SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: W187 : Interactions Among Bark Beetles, Pathogens, and Conifers in North American Forests
- Period Covered: 01/01/2002 to 12/01/2002
- Date of Report: 07/31/2003
- Annual Meeting Dates: 10/18/2002 to 10/19/2002
Participants
Baker, Fred (forpest@cc.usu.edu) - Utah State University; Bentz, Barbara(fabentz@cc.usu.edu) - USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Bonello, P. Enrico (bonello.2@osu.edu) - Ohio State University; Cook, Steve (stephenc@uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho; Costello, Sheryl - Colorado State University; Jacobi, Bill (wjacobi@agsci.colostate.edu) - Colorado State University; Klepzig, Kier (kklepzig@fs.fed.us) - USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Koski, Ronda - Colorado State University; Loring, Steve (sloring@nmsu.edu) New Mexico State University; Negron, Jose (jnegron@lamar.colostate.edu) - USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Raffa, Ken (raffa@entomology.wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin; Seybold, Steven (sseybold@fs.fed.us) - USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; Wood, Dave (bigwood@nature.berkeley.edu) - University of California;
18 October 2002: Meeting called to order by Chair Seybold
Introductions
Local arrangements update by Bonello
Approval of minutes from the 2001 meeting
Administrative update by Loring (for Daugherty)
CSREES update by Meyer
Web site update by Baker
Discussion of 2002-2003 officers and venue
Chairperson will be Stephen Cook, University of Idaho
Secretary will be Barbara Bentz, USDA Forest Service
2003 Meeting will be in Utah (Fred Baker to arrange)
Discussion of project renewal
Discussion of proposed book
Itinerary for the joint meeting the following day with W-189
Discussion of letter to USDA CSREES, Grants Programs with
regard to NRI program and one proposed area of concern to
the W-187 membership Processes Affecting Forest
Ecosystem Health
Research reports (see Appendix I)
Final business
19 October 2002: Continued discussion of project renewal
Joint meeting with Multi-state Project W-189
Introduction
History and accomplishments of W-187
History and accomplishments of W-189
Research reports
Meeting adjorned
Introductions
Local arrangements update by Bonello
Approval of minutes from the 2001 meeting
Administrative update by Loring (for Daugherty)
CSREES update by Meyer
Web site update by Baker
Discussion of 2002-2003 officers and venue
Chairperson will be Stephen Cook, University of Idaho
Secretary will be Barbara Bentz, USDA Forest Service
2003 Meeting will be in Utah (Fred Baker to arrange)
Discussion of project renewal
Discussion of proposed book
Itinerary for the joint meeting the following day with W-189
Discussion of letter to USDA CSREES, Grants Programs with
regard to NRI program and one proposed area of concern to
the W-187 membership Processes Affecting Forest
Ecosystem Health
Research reports (see Appendix I)
Final business
19 October 2002: Continued discussion of project renewal
Joint meeting with Multi-state Project W-189
Introduction
History and accomplishments of W-187
History and accomplishments of W-189
Research reports
Meeting adjorned
Accomplishments
Project objectives (with major accomplishments) follow:
Objective 1: characterize the role of biotic and abiotic factors in predisposing trees to bark beetle attack and subsequent mortality.
Fred Baker has a sketch mapping project in Manitoba examining Armillaria and Ips beetles.
The Rocky Mountain Experiment Station (Barbara Bentz) in collaboration with colleagues at Utah State University and in the Canadian Forest Service is pursuing projects examining life history parameters (voltinism, synchronization of population parameters, egg production, brood survival and development rate) of various beetle species based upon population seasonality parameters. The group is also continuing its modeling efforts with both mountain pine beetle and spruce beetle.
Enrico Bonello and colleagues are using the Austrian pine/Sphaeropsis sapinea pathosystem to examine the phenomenon of primary fungal infections predisposing the host tree with a potential defensive response to subsequent attacks, resulting in a resistant host phenotype.
