SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: W188 : Characterization of Flow and Transport Processes in Soils at Different Scales
- Period Covered: 01/01/2003 to 12/01/2003
- Date of Report: 03/15/2004
- Annual Meeting Dates: 01/05/2004 to 01/07/2004
Participants
Bradford, S.,USDA-ARS USSL; Casey, F., North Dakota State University; Flury, M., Washington State University; Gee, G., PNNL, WA; Hopmans, J., UC Davis; Jin, Y., University of Delaware; Jones, S., Utah State University; Jury, W., UC Riverside; Kluitenberg, G., Kansas State University; Knighton, R., CSREES, Washington DC; Meixner, T., UC Riverside; Miller, W., University of Nevada; Nieber, J., University of Minnesota; Nielson, D., UC Davis; Horton, B., Iowa State University; Ochsner, T., USDA-ARS MN; Oostrom, M, PNNL, WA; Schwartz, R. USDA-ARS, TX; Shouse, P., USDA-ARS USSL; Simunek, J., USDA-ARS USSL; Skaggs, T., USDA-ARS USSL; Taylor, S., Desert Research Institute, NV; Van Genuchten, R., USDA-ARS USSL; Wang, Z., California State Fresno, CA; Ward, A., PNNL, OR; Warrick, A., University of Arizona; Wierenga, P., University of Arizona; Wraith, J, Montana State University; Wu, L., UC Riverside; Young, M., Desert Research Institute, NV; Zhang, F., PNNL, WA.
The minutes of the annual meeting and a complete copy of the annual report, including all 2003 publications, may be found on the W-188 website at: http://www.soilsci.ndsu.nodak.edu/w188
Accomplishments
Objective 1: To study relationships between flow and transport properties or processes and the spatial and temporal scales at which these are observed.
Accomplishments: UC-Davis research used the inverse method and physically based three-dimensional distributed model combined with measured tile drainage data from a 9700 ha trial to study soil hydraulic properties. Measured drainage data were of limited benefit in identifying soil hydraulic properties while the dominant hydrology of the site was best predicted by drain system properties and preferential flow. UC Riverside researchers found that, unlike expectations, prescribed ground fires near Lake Tahoe did not result in elevated phosphorus transport to surface streams and eventually to the lake. Other research found that mineral weathering occurred at slower rates on steep north facing slopes in alpine watersheds. This resulted in more susceptibility to negative impacts of atmospheric deposition in basins with a high percent of cold steep slopes. UC Riverside researchers continued nitrogen BMPs for irrigated turfgrass. To date, ammonium nitrate and Polyon (slow release) N source produced best turfgrass quality and NO3- - and NH4+-N concentrations below the root zone were maintained at less than 1 ppm. Other studies continued on management of N runoff from urban nurseries to reduce contamination of coastal waters and lakes. USDA-USSL scientists studied processes and mechanisms that affect pesticide emissions from fields via leaching. Use of ammonium thiosulfate and dissolved organic matter reduced mobility and leaching of pesticides. Other research investigated volatilization, degradation, and diffusion of propargyl bromide (3BP) in a bed-furrow fumigation system. They found that irrigation and higher initial soil moisture were more important in reducing volatilization than plastic tarp. USSL developed a colloid straining model that looked at retention and attachment. The results indicated that straining occurred when the ratio of the colloid and median grain diameters was > 0.5%. Other significant accomplishments under Objective 1 included: Delaware (UD) researchers studied soil characteristics (hydrophilic vs hydrophobic surfaces) as they affect virus retention and transport under unsaturated flow. They found significant interactions between ionic strength, virus type, and water content. Iowa State University (IA) researchers studied solute transport in a tile-drained field using TDR and found that TDR probes may be used to nondestructively determine soil surface transport properties which, in turn, can predict chemical leaching. This methodology is being used to assess the impact of different management practices on solute leaching. University of Minnesota continued work with Non-Equilibrium Richards Equation (NERE) as it affects finger velocity and saturation profile. They completed a low order stability analysis that showed the predictability of instability based on specific initial saturation. Researchers at Montana State and U Connecticut are working together to quantify the primary physical influences on microbial habitats and activities in unsaturated soils. Results in 2003 did not indicate a strong consistent change in microbial community composition in response to texture and wetness. They found higher microbial cell densities at higher diffusion potentials (lower matrix potential). Research at the NV Desert Research Institute continued on groundwater contamination from large gold ore heap leach facilities. A large-scale field experiment consisting of 27 collection lysimeters was conducted at the Placer Dome Gold Acres Mine to better understand surface infiltration and preferential flow in mine wastes. After a 90-day irrigation period followed by a 30 day drain down, results indicated that heterogeneity