Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

USDA ARS Western Wheat Quality Lab PIs Morris and Beecher work on the underlying molecular genetics of wheat grain end-use quality. Accomplishments for 2007 include the influence of kernel texture on pilot-scale milling performance, the development of a device for the preparation of endosperm bricks suitable for material property testing, a critical examination of the SDS sedimentation test for wheat meals, analysis of the gene family of polyphenol oxidase in wheat and markers for PPO genes, registration of Waxy-Pen wheat variety, and the study of oxidative gelation on soft wheat quality. Colorado State University In fall 2007, experimental line CO01385-A1 was released as 'Bill Brown'. Bill Brown is a hard red winter wheat developed from the cross Yumar/Arlin made in 1997. In three years of statewide variety trial testing (2005-07), Bill Brown was the highest yielding entry in both dryland (equivalent to 'Hatcher') and irrigated (roughly 12% higher than 'Yuma') trials. Test weights of Bill Brown have been high, similar to 'Jagalene'. Compared to the poor quality check 'Above', Bill Brown has excellent quality with longer Mixograph peak time (4.6 vs. 2.8 minutes, n=31), a wider Mixograph curve two minutes after peak (11.8 vs. 9.3, n=28), larger pup loaf volume (1012 vs. 870 cc, n=22), and better crumb grain score (3.8 vs. 2.9, n=13). In 2007, several improvements were made in our quality laboratory. These included expansion of our facility to isolate SKCS and milling equipment in a separate lab, implementation of barcode readers for SKCS and Mixograph devices, development of a relational database system for storage and retrieval of routine screening data, and implementation of a higher-throughput, modified Quadromat Senior milling system (with assistance from Doug Engle, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA). Studies on whole-grain NIR calibration development and validation continued in 2007. Field studies with three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations suggested that prior whole-grain calibrations for SKCS kernel weight, diameter, and hardness provided relatively accurate predictions of true reference values from a new season. In 2007, collaborative research with Dr. Pat Byrne documented changes in high molecular weight glutenin subunit frequencies since a previous study with Great Plains winter wheat cultivars and provided baseline data on allelic variation for low molecular weight subunits. A field study with a RIL population and released cultivars documented differences in Mixograph properties due to allelic variation at Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Glu-A3, and Glu-B3 loci. Montana State Spring Wheat Program

Approximately 2,000,000 acres of hard red spring wheat were seeded in 2007. As in 2006, heat stress during grain fill caused relatively low yield, small seed, and low test weight on much of the spring wheat crop. Leading varieties were Reeder, Choteau and McNeal, accounting for over 60% of the acreage in the state. Specific goals for the spring wheat include superior performance under rain-fed conditions, high protein, strong gluten, and resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. Choteau is the resistant to the sawfly due to having solid, or pith-filled, stems. Our recently released variety, Vida is a high-yielding line especially suited for rain-fed areas of Montana. Vida is notable for maintaining green leaves later in the season than is the norm for Montana wheat varieties. The varieties Choteau and Vida have typical gluten strength for hard red spring wheat, as opposed to the very strong gluten of McNeal. Winter Wheat Program