Steve Cook and colleagues are working on the use of remotely sensed data for use in hazard rating schemes against southern pine beetle, the impact of stand management practices on beetle presence/abundance (even-aged management versus uneven-aged management and the creation of artificial tree snags as wildlife habitat within harvest units) and the association of Douglas-fir beetle infestations with rock and stand types in the inland Northwest.
Bill Jacobi, in cooperation with the Forest Service (Forest Health Management and the Rocky Mt Research Station) and other regional cooperators, is modeling the potential impact of white pine blister rust on limber and bristle cone pines in the Central Rocky Mountains.
The Southern Research Station (Kier Klepzig) is working on novel control methods and developing landscape level predictive models for bark beetles and invasive insects of southern conifers. They are evaluating the progeny of pines that escaped (or resisted) SPB attack and have begun a controlled environment study of southern pine beetles landing preferences. They have identified several natural compounds with sensory and/or behavioral activity for southern pine beetles and have identified a more effective aggregation pheromone combination for trapping the small southern pine engraver. In cooperation with the University of Georgia, they are investigating new insecticides for protecting trees from the southern pine beetle. They are also examining the effects of available water on the growth and competitive interactions of fungi associated with the southern pine beetle.
Jose Negron (Rocky Mountain Research Station) is pursuing a project to estimate the probability of infestation of ponderosa pine by mountain pine beetle in Colorado.
Ken Raffa and colleagues are conducting a long-term project on declining red pine stands in Wisconsin, examining the roles of root colonizing beetles and Leptographium associates in predisposing trees to Ips. Current emphases are on spatial analysis and predator-prey interactions. Populations of Dendroctonus rufipennis, Ips, and root insects, are being monitored in Alaska, as part of their involvement in a NSF LTER. They are evaluating the relative effects of ophiostomoid fungi on the reproductive success of I. pini and D. rufipennis.
Diana Six and colleagues are examining the effect of white pine blister rust on mountain pine beetle preference in whitebark pine, conducting a comparison of constitutive defenses of whitebark and lodgepole pine, and collaborating in the national fire and fire surrogate study. They have investigated the relationship between white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) infection level and tree diameter, and sapwood moisture content as influences on mountain pine beetle preference for individual whitebark. They are involved in the entomology component of the fire/fire surrogate study examining fire and fire surrogate treatments for impact on bark beetle populations.
Andrew Storer is examining the long term effects of pitch canker on urban Monterey pine forests (including regeneration) and is assessing the health of regenerating Monterey and Bishop pine following a 1987 wildfire and the impacts of mechanical treatments (pre Fall 2002 burns) at the Blodgett forest site of the fire/fire-surrogate study. He is also examining the interactions among eastern larch beetle, larch casebearer, mound forming ants and tamarack.
Dave Wood and colleagues are investigating aspects of pitch canker and sudden oak death in association with insects in California. They are continuing to monitor the role of beetles in the sudden oak death syndrome caused by Phytophora ramorum and the landscape level monitoring of sudden oak death in 2 areas.
Objective 2: characterize interactions among conifer hosts, bark beetles, their natural enemies and vectored fungi.
The Rocky Mountain Experiment Station (Barbara Bentz) in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Montana, Utah State University and Forest Health Protection is examining various aspects of the interaction among beetles, natural enemies and fungal associates including the interaction between various bark beetles and their fungal associates with regard to geographic and temporal variability in fungal associates, cold hardening of beetles, and the use of remotely sensed data for determining infestation locations and population modeling.
Steve Cook and colleagues are developing a management scheme for Conophthorus cone beetles in pine seed orchards that incorporates host odors and beetle natural enemies.
The Southern Research Station (Kier Klepzig) is conducting research to characterize the biological and ecological interactions of bark beetles and invasive insects with associated organisms.