in the heap material was the dominant factor in controlling the variation in observed trough lysimeter fluxes and variations in application rate was shown by numerical simulation withHYDRUS-2D to be relatively unimportant in explaining the variance in lysimeter flux. North Dakota State University continued investigations of fate and transport of bioactive hormones and antibiotics from livestock waste. Results using transport models evaluated 17B-estradiol and testosterone and found 1) Both were strongly sorbed by soil and 2) estradiol decomposed readily to safe metabolites while testosterone remained intact and represents a greater risk to subsurface water quality. Utah State University in collaboration with U Connecticut studied water flow in microgravity performed with a KC-135 aircraft in parabolic flight. They found air entrapment in the absence of gravity is a significant factor affecting transport processes. Models developed from these studies will advance our understanding of soil physics in extra-terrestrial environments such as the Moon and Mars. PNNL have developed several new approaches for quantifying spatial and temporal heterogeneities affecting water and solute transport in field soils. WSU evaluated hydraulic conductivities under three management systems (natural prairie, conventional till, and no till) and found much high conductivity in the natural system and that 27 years of no till could restore the original soil conductivity.
OBJECTIVE 2: To develop and evaluate instrumentation and methods of analysis for characterization of flow and transport at different scales.
Selected accomplishments under this objective include: University of Arizona published studies describing unsaturated flow through spherical inclusions and through multiple circular inclusions which proved to be important in assessing percolation profiles of agricultural chemicals through soil profiles. UA also developed a new calibration procedure for neutron probes in determining water content in deep and layered vadose zones. UC Riverside is developing a nitrate hazard index for irrigated crops in the southwest. It will allow farm advisors and growers to adopt BMP that will reduce nitrate leaching. UCR researchers studying carbon cycling found that 1)it takes 10 ?15 years for cultivation to significantly change C turnover rates from that of native soil and 2) carbon sequestration in rice paddy soils in China well below what its potential is if sustainable agricultural principals were applied. USDA-USSL compared field drip irrigation data with HYDRUS-2D simulations and found the HYDRUS-2D water distribution predictions accurately described the actual measured water content. Other studies addressed dielectric loss on resonant frequency of capacitance probe sensors. University of Idaho evaluated hydraulic properties of swelling clay soils using a flexible wall permeameter and volume change apparatus. Iowa State University developed a number of laboratory techniques to improve current state-of-the-art measurements of dielectric spectra of soils using a vector network analyzer, soil water flow using a heat pulse technique and dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP),and lastly new techniques for determining soil volumetric heat capacity. Montana State advanced measuring capabilities using TDR and evaluating variation in the measurement of soil water retention using water properties rather than a surrogate liquid. A second project evaluated variation in soil water retention measurements among research and commercial laboratories. DRI Nevada research in 2003 included evaluation of large-scale lysimeters in field scale flux experiments, improved methods for conducting aquifer tests, scaling approaches to estimating ET from wetlands in desert environments, and completed field work on overland flow characterization by refining existing methodologies to better delineate volume runoff per unit area and soil nutrient flux. USDA-CPRL are estimating hydraulic properties in soils using a disc infiltrometer for in situ measurements of infiltration used conjointly with TDR soil water measurements. Measurement with diagonally placed probes (30 degrees from horizontal) minimized errors associated with assuming a uniform weighting of water content within the sampling volume. USDA-CPRL has an ongoing comparison of soil moisture sensors at Bushland. In particular, they are evaluating alternatives to the neutron probe by testing the Sentek EnviroSCAN, Sentek Diviner 2000, Trime T3 tube probe, Delta-T Profiler, and a sheathed TDR probe with the neutron probe. Utah State University , University of Connecticut and the Space Dynamic Laboratory developed a gas diffusion system for the International Space Station for potential use in a bioregenerative life support system. Washington State University developed a freezing technique that will be able to determine soil moisture characteristics in porous media. A prototype instrument is being modified for commercial production. PNNL WA developed a vadose zone water flux meter consisting of a buried wick-lysimeter that passively controls the tension at the base of the lysimeter. The resolution of the fluxmeter is 0.1 mm of water and was commercially available in 2003.
