding under Delmarva poultry production practices. Based on one years production from three paired-house comparisons, broiler performance and litter quality for the sand-base litter was comparable to that of pine shavings. The physical and chemical characteristics of these litters were determined over two years of continuous use and are currently being evaluated for alternative-use markets.
In the event of a highly pathogenic disease outbreak that requires entire house depopulation; rapid, cost-effective, environmentally sound and biosecure options for carcass disposal are essential. Independent and collaborative efforts have been initiated to evaluate and demonstrate shallow burial and in-house composting as alternatives in the event of an emergency disease situation.
Emissions of ammonia and particulates from poultry facilities are a growing concern from an air and water quality standpoint. Demonstrations have been initiated to evaluate the potential of planting trees around the perimeter of farms as vegetative filters to capture emissions. In the coming year, efforts will continue in estimating the efficacy of trees in capturing emissions, determining the fate of nutrients captured and assessing the impact of trees surrounding houses have on select poultry production parameters.
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
As a means of improving water quality through the management of poultry waste, LSU AgCenter extension personnel are evaluating methods of in-house pasteurization of broiler litter. The methods of in-house pasteurization of broiler litter are being evaluated in on-farm trials within commercial facilities. Litter nutrient content, litter pathogen count, and broiler performance are the criteria being evaluated. Additionally, the ammonia levels within the house are being monitored during the placement of the subsequent flock. During the next year, we will continue to evaluate methods of in-house pasteurization of broiler litter, as well as continue to monitor the criteria mentioned above.
Michigan State University
The research at the MI station for this project is to identify nutritional factors that will reduce phosphorus excretion from poultry. Initial work focused on appropriate calcium and phosphorus levels to feed to toms during grow-out. This information led to feeding trials to make decisions about the potential for phytase and low-phytate corn use in turkey diets. A study will be conducted this year to follow up on the P requirement issue using pelleted feed (vs. mash) fed to toms taken to a 40 lb market weight which reflects the current trend in the turkey industry. The MI station will also conduct research on the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to evaluate the impact this commodity could have on reduction of P excretion from turkeys. This is crucial information to the corn growers of MI, as an ethanol plant is opening in the state and there will be a large market potential for feeding DDGS to poultry. A trial is underway and will continue throughout the year to evaluate the effectiveness of phytase in pullet and layer diets. This is needed to alleviate fears among egg producers in the Midwest U.S. that the use of this enzyme is contributing to a higher incidence of gout and soft bones in layers.
North Carolina State University
The objective of this research was to examine the effect of dietary phosphorus and phytase levels on the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens. Large White turkey breeder hens were fed diets with and with out phytase and with phosphorus levels which were greatly reduced compared to recommendations from the National Research Council. During a 28-week egg production period, there were no consistent differences for any of the parameters observed due to dietary phosphorus, enzyme, or interactions. Hens fed the highest level of phosphorus had greater egg production during week 9 while hens fed the lowest phosphorus had greater egg production during week 22. Birds fed diets with enzyme had a significantly lower percentage of birds to go out of production. Addition of enzyme to turkey breeder hen diets resulted in transitory improvements to hatchability of all eggs and fertile eggs. Decreasing dietary phosphorus resulted in no major reproductive problems for turkey hens.
Oregon State University
Over the next 12 months, I intend to obtain funding to test water given to broiler chickens throughout the state of Oregon. This data will be compared to data obtained in 1991 for the same broiler farms.
Penn State University
Ammonia volatilization from poultry can be a water quality issue when deposited to surface waters. Microbial uricase enzyme is the first step in breaking down uric acid in poultry manure. Our research findings indicate that Zn, and Cu blocked the activity of microbial uricase in poultry manure (Kim and Patterson, 2002a). ZnSO4 treatment of poultry manure significantly reduced the number of uric acid utilizing bacteria in manure, reduced ammonia volatilization and increased manure uric acid nitrogen and total nitrogen retention compared to controls (P < .05). Another strategy to reduce ammonia volatilization is to inoculate poultry manure with soil-nitrifying bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrite or nitrate (Kim and Patterson, 2002b). Soil inoculates with nitrifying bacteria reduced ammonia-N in manure:soil treatments both numerically and significantly, however total-N levels were not influenced. Nitrate and nitrite levels were increased in some but not all manure:soil treatments, suggesting there is some promise to this technique. Negative ionization of hen water, feed and environment had no impact on water quality or microbial levels in the environments, eggs or water (Bell et al. 2002), however the treatments resulted in greater egg albumen height and Haugh units.