Ken Raffa and colleagues have completed a study on host selection behavior in I. pini and D. rufipennis which found withinpopulation, heritable heterogeneity in the range of host physiologies beetles will accept and that during outbreaks. In addition, the aversion to host terpenes among individuals from outbreaks is largely negated by the presence of conspecifics. Raffa and colleagues are studying the molecular population genetics of spruce beetles, emphasizing relative sources of variation attributable to geographic region, population phase, and host type. They are examining the impacts of T. dubius and P. cylindrica on Ips reproduction and are evaluating the relative importance of various sources and types of chemical signals in the responses of predators and parasitoids of I. pini. They are collaborators in two interregional projects involving pheromone trapping.
Steve Seybold and colleagues are working on projects involving oak wilt and the introduction of Douglas-fir beetle outside of its native range. They have documented the incidence and spore load of the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum, in association with dispersing populations of the sap beetle, Colopterus truncates and tested another hydrocarbon in combination with whole wheat bread dough as an aggregation attractant for a second sap beetle, Carpophilus sayi. They are expanding the behavioral analysis of C. sayi by seasonally trapping the insects and have used naturally produced aggregation pheromones to examine the biology and monitor the flight of Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus, a potential vector of C. fagacearum.
Diana Six and colleagues are examining the geographic and seasonal variation of fungal associates of mountain pine beetle, the effects of associated fungi and ergosterol on various aspects of bark beetle biology, the role of mycangial fungi and yeasts in host location by parasitoids of the mountain pine beetle and the role of fungal symbionts in host location by natural enemies of the pine engraver. They are collecting beetles over their entire emergence period at several populations in Montana and Idaho and investigating: 1) the effects of naturally occurring fungi on larval and adult cold hardening and low temperature survival o D. ponderosae and D. rufipennis and their fungi; 2) the effects of mycangial fungi on beetle development and reproduction, and 3) the effects of a fungal product, ergosterol, on beetle development and reproduction. They are also investigating the role of fungal symbionts in host location by natural enemies of pine engraver in conjunction with Ken Raffa and Don Dahlsten.
Objective 3: characterize the taxonomic diversity and genetic structure of key fungal pathogens and symbiotic fungi associated with insects on North American conifers.
Ken Raffa and colleagues are quantifying relative sources of variation in fungal associates of spruce beetles attributable to year, site, colonized tree, beetle, and population phase.
Diana Six is continuing her work on taxonomy of yeasts associated with bark beetles.
Plans for the coming year: A joint meeting with W-189 was held during 2002 to encourage collaboration between the two projects. A joint meeting with NCR-193 (Insects and Diseases of Woody Plants) was discussed. While we are not pursuing the joint meeting for 2003, it was encouraged to pursue it in the near future. The 2003 meeting of W-187 will take place during October. Further development of the W-187 web site through Fred Baker was encouraged. Further discussion of a new monograph was encouraged. It was noted that we still have attendance at the meeting by several non-members and they were encouraged to formalize their membership. Current members were also encouraged to continue making contacts with perspective members to invite them to join us at next years meeting.
Objective 1: characterize the role of biotic and abiotic factors in predisposing trees to bark beetle attack and subsequent mortality.
Fred Baker has a sketch mapping project in Manitoba examining Armillaria and Ips beetles.
The Rocky Mountain Experiment Station (Barbara Bentz) in collaboration with colleagues at Utah State University and in the Canadian Forest Service is pursuing projects examining life history parameters (voltinism, synchronization of population parameters, egg production, brood survival and development rate) of various beetle species based upon population seasonality parameters. The group is also continuing its modeling efforts with both mountain pine beetle and spruce beetle.
Enrico Bonello and colleagues are using the Austrian pine/Sphaeropsis sapinea pathosystem to examine the phenomenon of primary fungal infections predisposing the host tree with a potential defensive response to subsequent attacks, resulting in a resistant host phenotype.