OBJECTIVE 3: To apply scale-appropriate methodologies for the management of soil and water resources. UC-Riverside investigated physical and hydraulic properties of sodic soils having different mineralogy and found that there is no significant effect of SAR on the ECa of vermiculite or smectite while the differences were more pronounced in kaolinite. UC Davis inversely applied models to obtain effective soil hydraulic properties at widely different spatial scales. They utilized scaling factors to estimate hydraulic properties in water district scales of square mile size. Montana State University researchers investigated soil physical properties that may account for a devastating invasion of knapweed and found no correlation between soil physical properties or water-use efficiency and knapweed establishment. DRI Nevada researchers studied hydraulic and nutrient management properties of the Sierran basin and Mojave National preserve. The later showed that increasing surface age (50 to 100,000 years) resulted in a 100-fold decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity. NDSU, SDSU, Minnesota, and Montana collaborated on a precision agriculture study of effectiveness of nutrient management for the Northern Plain agriculture. An on-farm replicated study evaluated different methods of nutrient management. Last year they found that N loss to leaching was 26 kg N/ha on the nutrient managed half of field compared to 270 kg N/ha on farmer managed side. WSU studied desert landform evolution in the Mojave Desert through deduction of the evolution of the Holocene and Pleistocene period. Using water erosion prediction models (WEPP)they identified two periods within the Holocene period with distinct erosion characteristics and shed new light on current state of Mohave Desert landform evolution.
Accomplishments: UC-Davis research used the inverse method and physically based three-dimensional distributed model combined with measured tile drainage data from a 9700 ha trial to study soil hydraulic properties. Measured drainage data were of limited benefit in identifying soil hydraulic properties while the dominant hydrology of the site was best predicted by drain system properties and preferential flow. UC Riverside researchers found that, unlike expectations, prescribed ground fires near Lake Tahoe did not result in elevated phosphorus transport to surface streams and eventually to the lake. Other research found that mineral weathering occurred at slower rates on steep north facing slopes in alpine watersheds. This resulted in more susceptibility to negative impacts of atmospheric deposition in basins with a high percent of cold steep slopes. UC Riverside researchers continued nitrogen BMPs for irrigated turfgrass. To date, ammonium nitrate and Polyon (slow release) N source produced best turfgrass quality and NO3- - and NH4+-N concentrations below the root zone were maintained at less than 1 ppm. Other studies continued on management of N runoff from urban nurseries to reduce contamination of coastal waters and lakes. USDA-USSL scientists studied processes and mechanisms that affect pesticide emissions from fields via leaching. Use of ammonium thiosulfate and dissolved organic matter reduced mobility and leaching of pesticides. Other research investigated volatilization, degradation, and diffusion of propargyl bromide (3BP) in a bed-furrow fumigation system. They found that irrigation and higher initial soil moisture were more important in reducing volatilization than plastic tarp. USSL developed a colloid straining model that looked at retention and attachment. The results indicated that straining occurred when the ratio of the colloid and median grain diameters was > 0.5%. Other significant accomplishments under Objective 1 included: Delaware (UD) researchers studied soil characteristics (hydrophilic vs hydrophobic surfaces) as they affect virus retention and transport under unsaturated flow. They found significant interactions between ionic strength, virus type, and water content. Iowa State University (IA) researchers studied solute transport in a tile-drained field using TDR and found that TDR probes may be used to nondestructively determine soil surface transport properties which, in turn, can predict chemical leaching. This methodology is being used to assess the impact of different management practices on solute leaching. University of Minnesota continued work with Non-Equilibrium Richards Equation (NERE) as it affects finger velocity and saturation profile. They completed a low order stability analysis that showed the predictability of instability based on specific initial saturation. Researchers at Montana State and U Connecticut are working together to quantify the primary physical influences on microbial habitats and activities in unsaturated soils. Results in 2003 did not indicate a strong consistent change in microbial