Montana harvested winter wheat acreage for 2007 was 2.19 million acres averaging ~38 bu/acre (total production ~83.2 million bushels). Leading varieties were Genou (16.1%), CDC Falcon (13.4%), Rampart (9.7%), Neeley (7.6%), Ledger (5.9%), Morgan (5.5%), Jagalene (5.4%), and Tiber (4.8%). After leading Montana planted wheat acreage for 4 consecutive years, Rampart was replaced in 2007 by Genou. The winter wheat program emphasizes on-farm productivity characteristics and quality characteristics to compete in a global market place. Specific objectives include productivity, adaptation (cold tolerance, maturity, stress tolerance), pest resistance (wheat stem sawfly, wheat streak mosaic virus, stem rust), and dual-purpose end-use quality. End-use quality goals are high grain protein and gluten strength, high flour extraction and low ash content, good dough mixing and bread baking quality, and superior noodle color and textural characteristics. Wheat Quality Program In the Montana Small Grain Quality Program our objectives are to conduct studies on genes important to wheat grain quality and or agronomic traits. In 2007, we published studies detailing the effects of increasing pin dosage upon soft wheat milling quality. A cross was made between a Chinese Spring substitution line having three Hardness loci and the soft wheat cultivar Vanna. The B genome Ha was not transmitted to progeny but the A genome Ha was transmitted normally. Progeny lines with the added A genome Ha were 7.4 SKCS units softer on average and were lower in flour yield but produced flour with lower ash, reduced starch damage, and smaller average particle size. We also published a study in which we assessed the grain softening impact of PINA and PINB individually and in combination. What we found was that high amounts of both PINA and PINB are required for full binding to starch and grain softness. However, high amounts of an individual PIN result in intermediate grain hardness. The results are conclusive in demonstrating that softness requires both PINA and PINB. We also published a study detailing the effects of puroindolines upon pilot scale milling. That project, described in detail in our 2006 report described that puroindolines directly impact milling properties and likely impact other end use properties such as cookie properties and loaf volume indirectly by modifying water hydration traits. We published two studies wrapping up our initial experiments on the agronomic and plant physiology response of wheat to over expression of the rate limiting step in seed starch biosynthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP). Under controlled environment conditions, AGP over expression significantly increases flag leaf photosynthetic rates and decreases seed abortion. The end result under the perfect environment is increased overall plant productivity. However, under Montana agronomic conditions, this increased productivity is seen only rarely if at all. It is likely that lack of water and heat stress during grain fill are more significant constraints upon both seed set and plant than seed AGP activity under most Spring wheat environments. Oregon State University Wheat Quality The OSU Wheat Quality Program continued its mission to investigate the molecular phenomena that control the processing and quality of wheat-based foods. Using this foundation the program continued to serve the needs of the Oregon wheat industry for a supply of new wheat varieties with quality attributes appropriate for specific market classes (soft-white, hard-white, and hard-red). As in previous years a large number (this year > 1350) of early generation samples was put through primary quality screening sequentially for kernel texture, polyphenol oxidase, and protein sedimentation (hards only). At each stage approximately 1/3 of the lines were deleted. This culling of winter wheat in the harvest year and prior to fall replanting, rather than after replanting as often is the case, saved much time and money by not planting lines that will eventually be rejected in subsequent quality testing. Critical hard-wheat samples from the 2007 harvest were fast-tracked: milled and analyzed for kernel texture, milling performance, and mixograph dough properties in the period between harvest and replanting. This testing also provided us with our first opportunity to observe the potential of whole-wheat mixographs using an 80% extraction flour milled on a stone-mill. Preliminary results suggest a strong possibility of success. Additionally, we have since acquired a new impact mill. The advantages of the new system with respect helping us increase dough testing throughput are the ability of the mill to automatically take sub-samples when grinding, the mills self-cleaning