Information collected from deep-bedded turkey finisher houses indicated a high level of phosphorus accumulation (Patterson, Hulet and Lorenz, unpublished information, 2002) that was in proportion greater than that seen in either broiler or layer litter. Therefore, plans for coming the coming year, include mitigation of phosphorus in turkey diets to decrease excretion by utilizing phytase and reduced phosphorus in turkey diet formulation. The effects of these diets on fitness and production of turkeys will be studied. Other plans include testing in field trials of other bedding material that might bind ammonia and decrease volatilization while increasing fertilizer value of the broiler bedding material.
Texas A&M University
Characterization of broiler litter production and nutrient mass balance is being conducted under current commercial-style management. To date, the accurate quantification of litter accumulated throughout the production process and the concentration and fate of nitrogen have been studied. Accurate estimates of litter production have been developed.
Impacts
- Auburn University has published research dealing with methods that will promote the environmentally safe disposal of poultry farm wastes.
- Evals. of drinking water for poultry production operations provides critical info. for promoting the health & safety of flocks. Info. published on water sanitation provides poultry co. & producers with ways to assure birds receive high quality water. Development of the P Index & its acceptance by ANRCS as an acceptable guideline for developing nutrient mgmt. plans has provided poultry producers with a option for utilization of animal resources than basing the app. of manure on soil P levels.
- The use of planting trees as vegetative filters around poultry houses has been well received by poultry producers, companies, conservationists and environmentalists. Guidelines for a tree-planting program around poultry houses have been developed and cost-share is now available locally for this practice.
- In-house pasteurization of broiler litter is an alternative method of managing poultry litter that provides an opportunity for poultry producers to confidently utilize a built-up litter program. Ultimately, there will be a reduction in the amount of litter applied to land over a period of time; as well as a reduced possibility of impairing waterways.
- Info. on low-phytate corn for turkeys was helpful to corn growers. Info. on particle size affects on P utilization has stimulated debate on optimum grinding procedures. Info. for pullet/layer study will provide data that will instill confidence in egg producers to give phytase more credit for P availability and will increase use and decrease P load of layer manure. The use of DDGS in poultry diets is a consideration for MI corn growers and could provide a viable decrease of P excretion from bird
- Impact 6 The immediate effects of lowering dietary phosphorus would be to decrease the cost of breeder feed & reduce phosphorus excretion if the total dietary phosphorus could be reduced without the addition of dietary phytase
- Impact 7 The application of minerals to poultry manure may be used as a means of influencing manure pH and microbial populations to control the volatilization of ammonia from poultry facilities and keep this valuable nutrient with the manure as a recyclable source of nitrogen for crop production
- Impact 8 Litter production & characterization evaluated within current broiler production systems will allow more accurate nutrient mngmnt. planning for broiler producers. Better mngmnt. of these nutrients will ultimately benefit water quality & related environmental issues
- Impact 9 In the Santee Valley of Utah there are 5 million turkeys grown by 40 to 60 independent growers. The quality of water varies from one end of the valley to the other end. Work to be done in 2003 is to see if bird performance can be correlated to water quality.
Publications
Bell, A.L., K. Niidome, and P.H. Patterson, 2002. Effects of negative ionization of the feed, water and environment on hen performance and egg quality. Poultry Science, 80:32 (Suppl. 1).
Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, M. K. Eckman, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Potential opportunities with a sand-based litter. The Poultry Informed Professional. May, 2001. Issue 49. Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. pp. 1-4.
Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, M. K. Eckman, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Broilers on sand. (In Russian).
Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, M. K. Eckman, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Sand as a bedding material in broiler production. (In Russian).
Binford, G., D. Hansen and G. Malone, 2001. Poultry Litter: Resource or Waste. Delaware Nutrient Management Notes, 2:3.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Aluminum sulfate as a litter treatment. Circular ANR-1202. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 2 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Aluminum sulfate as a litter treatment. Current Concepts in Broiler Production., Winter 2001, pp. 1, 4.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Evaluating water quality for poultry. Circular ANR-1201. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 4 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Litter treatments for poultry. Circular ANR-1199. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 4 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Poultry Guard as a litter amendment. Circular ANR-1209. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 2 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Sodium Bisulfate (PLT) as a litter treatment. Circular ANR-1208. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 2 pp.