community composition in response to texture and wetness. They found higher microbial cell densities at higher diffusion potentials (lower matrix potential). Research at the NV Desert Research Institute continued on groundwater contamination from large gold ore heap leach facilities. A large-scale field experiment consisting of 27 collection lysimeters was conducted at the Placer Dome Gold Acres Mine to better understand surface infiltration and preferential flow in mine wastes. After a 90-day irrigation period followed by a 30 day drain down, results indicated that heterogeneity in the heap material was the dominant factor in controlling the variation in observed trough lysimeter fluxes and variations in application rate was shown by numerical simulation withHYDRUS-2D to be relatively unimportant in explaining the variance in lysimeter flux. North Dakota State University continued investigations of fate and transport of bioactive hormones and antibiotics from livestock waste. Results using transport models evaluated 17B-estradiol and testosterone and found 1) Both were strongly sorbed by soil and 2) estradiol decomposed readily to safe metabolites while testosterone remained intact and represents a greater risk to subsurface water quality. Utah State University in collaboration with U Connecticut studied water flow in microgravity performed with a KC-135 aircraft in parabolic flight. They found air entrapment in the absence of gravity is a significant factor affecting transport processes. Models developed from these studies will advance our understanding of soil physics in extra-terrestrial environments such as the Moon and Mars. PNNL have developed several new approaches for quantifying spatial and temporal heterogeneities affecting water and solute transport in field soils. WSU evaluated hydraulic conductivities under three management systems (natural prairie, conventional till, and no till) and found much high conductivity in the natural system and that 27 years of no till could restore the original soil conductivity.
OBJECTIVE 2: To develop and evaluate instrumentation and methods of analysis for characterization of flow and transport at different scales.
Selected accomplishments under this objective include: University of Arizona published studies describing unsaturated flow through spherical inclusions and through multiple circular inclusions which proved to be important in assessing percolation profiles of agricultural chemicals through soil profiles. UA also developed a new calibration procedure for neutron probes in determining water content in deep and layered vadose zones. UC Riverside is developing a nitrate hazard index for irrigated crops in the southwest. It will allow farm advisors and growers to adopt BMP that will reduce nitrate leaching. UCR researchers studying carbon cycling found that 1)it takes 10 ?15 years for cultivation to significantly change C turnover rates from that of native soil and 2) carbon sequestration in rice paddy soils in China well below what its potential is if sustainable agricultural principals were applied. USDA-USSL compared field drip irrigation data with HYDRUS-2D simulations and found the HYDRUS-2D water distribution predictions accurately described the actual measured water content. Other studies addressed dielectric loss on resonant frequency of capacitance probe sensors. University of Idaho evaluated hydraulic properties of swelling clay soils using a flexible wall permeameter and volume change apparatus. Iowa State University developed a number of laboratory techniques to improve current state-of-the-art measurements of dielectric spectra of soils using a vector network analyzer, soil water flow using a heat pulse technique and dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP),and lastly new techniques for determining soil volumetric heat capacity. Montana State advanced measuring capabilities using TDR and evaluating variation in the measurement of soil water retention using water properties rather than a surrogate liquid. A second project evaluated variation in soil water retention measurements among research and commercial laboratories. DRI Nevada research in 2003 included evaluation of large-scale lysimeters in field scale flux experiments, improved methods for conducting aquifer tests, scaling approaches to estimating ET from wetlands in desert environments, and completed field work on overland flow characterization by refining existing methodologies to better delineate volume runoff per unit area and soil nutrient flux. USDA-CPRL are estimating hydraulic properties in soils using a disc infiltrometer for in situ measurements of infiltration used conjointly with TDR soil water measurements. Measurement with diagonally placed probes (30 degrees from horizontal) minimized errors associated with assuming a uniform weighting of water content within the sampling