Steve Cook and colleagues are working on the use of remotely sensed data for use in hazard rating schemes against southern pine beetle, the impact of stand management practices on beetle presence/abundance (even-aged management versus uneven-aged management and the creation of artificial tree snags as wildlife habitat within harvest units) and the association of Douglas-fir beetle infestations with rock and stand types in the inland Northwest.
Bill Jacobi, in cooperation with the Forest Service (Forest Health Management and the Rocky Mt Research Station) and other regional cooperators, is modeling the potential impact of white pine blister rust on limber and bristle cone pines in the Central Rocky Mountains.
The Southern Research Station (Kier Klepzig) is working on novel control methods and developing landscape level predictive models for bark beetles and invasive insects of southern conifers. They are evaluating the progeny of pines that escaped (or resisted) SPB attack and have begun a controlled environment study of southern pine beetles landing preferences. They have identified several natural compounds with sensory and/or behavioral activity for southern pine beetles and have identified a more effective aggregation pheromone combination for trapping the small southern pine engraver. In cooperation with the University of Georgia, they are investigating new insecticides for protecting trees from the southern pine beetle. They are also examining the effects of available water on the growth and competitive interactions of fungi associated with the southern pine beetle.
Jose Negron (Rocky Mountain Research Station) is pursuing a project to estimate the probability of infestation of ponderosa pine by mountain pine beetle in Colorado.
Ken Raffa and colleagues are conducting a long-term project on declining red pine stands in Wisconsin, examining the roles of root colonizing beetles and Leptographium associates in predisposing trees to Ips. Current emphases are on spatial analysis and predator-prey interactions. Populations of Dendroctonus rufipennis, Ips, and root insects, are being monitored in Alaska, as part of their involvement in a NSF LTER. They are evaluating the relative effects of ophiostomoid fungi on the reproductive success of I. pini and D. rufipennis.
Diana Six and colleagues are examining the effect of white pine blister rust on mountain pine beetle preference in whitebark pine, conducting a comparison of constitutive defenses of whitebark and lodgepole pine, and collaborating in the national fire and fire surrogate study. They have investigated the relationship between white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) infection level and tree diameter, and sapwood moisture content as influences on mountain pine beetle preference for individual whitebark. They are involved in the entomology component of the fire/fire surrogate study examining fire and fire surrogate treatments for impact on bark beetle populations.
Andrew Storer is examining the long term effects of pitch canker on urban Monterey pine forests (including regeneration) and is assessing the health of regenerating Monterey and Bishop pine following a 1987 wildfire and the impacts of mechanical treatments (pre Fall 2002 burns) at the Blodgett forest site of the fire/fire-surrogate study. He is also examining the interactions among eastern larch beetle, larch casebearer, mound forming ants and tamarack.
Dave Wood and colleagues are investigating aspects of pitch canker and sudden oak death in association with insects in California. They are continuing to monitor the role of beetles in the sudden oak death syndrome caused by Phytophora ramorum and the landscape level monitoring of sudden oak death in 2 areas.
Objective 2: characterize interactions among conifer hosts, bark beetles, their natural enemies and vectored fungi.
The Rocky Mountain Experiment Station (Barbara Bentz) in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Montana, Utah State University and Forest Health Protection is examining various aspects of the interaction among beetles, natural enemies and fungal associates including the interaction between various bark beetles and their fungal associates with regard to geographic and temporal variability in fungal associates, cold hardening of beetles, and the use of remotely sensed data for determining infestation locations and population modeling.
Steve Cook and colleagues are developing a management scheme for Conophthorus cone beetles in pine seed orchards that incorporates host odors and beetle natural enemies.
The Southern Research Station (Kier Klepzig) is conducting research to characterize the biological and ecological interactions of bark beetles and invasive insects with associated organisms.