Blake, J. P., 2001. Book review. Handbook of Poultry Feed from Waste Processing and Use. Poultry Sci. 80:380.
Blake, J. P., 2001. Dead bird disposal a challenge to poultry growers. Poultry Times 47(26):10.
Blake, J. P., 2001. Poultry waste by-products. In: Abstracts Southern Region Extension Water Quality Conference, 1 p. Southern Region Water Quality Program, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Gulf Shores, AL.
Blake, J. P., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald, 2000. Poultry waste management and utilization in the Tennessee River Basin. March, 2001 update. For: Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, AL. 6 pp.
Blake, J. P., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald, 2001. Poultry waste management and utilization in the Tennessee River Basin. October, 2001 update. For: Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, AL. 8 pp.
Carey, J. B., R. E. Lacey and S. Mukhtar, 2000. Study of Odors and Arsenic Emissions From Poultry Growing Operations, Final Report for TNRCC contract 582-0-81252, Nov. 2.
Charbeneau, R.A. and K.D. Roberson, 2001. Corn particle size affects phosphorus utilization in turkey poults. Poultry Science 80 1):161 (Suppl. 1.)
Chavez, C., J. B. Carey, R. C. Beier, and J. A. Zahn, 2002. Influence of Dietary Motioning
Source on Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Broiler Excreta. Poultry Science 81: 53.
(Suppl. 1)
Chavez, T. P. Niemeyer, P. L. Reynolds, R. A. Russo, R. E. Lacey, and J. B. Carey, 2001.
The Impact of Methionine Source on Poultry Fecal Matter Odor Volatiles. Poultry Science
80:39. (Suppl. 1)
Coufal, C. D. C. Chavez, and J. B. Carey, 2002. Quantification of Nutrients in Recycled Rice Hull
Broiler Litter. Poultry Science 81:53. (Suppl. 1)
Delaine, P.B., and P.A. Moore, Jr., 2001. Predicting Annual Phosphorus Losses from Fields Using the Phosphorus Index for Pastures. Better Crops 85:16-19.
Delaine, P.B., P.A. Moore, Jr., D.K. Carman, T.C. Daniel, and A. N. Sharpley. 2001. Development and validation of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with animal manure. [CD-ROM] In Proceedings of International Symposium Addressing Animal Production and Environmental Issues. Oct. 3-5, Raleigh, NC.
Godwin, J. L., J. L. Grimes, and V. L. Christensen, 2002. Effect of dietary phosphorus and enzyme levels on reproduction in turkey breeder hens. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):117.
Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, R. A. Norton, and C. M. Parsons, 2001. Nutritional profile of dehydrated poultry meal as a feed ingredient. Poultry Sci. 80:1029.
Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, R. A. Norton, K. M. Downs, A. Kalinowski, and A. Corzo, 2001.Dehydrated poultry meal as a replacement for soybean meal in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 80(1): 325.
Hess, J. B., M. K. Eckman, S. F. Bilgili, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Sand research continues in the field. Current Concepts in Broiler Production., Fall 2001. p. 1.
Hess, J. B., M. K. Eckman, S. F. Bilgili, J. P. Blake, and E. Guertal, 2001. Field adaptation of sand as litter source for broilers. For: US Poultry and Egg Association, Tucker, GA.
Jester, R. and G. Malone, 2001. Respiratory Health on the Poultry Farm. University of Delaware Extension Bulletin SF-8. September
Kim, W. K., and P.H. Patterson, 2002a. Effects of minerals on activity of microbial uricase to reduce ammonia volatilization and increase nitrogen retention in poultry manure. Poultry Science, 80:96 (Suppl. 1).
Kim, W. K., and P.H. Patterson, 2002b. Impact of soil amendment on nitrogen transformation and ammonia volatilization in poultry manure. In Proceedings 2002 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. P.H. Patterson, J.P. Blake, and K.D. Roberson. Eds. Natl. Poultry Waste Mngt. Symp. Committee. Auburn University Printing Service, Auburn University, AL.