volume. USDA-CPRL has an ongoing comparison of soil moisture sensors at Bushland. In particular, they are evaluating alternatives to the neutron probe by testing the Sentek EnviroSCAN, Sentek Diviner 2000, Trime T3 tube probe, Delta-T Profiler, and a sheathed TDR probe with the neutron probe. Utah State University , University of Connecticut and the Space Dynamic Laboratory developed a gas diffusion system for the International Space Station for potential use in a bioregenerative life support system. Washington State University developed a freezing technique that will be able to determine soil moisture characteristics in porous media. A prototype instrument is being modified for commercial production. PNNL WA developed a vadose zone water flux meter consisting of a buried wick-lysimeter that passively controls the tension at the base of the lysimeter. The resolution of the fluxmeter is 0.1 mm of water and was commercially available in 2003.
OBJECTIVE 3: To apply scale-appropriate methodologies for the management of soil and water resources. UC-Riverside investigated physical and hydraulic properties of sodic soils having different mineralogy and found that there is no significant effect of SAR on the ECa of vermiculite or smectite while the differences were more pronounced in kaolinite. UC Davis inversely applied models to obtain effective soil hydraulic properties at widely different spatial scales. They utilized scaling factors to estimate hydraulic properties in water district scales of square mile size. Montana State University researchers investigated soil physical properties that may account for a devastating invasion of knapweed and found no correlation between soil physical properties or water-use efficiency and knapweed establishment. DRI Nevada researchers studied hydraulic and nutrient management properties of the Sierran basin and Mojave National preserve. The later showed that increasing surface age (50 to 100,000 years) resulted in a 100-fold decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity. NDSU, SDSU, Minnesota, and Montana collaborated on a precision agriculture study of effectiveness of nutrient management for the Northern Plain agriculture. An on-farm replicated study evaluated different methods of nutrient management. Last year they found that N loss to leaching was 26 kg N/ha on the nutrient managed half of field compared to 270 kg N/ha on farmer managed side. WSU studied desert landform evolution in the Mojave Desert through deduction of the evolution of the Holocene and Pleistocene period. Using water erosion prediction models (WEPP)they identified two periods within the Holocene period with distinct erosion characteristics and shed new light on current state of Mohave Desert landform evolution.
Impacts
- W-188 scientists developed a model for methyl bromide of chemical transport in the vapor phase and showed that combinations of plastic vapor barriers and soil amendments were effective in reducing pesticide vapor emissions. This work was intended to help producers keep existing, effective chemical controls that are environmentally sound
- W-188 scientists developed watershed scale models for studying water drainage and solute transport in the San Joaquin Valley, geochemical transport in the Lake Tahoe basin, and transport properties and preferential flow in gold mining wastes in Nevada
- W-188 research evaluated methods to address soil retention, solute transport, and fate of chemical toxins, biological contaminants (viruses, hormones, etc) and other contaminants resulting from agricultural practices, mining disturbances, fires, and other man-caused and natural contamination. The work not only defined the scope of the problems but also suggested management practices to alleviate them
- W-188 scientists developed numerous new instruments and methods for studying flow and transport in soils ranging from single multifunctional sensors for simultaneous measurements of soil water and thermal properties to utilization of the HYDROUS-2D model designing drip irrigation management properties
- W-188 scientists developed and demonstrated the use of a dual-probe heat-pulse technique for monitoring water content as an inexpensive alternative to time domain reflectometry (TDR);;
- Impact 6. W-188 scientists developed and made commercially available a water fluxmeter and a prototype instrument to measure freezing and moisture characteristics of porous media
- Impact 7. W-188 scientists used methods that included: cluster analysis of multiple year yield data, cluster analysis of easily measured field attributes, and multiple regression analysis of the field attributes. While not perfect, the discriminant functions were able to capture the major characteristics of the yield cluster distribution across the field and suggests this approach may be useful to agronomists for management with or without detailed spatial data.