Ken Raffa and colleagues have completed a study on host selection behavior in I. pini and D. rufipennis which found withinpopulation, heritable heterogeneity in the range of host physiologies beetles will accept and that during outbreaks. In addition, the aversion to host terpenes among individuals from outbreaks is largely negated by the presence of conspecifics. Raffa and colleagues are studying the molecular population genetics of spruce beetles, emphasizing relative sources of variation attributable to geographic region, population phase, and host type. They are examining the impacts of T. dubius and P. cylindrica on Ips reproduction and are evaluating the relative importance of various sources and types of chemical signals in the responses of predators and parasitoids of I. pini. They are collaborators in two interregional projects involving pheromone trapping.
Steve Seybold and colleagues are working on projects involving oak wilt and the introduction of Douglas-fir beetle outside of its native range. They have documented the incidence and spore load of the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum, in association with dispersing populations of the sap beetle, Colopterus truncates and tested another hydrocarbon in combination with whole wheat bread dough as an aggregation attractant for a second sap beetle, Carpophilus sayi. They are expanding the behavioral analysis of C. sayi by seasonally trapping the insects and have used naturally produced aggregation pheromones to examine the biology and monitor the flight of Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus, a potential vector of C. fagacearum.
Diana Six and colleagues are examining the geographic and seasonal variation of fungal associates of mountain pine beetle, the effects of associated fungi and ergosterol on various aspects of bark beetle biology, the role of mycangial fungi and yeasts in host location by parasitoids of the mountain pine beetle and the role of fungal symbionts in host location by natural enemies of the pine engraver. They are collecting beetles over their entire emergence period at several populations in Montana and Idaho and investigating: 1) the effects of naturally occurring fungi on larval and adult cold hardening and low temperature survival o D. ponderosae and D. rufipennis and their fungi; 2) the effects of mycangial fungi on beetle development and reproduction, and 3) the effects of a fungal product, ergosterol, on beetle development and reproduction. They are also investigating the role of fungal symbionts in host location by natural enemies of pine engraver in conjunction with Ken Raffa and Don Dahlsten.
Objective 3: characterize the taxonomic diversity and genetic structure of key fungal pathogens and symbiotic fungi associated with insects on North American conifers.
Ken Raffa and colleagues are quantifying relative sources of variation in fungal associates of spruce beetles attributable to year, site, colonized tree, beetle, and population phase.
Diana Six is continuing her work on taxonomy of yeasts associated with bark beetles.
Plans for the coming year: A joint meeting with W-189 was held during 2002 to encourage collaboration between the two projects. A joint meeting with NCR-193 (Insects and Diseases of Woody Plants) was discussed. While we are not pursuing the joint meeting for 2003, it was encouraged to pursue it in the near future. The 2003 meeting of W-187 will take place during October. Further development of the W-187 web site through Fred Baker was encouraged. Further discussion of a new monograph was encouraged. It was noted that we still have attendance at the meeting by several non-members and they were encouraged to formalize their membership. Current members were also encouraged to continue making contacts with perspective members to invite them to join us at next years meeting.
Impacts
- The introduction of the Douglas-fir beetle into Minnesota was detected. It appears likely that the beetle and many associated insects have been introduced into northern Minnesota in barked logs of western larch, Larix occidentalis, imported from Montana.
- One study has discovered that the abundance of mites and bluestain fungi are related to outbreak phases of southern pine beetles and another study has found that during outbreaks, natural populations of spruce beetle accept a broader physiological range of trees.
- One study is examining the relationship of white pine blister rust with bark beetle infestation and, after one field season has reported that 14.3 % of the limber pine examined was infected with blister rust but only 1.3 % of the infected trees were attacked by bark beetles.
- Genetically-based resistance to southern pine beetle is being evaluated. Pines that escaped (or resisted) southern pine beetle attack had resin flows 1.65 times higher than background population, indicating some genetic component of southern pine beetle resistance in loblolly pine.
