Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Bud Malone informed the group that Jerry Cherry, S291 administrative advisor, was unable to attend. This was a combined meeting of S-291 and W-195 regional projects and held with scientist from the Netherlands. W-195 attendees included:Rich Reynnells (USDA-CSREES), Paul Patterson (PA), Mike Hulet (PA), Theresia Lavergne (LA), and Nick Zimmermann (MD). Other USA participations included: Bill Saylor (University of Delaware), Bob Alphin (University of Delaware), Bob Elkin (Penn State University), Sarah Bastyr (Iowa State University), Kevin Chipperfield (Sustainable Poultry Farming Group, Canada), Bill Satterfield (Delmarva Poultry Industry, Inc.), and spouses (Zimmermann and Lavergne). Information exchange with Wageningen faculty and state reports Hilko Ellen, Wageningen University. Hilko reported on animal welfare and ammonia emission issues and challenges for the poultry industry in the Netherlands. Peter van Horne, Wageningen University. Peter explained the competitiveness of the EU poultry industry and mentioned broiler production has decreased 20% in recent years due to competition and Avian Influenza issues. New EU directives to address ammonia emissions, rearing density, antibiotics and food borne pathogens were also discussed. Tom Dueck, Plant Research International. Windshields for Poultry Farms. This Dutch researcher is measuring the efficacy of windshields (tree shelterbelts) to capture and disperse ammonia emissions from poultry and livestock facilities. Bud Malone, University of Delaware (W195 and S291). Vegetative Environmental Buffers. Based on data from the last three summers, from the front to the back side of vegetative buffers (3-row tree shelterbelt), there has been a 99% reduction in wind speed, a 51% reduction in dust, a 47% reduction in ammonia, and a 13% reduction in odor; the types of trees to use, planting distances, weed control, and the effect of trees on fan performance are being evaluated. Wendy Powers, Iowa State (S291). An environmental chamber research center has been constructed at Iowa State. There are eight chambers in the center and it can accommodate all species. A major goal of this facility will be to evaluate dietary strategies to address air quality issues. Tony Pescatore, University of Kentucky (W195 and S291). Tony reported on the impact of accurate measurement of fan ventilation rates on ammonia emissions estimates. Eileen Wheeler, Penn State (S291). Ammonia Emissions from Broiler and Layer Houses. Emissions are being measured and emission variation due to method of manure handling has been determined. Other projects: Quantification of horse arena dust, using wetlands to reduce odor from hog manure, using dietary strategies to reduce emissions from dairy operations. Kevin Chipperfield, British Columbia. Trees plantings are being considered for air filters out from poultry houses fans to emissions and bioaersols. Using a wind tunnel out from sidewall fans, dust, soil nutrient, and particulate distribution are being measured. Paul Patterson, Penn State (W195). Vegetative Shelter Belts. 12 demonstration farms are in place in Pennsylvania to address emission and neighbor issues and tree stressors are being evaluated. Theresia Lavergne, Louisiana State University AgCenter (W195) In-house pasteurization of broiler litter trials have shown that self-heating of litter results in a 90% or more reduction in pathogen levels and does not contribute to an increase in nutrient content of litter over a period of four to five flocks of chickens; the Master Poultry Grower program is in place and model farms have been identified, BMP monitoring will begin in 2005; the effectiveness of filter strips will be evaluated beginning in 2005. Nick Zimmermann, University of Maryland (W195). Drinking Water Effects on Broiler Performance. Drinking water samples have been collected in Washington, Delaware, Maryland, and Arkansas, the samples have been analyzed to determine what could be negatively affecting performance. Bill Saylor, University of Delaware (S291). Nutrient Management from Feed to Field. Methods of altering diets to reduce phosphorus emissions are being evaluated, a reduction of 0.1% phosphorus in the diet is resulting in a 20-50% reduction in total phosphorus in the manure. Other Meeting Events Included: 1. Tour of Lagerwey hatchery in the Netherlands. This highly biosecure hatchery is one of the world's most technological, state-of-the-art facilities in the world. 2. Layer facilities tours. Two animal welfare friendly layer operations were visited, they had free-range, enhanced cage and aviary systems. 3. Heated floor house. A heated floor broiler house was visited to assess this potential technology to reduce ammonia emissions. 