attribute, and the manufacturers claim that the mill can grind the samples with no moisture loss, obviating the need for additional time-consuming oven moisture determinations on the ground meal. Work has continued on the commissioning of the micro-fluidic capillary electrophoresis (MFCE) system. Wheat Breeding and Variety Release The soft white winter wheat variety Goetze was released in fall, 2007. Goetze is best adapted to the Willamette valley of Oregon. Crown freezing tests suggest that Goetze has less cold tolerance than Stephens, the leading Oregon variety. Goetze is a facultative type, meaning that it requires little or no vernalization to initiate flowering. Goetze is moderately resistant to Septoria leaf blotch, an important disease of the Willamette valley. Goetze is resistant to current races of stripe rust and leaf rust. It has an intermediate response to strawbreaker footrot. Goetze was evaluated in Oregon field trials from 2001 through 2006. Average grain yield of Goetze exceeded that for Stephens and Tubbs, with grain test weight similar to Stephens. Goetze has end-use quality similar to Stephens and Tubbs and is acceptable for soft wheat application. The hard red winter wheat variety Norwest 553 was developed in collaboration with Nickerson UK and released in fall 2007. Norwest 553 is best adapted to moderate to high rainfall areas of north east Oregon and south east Washington. Average grain yield of Norwest 553 has exceeded that of hard red winter check varieties Paladin and Bauermeister, with grain protein concentrations similar to Paladin. Norwest 553 is resistant to current races of stripe rust. It has an intermediate response to strawbreaker footrot and Cephalosporium stripe diseases. Results from the milling and baking evaluations suggest that it is acceptable for the US hard red market class, with dough mixing strength its most positive quality attributes. Norwest 553 is being licensed on a non-exclusive basis to seed companies in the Pacific Northwest. ORI2042037 is a Clearfield soft white winter wheat from the cross 'Eltan/3/FS-4//Stephens/Madsen'. ORI2042037 is targeted to Eltan growing areas that require superior winterhardiness and tolerance to snow mold. Agronomic characteristics and performance of ORI2042037 are largely similar to Eltan, although it is 1-2 inches shorter in stature. The variety is resistant to stripe rust and has shown good tolerance to crown rot, but is susceptible to strawbreaker footrot. It has previously been shown to have good overall soft wheat milling and baking quality, with lower gluten strength than the parent Eltan. Tentatively given the name ORCF-103, Foundation seed of the variety is targeted for release in fall, 2008. OR2050910 is a soft white winter wheat based on Tubbs parentage. OR2050910 has a very soft kernel texture and has shown superior soft wheat milling and baking attributes in preliminary tests. OR2050910 has many of the same agronomic attributes of Tubbs and similar grain yield potential, but with superior stripe rust resistance. OR2050910 is being targeted as complement and/or replacement for ORSS-1757 in the Oregon SuperSoft identity preserved production and marketing program. Agronomic Research Studies are underway to improve management of N fertility in Oregon-grown hard wheat varieties. The goal is to more economically and consistently meet grain protein targets for marketing. Three hard winter wheat varieties (Paladin, Boundary, and Norwest 553), one hard white (OR2052046H), and one soft white (Stephens) were grown at three locations in 2007 under 12 N treatments; seven fall N rates and two spring topdress rates. Fall N applications had the greatest effect on yield. Grain yields were maximized with addition of 100 lbs/a N at Pendleton, and 50 lbs/a at Lexington and Helix. Flag leaf N concentrations increased with both fall and spring N applications and significant variation was observed among the varieties. Grain protein analyses are not complete, but preliminary analyses suggest current N fertility recommendations may be higher than necessary. Grain protein targets of 12-13% were met at intermediate N rates, significantly less than the 3.0 lbs/bu currently recommended. However, these results need to