Publications
Bonello, P., J.T. Blodgett and D.A. Herms. 2002. Progress in research on systemic induced resistance in Austrian pine against shoot blight (formerly known as Diploda tip blight). pp. 68-71 In: Ohio State Univ./Ohio Agric. Res. Develop. Center Annu. Rep. And Res. Review.
Cook, S.P. 2002. Beetle (Coleoptera) diversity in mixed pine hardwood stands in the Ouachita highlands five years following tree harvests. Southwest. Entomol. 27: 269-276.
Erbilgin, N., & K.F. Raffa. 2002. Association of declining red pine stands with reduced populations of bark beetle predators, seasonal increases in root colonizing insects, and incidence of root pathogens. For. Ecol. & Manag. 164: 221-236.
Gandhi, K.J.K. and S.J. Seybold. 2002. Tamarack (Pinaceae): a previously unrecorded developmental host for the pine engraver and the eastern fivespined ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canad. Entomol. 134: 299-302.
Gilmore, D.W., S.J. Seybold, J.C. Zasada, P.J. Anderson, D.N. Kastendick, K.J.K. Gandhi and H.P. Johnson. 2002. Cumulative effects of a severe windstorm and subsequent silvicultural treatments on plant and arthropod diversity in the Gunflint Corridor of the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota: project design. pp. 364-379 In: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. 2001 National Convention. SAF Publ. 02-01.
Haberkern, K.E., Illman, B.L. & K. F. Raffa 2002.. Subcortical insects and fungal associates colonizing white spruce in the Great Lakes region. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1137-1150.
Jacobi, W. R., Geils, B. W. and Taylor. J. E. 2002. Frequency of comandra
blister rust infection episodes on lodgepole pine. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt Res. Station. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-36. 13 p
Jenkins, J.L., J.A. Powell, J.A. Logan, and B.J. Bentz. 2001. Low seasonal temperatures promote life cycle synchronization. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 63:573-595.
Kyhl, J.F., R.J. Bartlelt, A. Cosse, J. Juzwik and S.J. Seybold. 2002. Semiochemical-mediated flight response of sap beetle vectors of oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 1527-1547.
Kyhl, J.F., J. Juzwik, R.J. Bartelt and S.J. Seybold. 2002. Use of aggregation pheromones of sap beetles to study overland transmission of Ceratocystis fagacearum. Phytopathology 92: S43.
McNee, W.R., D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer and T.R. Gordon. 2002. Insect and pathogen survival in intact and chipped Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) branches infected with pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum. Canad. Entomol. 134: 47-58.
McPherson, B.A., D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer, N.M. Kelly and R.B. Standiford. 2002. Sudden oak death: disease trends in Marin County plots after one year. In: USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184.
McPherson, B.A., D.M. Rizzo, M. Garbelotto, P. Svihra, D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer, N.M. Kelly, N. Palkovsky, S.A. Tjosvold, R.B. Standisford and S.T. Koike. 2002. Sudden oak death in California: Integrated pest management in the landscape. Univ. California Agric. Natur. Res. Publ. 7498.
Powell, H.D.W., S. Hejl and D.L. Six. 2002. Measuring woodpecker food: a simple method for comparing wood-boring beetle abundance among fire-killed trees. J. Field Ornithol. 73: 130-140.
Seybold, S.J., M.A. Albers and S.A. Katovich. 2002. Eastern larch beetle. USDA For. Serv., For. Insect Disease Leafl. 175.
Six, D.L., M. Vander Meer, T.H. DeLuca and P. Kolb. 2002. Pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), colonization of logging residues created using alternative slash management systems in western Montana. West. J. Appl. For. 17: 96-100.
Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R Gordon. 2002. Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and oviposition by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canad. Entomol. 134: 519-528.
Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R. Gordon. 2002. The epidemiology of pitch canker of Monterey pine in California. For. Sci. 48: 694-700.