Publications
Abbasi, F., F. J. Adamsen, D. J. Hunsaker, J. Feyen, P. Shouse, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2003. Effects of flow depth on water flow and solute transport in furrow irrigation: Field data analysis. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129(4): 237-246.
Abbasi, F., J. Feyen, R. L. Roth, M. Sheedy, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2003. Water flow and solute transport in furrow-irrigated fields. Irrig. Sci. 22: 57-65.
Abbasi, F., D. Jacques, J. Simunek, J. Feyen and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2003. Inverse estimation of the soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: Heterogeneous soil. Trans. ASAE 46(4): 1097-1111.
Abbasi, F., J. Simunek, J. Feyen, M. Th. van Genuchten and P. J. Shouse. 2003. Simultaneous inverse estimation of the soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: Homogeneous soil. Trans. ASAE 46(4): 1085-1095.
Abbasi, F., J. Simunek, M. Th. van Genuchten, J. Feyen, F. J. Adamsen, D. J. Hunsaker, T. S. Strelkoff, and P. Shouse. 2003. Overland water flow and solute transport: Model development and field data analysis. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129(2): 71-81.
Bassoi, L.H., J.W. Hopmans, L.A. de C. Jorge, C.M. De Alencar, and J.A.M.E. Silva. 2003.Grapevine root distribution in drip and microsprinkler irrigation using monolith and the soilprofile method. Scientia Agricola. Vol. 60(2): 377-387.
Bittelli, M., M. Flury, and G.S. Campbell, 2003. A thermo-dielectric analyzer to measure the freezing and moisture characteristic of porous media. Water Resour. Res., 39:1041, doi:10.1029/2001WR000930.
Boast, C. W., T. R. Ellsworth, T. J. Smith, R. L. Mulvaney, S. A. Khan, E. M. El-Naggar, and R. G. Hoeft. 2003. Spatial and temporal variability in the Illinois N test. In: Illinois Fertilizer Conference Proceedings, 2003, pgs. 15-19.
Bradford, S. A., J. Simunek, M. Bettahar, M. Th. van Genuchten and S. R. Yates. 2003. Modeling colloid attachment, straining, and exclusion in saturated porous media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(10):2242-2250.
Carlson, T.D., M.S. Costanza, J. Keller, P.J. Wierenga and M.L. Brusseau. 2003. Intermediate-scale tests of the gas-phase partitioning tracer method for measuring soil-water content. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:483-486.
Casey, F.X.M., G. L. Larsen, H. Hakk, and J. S ? imu°nek. 2003. Fate and Transport of 17b estradiol in Soil-water Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (11): 2400 -2409.
Casey, F.X.M., G.L. Larsen, H. Hakk, and J. S ? imu°nek. Sorption and Mobility of Reproductive Hormones in Agricultural Soil. 35th Mid-Atlantic Industrial and Hazardous Waste Conference August 25 & 26, 2003 - Brooklyn Polytechnical University, Brooklyn, NY.
Castiglione, P., B. P. Mohanty, P. J. Shouse, J. Simunek, M. Th. van Genuchten, and A. Santini. 2003. Lateral water diffusion in an artificial macroporous system: Modeling and experimental evidence. Vadose Zone J. 2: 212?221.
Chen, G., M. Rockhold, and K. A. Strevett. 2003. Equilibrium and kinetic adsorption of bacteria on alluvial sand and surface thermodynamic interpretation. Res. Microbiol. 154:175-181.