Klunzinger, M.W., K.D. Roberson, and R.A. Charbeneau, 2001. Evaluation of a low-phytic acid corn variety with or without phytase fed to growing-finishing turkeys. Poultry Science 80:170. (Suppl. 1)
Malone, G., 2001. Proper Litter Management Helps Air Quality. Poultry Times. March 19, p.5.
Malone, G., 2002. Ammonia and Grower Health. University of Maryland Poultry Perspectives. Vol 4, No. 1, pp 3-4.
Malone, G. and D. Donnelly, 2001. Environmental and Production Benefits of Trees for Poultry Farms. University of Delaware Extension Bulletin #158. August.
Malone, G. and D. Donnelly, 2001. The Benefits of Planting Trees Around Poultry Farms. University of Delaware Extension Bulletin #159. December.
Malone, G. and D. Donnelly, 2001. Trees for Poultry Farms: Issues and Opportunities. Proceedings to Delmarva Breeder, Hatchery and Growout Conference. Delmar, MD. September 12, pp 21-23.
Malone, G., 2001. Use of Trees and Shrubs as Breaks Around Poultry Farms. Proceedings to North Carolina Turkey Industry Days and Poultry Supervisors Short Course. Raleigh, NC, October 10, pp 21-24
Malone, G., 2001. Channel Composters for Delmarva. Delmarva Farmer Poultry Column. The Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer, September 18.
Malone, G., 2001. Environment: Nutrient Management. Proceedings to Triennial Poultry Extension Workshop. Typee Island, GA. November 3, pp.93-98.
Malone, G., 2002. Litter Treatments: Matching Products with Management Goals. Proceedings to Midwest Poultry Federation Convention, St. Paul, MN. March 19, pp.145-148.
Malone, G., D. Donnelly and S. Kepfer, 2002. A Demonstration of Planting Trees Around Poultry Farms. Poultry Sci. 82: Suppl. 1.
Malone, G., M. Eckman, M. Salem and D. Hansen, 2001. A Demonstration of Sand as an Alternative Bedding in Poultry Houses. Poultry Sci. 81:40. Suppl.1
Moore, P.A., Jr., P.B. Delaine, T.C. Daniel, D.K. Carman, A.N. Sharpley. 2001. Estimating annual phosphorus loads at the edge of field using the phosphorus index for pastures. In Proceedings of the Arkansas Water Resources Center Annual Conference on TMDL and Related Water Quality Issues. (In press)
Mukhtar, Saqib, John Carey and Ron Lacey, 2001. Managing Nuisance Odor and Dust from
Poultry Growing Operations. TAEX Publication L-5401.
Norton, R. A., J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2001. Microbiological safety of a dehydrated poultry meal product. Poultry Sci. 80:1047.
Redwine, J. S., R. E. Lacey, S. Mukhtar, and J. B. Carey, 2002. Concentration and Emissions of Ammonia and Particulate Matter in Tunnel Ventilated Broiler Houses Under Summer Conditions in Texas. Transactions of the ASAE. 45(4):1101-1109
Reeder J., H. Nakaue, and J. Hermes. 2002 The effect of various concentrations of nitrate and nitrite on broiler chickens. (In preparation for Journal of Applied Poultry Research)
Reeves, J., J. Van Kessel and G. Malone, 2002. Quick Test for the Determination of Ammonia in Poultry Litter. Poultry Sci. 81:1301-1307.
Roberson, K.D., M.W. Orth, M.W. Klunzinger, R.A. Charbeneau, and T.L. Peters, 2001. Evaluation of phytase level needed for growing-finishing commercial toms. Poultry Science 80:S176. (Suppl. 1)
Roberson, Kevin D., 2001. Studies on nutritional strategies to reduce phosphorus excretion from turkey toms. Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference, Raleigh, NC, pp. 43-57.
Watkins, S.E., 2002. The campaign for water quality continues. Avian Advice 4: 7-9.
Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, M. K. Eckman, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Potential opportunities with a sand-based litter. The Poultry Informed Professional. May, 2001. Issue 49. Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. pp. 1-4.
Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, M. K. Eckman, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Broilers on sand. (In Russian).
Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, M. K. Eckman, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Sand as a bedding material in broiler production. (In Russian).