Wallin, K.F. & K.F. Raffa. 2002. Density-mediated responses of bark beetles to host allelochemicals: A link between individual behavior and population dynamics. Ecol. Entomol. 27:484-492.
Cook, S.P. 2002. Beetle (Coleoptera) diversity in mixed pine hardwood stands in the Ouachita highlands five years following tree harvests. Southwest. Entomol. 27: 269-276.
Erbilgin, N., & K.F. Raffa. 2002. Association of declining red pine stands with reduced populations of bark beetle predators, seasonal increases in root colonizing insects, and incidence of root pathogens. For. Ecol. & Manag. 164: 221-236.
Gandhi, K.J.K. and S.J. Seybold. 2002. Tamarack (Pinaceae): a previously unrecorded developmental host for the pine engraver and the eastern fivespined ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canad. Entomol. 134: 299-302.
Gilmore, D.W., S.J. Seybold, J.C. Zasada, P.J. Anderson, D.N. Kastendick, K.J.K. Gandhi and H.P. Johnson. 2002. Cumulative effects of a severe windstorm and subsequent silvicultural treatments on plant and arthropod diversity in the Gunflint Corridor of the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota: project design. pp. 364-379 In: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. 2001 National Convention. SAF Publ. 02-01.
Haberkern, K.E., Illman, B.L. & K. F. Raffa 2002.. Subcortical insects and fungal associates colonizing white spruce in the Great Lakes region. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1137-1150.
Jacobi, W. R., Geils, B. W. and Taylor. J. E. 2002. Frequency of comandra
blister rust infection episodes on lodgepole pine. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt Res. Station. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-36. 13 p
Jenkins, J.L., J.A. Powell, J.A. Logan, and B.J. Bentz. 2001. Low seasonal temperatures promote life cycle synchronization. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 63:573-595.
Kyhl, J.F., R.J. Bartlelt, A. Cosse, J. Juzwik and S.J. Seybold. 2002. Semiochemical-mediated flight response of sap beetle vectors of oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 1527-1547.
Kyhl, J.F., J. Juzwik, R.J. Bartelt and S.J. Seybold. 2002. Use of aggregation pheromones of sap beetles to study overland transmission of Ceratocystis fagacearum. Phytopathology 92: S43.
McNee, W.R., D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer and T.R. Gordon. 2002. Insect and pathogen survival in intact and chipped Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) branches infected with pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum. Canad. Entomol. 134: 47-58.
McPherson, B.A., D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer, N.M. Kelly and R.B. Standiford. 2002. Sudden oak death: disease trends in Marin County plots after one year. In: USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184.
McPherson, B.A., D.M. Rizzo, M. Garbelotto, P. Svihra, D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer, N.M. Kelly, N. Palkovsky, S.A. Tjosvold, R.B. Standisford and S.T. Koike. 2002. Sudden oak death in California: Integrated pest management in the landscape. Univ. California Agric. Natur. Res. Publ. 7498.
Powell, H.D.W., S. Hejl and D.L. Six. 2002. Measuring woodpecker food: a simple method for comparing wood-boring beetle abundance among fire-killed trees. J. Field Ornithol. 73: 130-140.
Seybold, S.J., M.A. Albers and S.A. Katovich. 2002. Eastern larch beetle. USDA For. Serv., For. Insect Disease Leafl. 175.
Six, D.L., M. Vander Meer, T.H. DeLuca and P. Kolb. 2002. Pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), colonization of logging residues created using alternative slash management systems in western Montana. West. J. Appl. For. 17: 96-100.
Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R Gordon. 2002. Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and oviposition by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canad. Entomol. 134: 519-528.
Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R. Gordon. 2002. The epidemiology of pitch canker of Monterey pine in California. For. Sci. 48: 694-700.
Wallin, K.F. & K.F. Raffa. 2002. Density-mediated responses of bark beetles to host allelochemicals: A link between individual behavior and population dynamics. Ecol. Entomol. 27:484-492.