Cherrey, K.D., M. Flury, and J.B. Harsh, 2003. Nitrate and colloid transport through coarse Hanford sediments under steady-state, variably-saturated flow. Water Resour. Res., 39:1165, doi:10.1029/2002WR001944.
Chu, Y. Y. Jin, T. Baumann, and M. V. Yates. 2003. Effect of soil properties on saturated and unsaturated virus transport through columns. J. Environ. Qual. 32: 2017-2025.
Constanz, J., S.W. Tyler and E. Kwicklis. Temperature-profile methods for estimating percolation rates in arid environments. Vadose Zone J. 2:12-24 2003.
Corwin D.L., S. R. Kaffka, J.W. Hopmans, Y. Mori, J. W. van Groenigen, C. van Kessel, S. M. Lesch, and J.D. Oster. 2003. Assessment and Field-scale Mapping of Soil Quality Properties of a Saline-sodic Soil. Geoderma 1952:1-29.
Dahan, O. E.V. McDonald, M.H. Young. 2003. Development of a flexible TDR probe for deep vadose zone monitoring. Vadose Zone J. 2:270-275.
Dane, J.H., J.W. Hopmans, and M. Jalbert. 2002. Hydraulic conductivity. Encyclopedia of Soils. Rattan Lal (Ed.). Pg. 667-670. Marcel Dekker Inc.
Dudley, L. M., S. Bialkowski, and D. Or. 2003. Low frequency behavior of Montmorillonite suspensions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:518-526.
Dungan, R., J. Gan, and S.R. Yates. 2003. Accelerated degradation of methyl isothiocyanate in soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 142: 299?310.
Dungan, R.S., A.K. Ibekwe, and S.R. Yates. 2003. Effect of propargyl bromide and 1,3?dichloropropene on microbial communities in an organically amended soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 43:75-87.
Dungan, R.S. and S.R. Yates. 2003. Degradation of Fumigant Pesticides: 1,3-Dichloropropene, Methyl Isothiocyanate, Chloropicrin, and Methyl Bromide, Vadose Zone J. 2:279-286.
Dungan, R.S., S.R. Yates, and W.T. Frankenberger. 2003. Transformations of selenate and selenite by stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from a seleniferous agricultural drainage pond sediment. Environ. Micro. 5:287?295.
Egorov, A.G., R.Z. Dautov, J.L. Nieber, and A.Y, Sheshukov, 2003. Stability analysis of gravity-driven infiltrating flow, Water Resour. Res., 39(9):1266, doi:10. 1029/2002WR001886
Ellsworth, T. R., P. M. Reed, and R. J. Hudson, 2003, An Evaluation of Interpolation Methods for Local Estimation of Solute Concentration, In Pachepsky et al (eds.) Scaling Methods in Soil Physics, CRC Press, pgs 143-162.
Evett, S.R., J.A. Tolk, and T.A. Howell. A depth control stand for improved accuracy with the neutron probe. Vadose Zone J. Vol. 2. pp. 642?649. 2003.
Evett, S.R. Measuring soil water by time domain reflectometry. In B.A. Stewart and Terry A. Howell (editors). Encyclopedia of Water Science, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. Pp. 894-898. 2003.
Evett, S.R. Measuring soil water by neutron thermalization. In B.A. Stewart and Terry A. Howell (editors). Encyclopedia of Water Science, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. Pp. 889-893. 2003.
Evett, S.R., J.A. Tolk, and T.A. Howell. 2003. Sensors for Soil Profile Water Content Measurement: Accuracy, Axial Response and Temperature Dependence. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 5, 09944.
Ewing, R. P. and R. Horton. 2003. Diffusion scaling in low connectivity porous media, CRC monograph Bridging Scales in Soil Physics (Ya. Pachepsky, ed.), pp 49-60.
Flury, M. and J.B. Harsh, 2003. Fate and Transport of Plutonium and Americium in the Subsurface. Technical Report, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID.