be confirmed in subsequent trials, as there are significant environmental effects and interactions which impact grain protein concentrations. Molecular Marker Development A single-seed derived recombinant inbred (F6) line (RIL) mapping population with 165 individuals was developed from a cross between Stephens, a widely adapted, high-yielding soft white cultivar and the elite line OR9900553, a soft white genotype with extra soft kernel texture, high yield potential and excellent soft white wheat quality. So far, the RIL population of 165 individuals has been genotyped with ~282 polymorphic SSR markers (~47,376 datapoints) as well as ~521 DArT markers by Triticarte (Australia). We now have a partial linkage map with of ~260 SSR and 140 DArT markers arranged in 30 linkage groups corresponding to all 21 chromosomes and covering ~1,750 cM. We hope to have a linkage map with ~500 markers by the end of 2008. The mapping population and parents were grown in the field (Corvallis, OR) for seed increase in 2007. Each line was replicated twice using a randomized-complete-block arrangement. After harvest, the population was evaluated for grain hardness, grain diameter, and grain weight using the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). The mapping population was planted in replicated trials at five locations (Corvallis, Pendleton, Moro, Pullman, and Moscow) to measure phenotypic variation and harvest grain for subsequent quality evaluations. In preliminary analyses, a single QTL was detected on each of four chromosomes (4B, 4D, 5A, and 5B). Each QTL explained between 10 to 24% of phenotypic variance. The results suggest the extra soft characteristic is controlled by several QTL of relatively minor effects. These are different from the hardness (Ha) locus on chromosome 5D. The next step is a more thorough assessment with larger phenotypic data set and denser map. University of Idaho The 2007 wheat research program at University of Idaho completed its transition with the hiring of Dr. Jianli Chen as the new wheat breeder at the Aberdeen research and Extension Center in June replacing Ed Souza. One soft white spring wheat Cataldo and one soft white winter wheat Bitterroot were released. Both varieties have good end-use quality and other desirable agronomic traits. Two waxy spring wheat lines, IDO 629 and IDO630, are targeting for limited release in 2008. These wheat lines have starch as primarily amylopectin, as opposed to amylose, and appear to have potential for specialized use in a wheat/barley fractionation plant being built near Ontario, Oregon. The lines would need to be licensed and production limited to prevent the waxy wheat from entering the normal commodity channels. Two additional soft white winter wheat lines (Bobs lines) and two soft white spring lines (IDO668 and IDO671) with high end-use quality are also considered for release in 2008. In addition, The UI breeding programs have five imazamox resistant lines for potential release in 2008 and 2009 - three soft white winter, one hard red winter, and one hard white winter. Utah State University The Utah Agricultural Experiment Station is considering release of UT9325-55. Quality of 9325-55 has been evaluated by the WWQL for several years and is included in the 2008 PNW wheat quality council samples. Continued selection in early generations based on mixograph data from 2 gm samples of bulk populations. Approximately 20% of F2 bulk populations were discarded based on poor average mixograph. Approximately 75 samples were sent to the Western Wheat Quality Lab for quality analysis. These samples reflected breeding lines and cultivar tests. Stakeholders were provided current cultivar quality information at irrigated and rain-fed farm field days in 2007.