Binford, G., D. Hansen and G. Malone, 2001. Poultry Litter: Resource or Waste. Delaware Nutrient Management Notes, 2:3.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Aluminum sulfate as a litter treatment. Circular ANR-1202. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 2 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Aluminum sulfate as a litter treatment. Current Concepts in Broiler Production., Winter 2001, pp. 1, 4.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Evaluating water quality for poultry. Circular ANR-1201. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 4 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Litter treatments for poultry. Circular ANR-1199. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 4 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Poultry Guard as a litter amendment. Circular ANR-1209. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 2 pp.
Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2001. Sodium Bisulfate (PLT) as a litter treatment. Circular ANR-1208. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. 2 pp.
Blake, J. P., 2001. Book review. Handbook of Poultry Feed from Waste Processing and Use. Poultry Sci. 80:380.
Blake, J. P., 2001. Dead bird disposal a challenge to poultry growers. Poultry Times 47(26):10.
Blake, J. P., 2001. Poultry waste by-products. In: Abstracts Southern Region Extension Water Quality Conference, 1 p. Southern Region Water Quality Program, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Gulf Shores, AL.
Blake, J. P., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald, 2000. Poultry waste management and utilization in the Tennessee River Basin. March, 2001 update. For: Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, AL. 6 pp.
Blake, J. P., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald, 2001. Poultry waste management and utilization in the Tennessee River Basin. October, 2001 update. For: Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, AL. 8 pp.
Carey, J. B., R. E. Lacey and S. Mukhtar, 2000. Study of Odors and Arsenic Emissions From Poultry Growing Operations, Final Report for TNRCC contract 582-0-81252, Nov. 2.
Charbeneau, R.A. and K.D. Roberson, 2001. Corn particle size affects phosphorus utilization in turkey poults. Poultry Science 80 1):161 (Suppl. 1.)
Chavez, C., J. B. Carey, R. C. Beier, and J. A. Zahn, 2002. Influence of Dietary Motioning
Source on Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Broiler Excreta. Poultry Science 81: 53.
(Suppl. 1)
Chavez, T. P. Niemeyer, P. L. Reynolds, R. A. Russo, R. E. Lacey, and J. B. Carey, 2001.
The Impact of Methionine Source on Poultry Fecal Matter Odor Volatiles. Poultry Science
80:39. (Suppl. 1)
Coufal, C. D. C. Chavez, and J. B. Carey, 2002. Quantification of Nutrients in Recycled Rice Hull
Broiler Litter. Poultry Science 81:53. (Suppl. 1)
Delaine, P.B., and P.A. Moore, Jr., 2001. Predicting Annual Phosphorus Losses from Fields Using the Phosphorus Index for Pastures. Better Crops 85:16-19.
Delaine, P.B., P.A. Moore, Jr., D.K. Carman, T.C. Daniel, and A. N. Sharpley. 2001. Development and validation of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with animal manure. [CD-ROM] In Proceedings of International Symposium Addressing Animal Production and Environmental Issues. Oct. 3-5, Raleigh, NC.
Godwin, J. L., J. L. Grimes, and V. L. Christensen, 2002. Effect of dietary phosphorus and enzyme levels on reproduction in turkey breeder hens. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):117.
Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, R. A. Norton, and C. M. Parsons, 2001. Nutritional profile of dehydrated poultry meal as a feed ingredient. Poultry Sci. 80:1029.
Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, R. A. Norton, K. M. Downs, A. Kalinowski, and A. Corzo, 2001.Dehydrated poultry meal as a replacement for soybean meal in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 80(1): 325.
Hess, J. B., M. K. Eckman, S. F. Bilgili, and J. P. Blake, 2001. Sand research continues in the field. Current Concepts in Broiler Production., Fall 2001. p. 1.
Hess, J. B., M. K. Eckman, S. F. Bilgili, J. P. Blake, and E. Guertal, 2001. Field adaptation of sand as litter source for broilers. For: US Poultry and Egg Association, Tucker, GA.
Jester, R. and G. Malone, 2001. Respiratory Health on the Poultry Farm. University of Delaware Extension Bulletin SF-8. September
Kim, W. K., and P.H. Patterson, 2002a. Effects of minerals on activity of microbial uricase to reduce ammonia volatilization and increase nitrogen retention in poultry manure. Poultry Science, 80:96 (Suppl. 1).