Flury, M. and N.N Wai, 2003. Dyes as tracers for vadose zone hydrology. Rev. Geophys., 41:1002, doi:10.1029/2001RG000109.
Fuentes, J.-P., M. Flury, D.R. Huggins, and D.F. Bezdicek, 2003. Soil water and nitrogen dynamics in dryland cropping systems of Washington State. Soil Till. Res., 71:33-47.
Gaur, A., R. Horton, D. B. Jaynes, J. Lee, and S. A. Al-Jabri. 2003. Using surface time domain reflectometry measurements to estimate subsurface chemical movement. Vadose Zone J 2:539-543.
Gee, G. W. and A. L. Ward. 2003. Vapor transport in dry soils. p. 1012-1016. In B. A. Stewart and T. A. Howell (eds.). Encyclopedia of Water Science. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Gee, G. W., Z. F. Zhang, and A. L. Ward. 2003. A modified vadose-zone fluxmeter with solution collection capability. Vadose Zone J. 2: 626-633
Germino, M.J., and J.M. Wraith. 2003. Water relations influence carbon gain in a grass occurring along sharp gradients of soil-temperature. New Phytol. 157:241-250.
Guo, M., S.K. Papiernik, W. Zheng, and S.R. Yates. 2003. Formation and extraction of persistent fumigant residues in soils. Environ. Sci. and Technol.. 37:1844?1849. 2003.
Guo, M., S.R. Yates, W. Zheng, and S.K. Papiernik. 2003. Leaching potential of persistent soil fumigant residues. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 37:5181-5185.
Hopmans, J.W., D.R. Nielsen and K.L. Bristow. 2002. How useful are small-scale soil hydraulic property measurements for large-scale vadose zone modeling? In: Environmental Mechanics:Water, Mass and Energy Transfer in the Biosphere. Geophysical Monograph 129. American Geophysical Union. pp. 247-258.
Hopmans, J.W., P. Nkedi-Kizza and O. Wendroth. 2003. Preface: Soil Hydrological properties and processes and their variability in space and time. J. of Hydrol. 272:1-2.
Hopmans, J.W., P. Nkedi-Kizza, and O. Wendroth (Guest Editors). 2003. Soil hydrological properties and processes and their variability in space and time. J. of Hydrol., Volume 272, 292 pages.
Hopmans, J.W., and G.E. Fogg. 2003. Water flow in soils under saturated conditions. Encyclopedia of Water Science. DOI: 10.1081/E-EWS 120010267. P 871-874. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.
Hopmans , J.W., and J.H. Dane. 2003. Water flow in soils under unsaturated conditions.Encyclopedia of Water Science. DOI: 10.1081/E-EW 120010327. Pg. 875-878. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.
Hopmans, J.W. 2003. Review of Soil Physics Companion by A.W. Warrick. Soil Science. Vol. 167:838-839.
Horton, R. 2002. Soil thermal diffusivity. Chapter 5-4. In J. Dane and C. Topp (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Hunt, A. G. and R. P. Ewing, On the vanishing of solute diffusion in porous media at a threshold moisture content, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1701-1702, 2003.
Hunt, A. G., and G. W. Gee. 2003. Wet-end deviations from scaling of the water retention characteristics of fractal porous media. Vadose Zone J. 2: 759-765.
Jacques, D., J. Simunek, D. Mallants and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2003. The HYDRUS-PHREEQC multicomponent transport model for variably-saturated porous media: Code verification and application. In: E. Poeter, Z. Zheng, M. Hill and
J. Doherty (eds.), Proc. ?MODFLOW and More 2003: Understanding Through Modeling" Conf., Sept. 16-19, 2003, Vol. 1, pp. 23-27, Int. Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.
Jaynes, D.B., T.C. Kaspar, T.S. Colvin, and D.E. James. 2003. Cluster analysis of spatiotemporal corn yield patterns in an Iowa field. Agron. J. 95:574-586.
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