Baenziger, P., R. Graybosch, A. Ibrahim, D. Baltensperger, L. Nelson, J. Yue, C. Shun, B. Guihua, B. Beecher, and J. Hatchett. 2007. Release of NE01643 hard red winter wheat. USDA-ARS, cultivar release. Bettge, A.D. and C.F. Morris. 2007. Oxidative gelation measurement and influence on soft wheat batter viscosity and end-use quality. Cereal Chem. 84:237-242. Beyer, B., S.D. Haley, J. Peng, F.B. Peairs, and N.L.V. Lapitan. 2007. Introgression of Russian wheat aphid Biotype 2 resistance from tetraploid wheat germplasm. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Blake, N.K., S.P. Lanning, J.M. Martin, J.D. Sherman, and L.E. Talbert. 2007. Relationship of flag leaf characteristics to economically important traits in two spring wheat crosses. Crop Sci. 47:489-494. Bruckner, P.L., J.E. Berg, N. Riveland, J.L. Eckhoff, D.M. Wichman, K.D. Kephart, G.R. Carlson, G.D. Kushnak, R.N. Stougaard, D.L. Nash, W.E. Grey, A.T. Dyer, Y. Jin, and X. Chen. 2007. Registration of Yellowstone wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:18-19. Butler, J.D., S.D. Haley, and B.W. Seabourn. 2007. Selection efficiency and application of near-infrared spectroscopy for wheat end-use quality assessment. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Campbell, J.B., J.M. Martin, F. Crutcher, F.D. Meyer, D.R. Clark, and M.J. Giroux. 2007 Effects on Soft Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Quality of Increased Puroindoline Dosage. Cereal Chemistry 84(1):80-87. Carlson, G.R., J.E. Berg, R.N. Stougaard, K.D. Kephart, N. Riveland, G.D. Kushnak, D.M. Wichman, J.L. Eckhoff, D.L. Nash, E.S. Davis, W.E. Grey, and P.L. Bruckner. 2007. Registration of Bynum wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:16-17. Clayshulte, S.R., S.D. Haley, P.F. Byrne, and X. Shan. 2007. Trait associations at the Xgwm 261 and Rht-B1 loci in two winter wheat recombinant inbred line populations. Crop Sci. Crop Sci. 47:2346-2355. Haley, S.D., J.J. Johnson, F.B. Peairs, J.S. Quick, J.A. Stromberger, S.R. Clayshulte, J.D. Butler, J.B. Rudolph, B.W. Seabourn, G. Bai, Y. Jin, and J. Kolmer. 2007. Registration of 'Ripper' wheat. J. Plant Reg. 1:1-6. He, X.Y., Z.H. He, L.P. Zhang, D.J. Sun, C.F. Morris, E.P. Fuerst, and X.C. Xia. 2007. Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes located on chromosomes 2A and 2D and development of functional markers for the PPO genes in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 115:47-58. Hesler, L.S., S.D. Haley, K.K. Nkongolo, and F.B. Peairs. 2007. Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in triticale and triticale-derived wheat lines with resistance to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Entomol. Sci. 42: 217-227. Hole, D., S. Clawson, and J. Clawson. 2007. 2007 Utah Small Grains Variety Trials. AES Research Report. 203: Isik, Z, I. Parmaksiz, C. Coruh, Y. Geylan-Su, O. Cebechi, B. Beecher, and H. Budak. 2007. Organellar genome analysis of rye (Secale cereale) representing diverse geographic regions. Genome 50:724-734. Johnson, J.J., S.D. Haley, and J. Butler. 2007. Helping producers make better variety planting decisions. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Jones, S.S., S.R. Lyon, K.A. Balow, M.A. Gollnick, T.D. Murray, X.M. Chen, C.F. Morris, K. Garland Campbell, J.W. Burns, W.F. Schillinger, P.E. Reisenauer, and B.J. Goates. 2007. Registration of Bauermeister Wheat. Crop Sci. 47:430-431. Kephart, K.D., J.E. Berg, G.R. Carlson, R.N. Stougaard, J.L. Eckhoff, N. Riveland, G.D. Kushnak, D.M. Wichman, D.L. Nash, E.S. Davis, W.E. Grey, and P.L. Bruckner. 2007. Registration of Hyalite wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:14-15. Martin, J.M., F.D. Meyer, C.F. Morris, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. Pilot Scale Milling Characteristics of Transgenic Isolines of a Hard Wheat Over-expressing Puroindolines. Crop Science 47 (2):497-5040. Massa, A.N., B. Beecher, and C.F. Morris. 2007. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in wheat and wild relatives: Molecular evidence for a multigene family. Theor. Appl. Genetic. 114:1239-1247. Erratum 114:1303-1304. McIntosh, R.A., K.M. Devos, J. Dubcovsky, W.J. Rogers, C.F. Morris, R. Appels and O.A. Anderson. 2007. Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat: 2007 Supplement (In) Annual Wheat Newsletter 53:159-180. (also published on-line at: http://wheat.pw.usda.gov. Meyer, F.D., L.E. Talbert, J.M. Martin, T.W. Greene, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. Field evaluation of transgenic wheat (T. aestivum) expressing a modified AGP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) large subunit. Crop Sci. 47:336-342. Morris, C.F. and B. Beecher. 