Kim, W. K., and P.H. Patterson, 2002b. Impact of soil amendment on nitrogen transformation and ammonia volatilization in poultry manure. In Proceedings 2002 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. P.H. Patterson, J.P. Blake, and K.D. Roberson. Eds. Natl. Poultry Waste Mngt. Symp. Committee. Auburn University Printing Service, Auburn University, AL.
Klunzinger, M.W., K.D. Roberson, and R.A. Charbeneau, 2001. Evaluation of a low-phytic acid corn variety with or without phytase fed to growing-finishing turkeys. Poultry Science 80:170. (Suppl. 1)
Malone, G., 2001. Proper Litter Management Helps Air Quality. Poultry Times. March 19, p.5.
Malone, G., 2002. Ammonia and Grower Health. University of Maryland Poultry Perspectives. Vol 4, No. 1, pp 3-4.
Malone, G. and D. Donnelly, 2001. Environmental and Production Benefits of Trees for Poultry Farms. University of Delaware Extension Bulletin #158. August.
Malone, G. and D. Donnelly, 2001. The Benefits of Planting Trees Around Poultry Farms. University of Delaware Extension Bulletin #159. December.
Malone, G. and D. Donnelly, 2001. Trees for Poultry Farms: Issues and Opportunities. Proceedings to Delmarva Breeder, Hatchery and Growout Conference. Delmar, MD. September 12, pp 21-23.
Malone, G., 2001. Use of Trees and Shrubs as Breaks Around Poultry Farms. Proceedings to North Carolina Turkey Industry Days and Poultry Supervisors Short Course. Raleigh, NC, October 10, pp 21-24
Malone, G., 2001. Channel Composters for Delmarva. Delmarva Farmer Poultry Column. The Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer, September 18.
Malone, G., 2001. Environment: Nutrient Management. Proceedings to Triennial Poultry Extension Workshop. Typee Island, GA. November 3, pp.93-98.
Malone, G., 2002. Litter Treatments: Matching Products with Management Goals. Proceedings to Midwest Poultry Federation Convention, St. Paul, MN. March 19, pp.145-148.
Malone, G., D. Donnelly and S. Kepfer, 2002. A Demonstration of Planting Trees Around Poultry Farms. Poultry Sci. 82: Suppl. 1.
Malone, G., M. Eckman, M. Salem and D. Hansen, 2001. A Demonstration of Sand as an Alternative Bedding in Poultry Houses. Poultry Sci. 81:40. Suppl.1
Moore, P.A., Jr., P.B. Delaine, T.C. Daniel, D.K. Carman, A.N. Sharpley. 2001. Estimating annual phosphorus loads at the edge of field using the phosphorus index for pastures. In Proceedings of the Arkansas Water Resources Center Annual Conference on TMDL and Related Water Quality Issues. (In press)
Mukhtar, Saqib, John Carey and Ron Lacey, 2001. Managing Nuisance Odor and Dust from
Poultry Growing Operations. TAEX Publication L-5401.
Norton, R. A., J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2001. Microbiological safety of a dehydrated poultry meal product. Poultry Sci. 80:1047.
Redwine, J. S., R. E. Lacey, S. Mukhtar, and J. B. Carey, 2002. Concentration and Emissions of Ammonia and Particulate Matter in Tunnel Ventilated Broiler Houses Under Summer Conditions in Texas. Transactions of the ASAE. 45(4):1101-1109
Reeder J., H. Nakaue, and J. Hermes. 2002 The effect of various concentrations of nitrate and nitrite on broiler chickens. (In preparation for Journal of Applied Poultry Research)
Reeves, J., J. Van Kessel and G. Malone, 2002. Quick Test for the Determination of Ammonia in Poultry Litter. Poultry Sci. 81:1301-1307.
Roberson, K.D., M.W. Orth, M.W. Klunzinger, R.A. Charbeneau, and T.L. Peters, 2001. Evaluation of phytase level needed for growing-finishing commercial toms. Poultry Science 80:S176. (Suppl. 1)
Roberson, Kevin D., 2001. Studies on nutritional strategies to reduce phosphorus excretion from turkey toms. Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference, Raleigh, NC, pp. 43-57.
Watkins, S.E., 2002. The campaign for water quality continues. Avian Advice 4: 7-9.