2007. Polyphenol oxidase gene structure in wheat and related species. Proc. 57th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conf., 5-10 August, 2007. Panozzo, J.F., and Black, C.K. (eds.). Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 57-60. Morris, C.F., and D.A. Engle. 2007. Test baking for breeders and cultivar development. Proc. 57th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conf., 5-10 August, 2007. Panozzo, J.F., and Black, C.K. (eds.). Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 133-135. Morris, C.F., and G.E. King. 2007. Registration of Waxy-Pen soft white spring waxy wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:23-24. Morris, C.F., B. Paszczynska, A.D. Bettge, and G.E. King. 2007. A critical examination of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test for wheat meals. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 87:607-615. Morris, C.F., K. Pecka, and A.D. Bettge. 2007. Note: A device for the preparation of cereal endosperm bricks. Cereal Chem. 84:67-69. Ohm, J.-B., A.S. Ross, C.J. Peterson, and Y.-L. Ong. Relationships of high molecular weight glutenin subunit composition and molecular weight distribution of wheat flour protein with water absorption and color characteristics of noodle dough. Cer. Chem. Accepted 8-29-2007. Peng, Z., H. Wang, S.D. Haley, F.B. Peairs, and N.L.V. Lapitan. 2007. Molecular mapping of Russian wheat aphid resistance gene Dn2414 in wheat. Crop Sci. 47:2418-2429. Peterson, C.J. 2007. National and global initiatives to combat cereal rust diseases. Oregon Wheat. June, pgs 16-18. Roth, J., S.D. Haley, J. Peng, N.L.V. Lapitan, G. Bai, and B. Bockus. 2007. Characterization of wheat lines derived through MAS for barley yellow dwarf virus resistance and high grain protein content. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Shan, X., S.R. Clayshulte, S.D. Haley, and P.F. Byrne. 2007. Variation for glutenin and waxy alleles in U.S. hard winter wheat germplasm. J. Cer. Sci. 45:199-208. Sherman, J.D., S.P. Lanning, D. Clark, and L.E. Talbert. 2007. Registration of near-isogenic hard spring wheat lines differing in puroindoline alleles. J. Plant Reg. 1:171-172. Smidansky, E.D., F.D. Meyer, B. Blakeslee, T.E. Weglarz, T.W. Greene, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. Expression of a modified ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit in wheat seeds stimulates photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Planta 225(4):965-976. Stougaard, R.N., J.E. Berg, K.D. Kephart, G.R. Carlson, D.M. Wichman, J.L. Eckhoff, N. Riveland, G.D. Kushnak, D.L. Nash, E.S. Davis, W.E. Grey, and P.L. Bruckner. 2007. Registration of Norris wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:12-13. Wanjugi, H.W., A.C. Hogg, J.M. Martin, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. The Role of Puroindoline A and B Individually and in Combination on Grain Hardness and Starch Association. Crop Science 47 (1):67-76. Zheng, S., X. Shan, P. Byrne, and S.D. Haley. 2007. Effects of glutenin subunit variation and 1RS.1AL translocation on dough properties of wheat grown in Colorado (USA) environments. Poster presentation at Plant and Animal Genome Conference, 13-17 Jan. 2007, San Diego. Zheng, S., X. Shan, P. Byrne, S. Reid, G. Bai, and S.D. Haley. 2007. Effects of allelic variation at the wheat Glu-B3 locus on dough properties identified by association mapping. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Variety Releases and PVP Tubbs 06 - Soft White Winter Wheat. C.J. Peterson, M. Verhoeven, M. Larson, B. Hoefer, J. von Zitzewitz, M. Flowers, A. Ross, J. Ohm, C. Morris, D. Engle, R. Smiley, C. Mundt, X. Chen, J. Robinson. Plant Variety Protection Certificate No. 200700423. Issued December, 2007. Goetze - Soft White Winter Wheat. C.J. Peterson, M. Verhoeven, M. Larson, B. Hoefer, J. von Zitzewitz, M. Flowers, A. Ross, J. Ohm, C. Morris, D. Engle, R. Smiley, C. Mundt, X. Chen, D. Skinner, K. Campbell, J. Robinson. Release date: 8/24/2007. Norwest 553- Hard Red Winter Wheat. C.J. Peterson, M. Verhoeven, M. Larson, B. Hoefer, J. von Zitzewitz, M. Flowers, A. Ross, J. Ohm, C. Morris, D. Engle, R. Smiley, C. Mundt, X. Chen, D. Skinner, K. Campbell, and J. Robinson. Release date: 8/20/2007.