4. Nutreco conference. Nutreco, a world leader in nutrition and genetic stocks provided an overview their efforts in poultry and livestock industries and housing systems to reduce emissions. 5. Eurotier 2004. A full day was devoted to this huge European trade show that highlighted vendors and products serving the animal, poultry and aquaculture industries. 6. Skov seminar. Skov, a Denmark equipment company hosted a seminar to explain European poultry housing systems and practices; and their chemical and biological air scrubbing technologies. S291 BUSINESS MEETING A significant portion of the business meeting was devoted to re-vitalizing interest in this most important regional project. In an effort to increase attendance at the 2005 annual meeting, the members will be surveyed for the following meeting options: 1. Hold following the summer ASAE meeting in FL 2. Meet prior to the NC Waste Management Workshop (Oct. 5-7) 3. Meet at a time of year and central, inexpensive location that is most convenient for the majority of members. Officers for next year are Bud Malone (Delaware) president and Wendy Powers (Iowa) secretary. Bud will request state reports within 30 days following the annual meeting.

Delaware: Planting vegetative environmental buffers (trees) around poultry farms is gaining national and international interest as means of addressing emerging environmental, neighbor-relations and production concerns. Numerous demonstrations have been implemented over the past four years to define the design criteria of these plantings, measure emission (ammonia, particulates and odor) reductions with these filters, and to assess potential implications on poultry productivity within these shelterbelts. The selection of trees suited for this program, their distance from ventilation fans, and a planting design to achieve specific objectives on each side of the farm is critical to the success of this initiative. Emissions data has been collected the past three summers at a test site having a three-row tree planting opposite tunnel ventilation fans. The relative reduction in ammonia, total dust and odor concentrations across the 22 feet of tree vegetation has been 47%, 51% and 13%, respectively. Measurement methodology and ambient environmental conditions have been challenges in determining efficacy of these vegetative filters to capture emissions. Long-term studies continue to assess the fate of nutrients captured by the vegetation. Illinois: Practical Approaches to Odor Reduction from Swine Facilities in Illinois. This project is a collaborative effort between four departments of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Illinois State Water Survey. The main objective of the study was to evaluate a range of odor reduction technologies for full-scale commercial application on swine farms within Illinois. Among the technologies/approaches tested were BioCurtain, Puremax water treatment system, low fat diets, low crude protein diets, pit flushing frequency, Biofilter, and deduster. The vertical diffusion-coagulation-separation (DCS) deduster was developed at the department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering and was successfully tested. It consists of a diffusion-coagulation section and a separation section. The diffusion-coagulation (DC) section acts as a wet-scrubber where a number of water spray nozzles are installed at designed locations to provide water droplets and allow diffusion-coagulation process to take place among particles. The separation section, which follows the DC section, contains a uniflow aerodynamic cyclone that separates large particles from the airflow by centrifugal force. The DCS system operates on the principle that when a dust laden air stream enters the deduster, it first passes through the DC section where most of them comes in contact with the water droplets and collide with each other forming larger particles. The air stream then enters the separation section where the large particles hit the walls and get collected due to the spiral motion of the air stream. The average removal efficiencies of this system were about 59% for dust and 15% for NH3. Thermochemical Conversion of Swine Manure into Oil. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop an environmentally- and economically-sound technology to manage swine manure efficiently. The technology is the thermochemical conversion (TCC) process of swine manure. In the initial stage, batch experiments using a 1.8 L high-pressure reactor vessel were conducted. The effects of operating process parameters including temperature, type and initial pressure of process gases, retention time, total solids content and pH levels of the feedstock were evaluated. Results showed that the necessary retention time to achieve an oil product was largely dependent on the operating temperature. When the operating temperatures were between 295°C to 305°C, the required retention times to produce significant amount of oil were found to be 15 to 30 minutes. Based on an average of 135 different treatments, 62%wt of the volatile solids (or 54%wt of the total solids) was converted to oil product. The chemical oxygen demand of manure fed into the process was reduced by 60% to 70%. The highest oil production efficiency was 80% of the volatile solids (or 70%wt of the total solids). The average carbon and hydrogen contents were as high as 72% and 9%, respectively. The heating values for 80% of the oil products ranged from 32,000 to 36,700 kJ/kg. A small-scale continuous-mode reactor system was developed to better understand the TCC process as well as to provide crucial information on the design and operation of a pilot plant. The continuous-mode reactor system was composed of a manure pre-processor, a low-flow rate high-pressure slurry feeder, a process gas feeding system, a high-temperature high-pressure reactor, gas and liquid products separation vessel, and a process controller. The unit has a capacity to process up to 3 kg of raw manure per hour. Experiment results using the continuous mode reactor system showed oil yields as high as 72% (based on volatile solids content of the swine manure feedstock) at an operating temperature of 305°C and hydraulic retention time of 80 minutes. The average heating value of the oil product was 30,000 kJ/kg. An energy balance showed that the process is a net energy producer. Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Confinement Animal Buildings. This project was conducted collaboratively by six universities. The objectives of the project were to (1) quantify the pollutant emissions from confined animal buildings; (2) provide baseline data on aerial emissions from typical US livestock and poultry buildings to regulators, producers, researchers, students, and stakeholders; (3) determine the long-term characteristics of odor, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and particulate matter emissions from representative types of livestock and poultry buildings; and (4) study the trends of ventilation rate, animal weight, humidity, temperature, and manure management on aerial pollutant emissions. The aerial pollutants that were measured from a swine gestation facility in Neoga, IL were ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), PM10, total suspended particulate matter (TSP), and odor; animal data was provided by the producer. The factors affecting the emission rates that were monitored were air temperature (ambient, inlet, exhaust, animal exposure), relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, static pressure, and ventilation rate. Concentrations of H2S, NH3, and CO2, were measured semi-continuously, continuous for PM10, while odor and TSP measurements were done at discrete times. The long-term measurements allow the recording of variations in emissions due to seasonal effects, animal growth cycles, and diurnal variations. Results of data analysis are expected to be made available in January 2005 during the 2005 annual conference of Air and Waste Management Association. Iowa: Ammonia Emissions from U.S. Poultry Houses: Laying Hens. Ammonia (NH3) emissions were monitored from ten commercial layer houses with different housing and management schemes in Iowa and Pennsylvania for a full year. Manure in the high-rise layer houses (four in IA and two in PA) was stored in the lower level of the houses for a year, whereas manure in the belt houses (two in each state) was removed either daily (IA) or semi-weekly (PA). Effects of dietary manipulation on ammonia emission, involving two levels of crude protein (CP), standard CP (Ctrl) and essential amino acids (AA) supplemented lower CP (Trt), were evaluated in the four IA high-rise houses, two houses per type of diet. Ammonia and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations of exhaust air were measured using portable monitoring units (PMUs). Ventilation rates of the houses were determined by calibrated CO2 mass balance. The data collection was performed weekly, bi-weekly or tri-weekly, with each collection episode lasting two consecutive days. A total of 386 and 164 independent house-day measurements or 18,528 and 7,872 semi-hourly emission data points were involved for the high-rise houses and the manure belt houses, respectively. The results revealed both diurnal and seasonal variations in NH3 emission rate (ER) for the layer houses. Manure handling practices and dietary CP content affected NH3 ER.. Specifically, NH3 ER during the 12-month monitoring period averaged 0.90 (±0.24) and 0.81 (±0.21) g d-1 hen-1 for the IA high-rise layer houses with Ctrl and Trt diet, respectively; 0.83 (±0.35) g d-1 hen-1 for the PA high-rise layer houses; and 0.054 (±0.026) and 0.094 (±0.062) g d-1 hen-1 for the IA and PA belt houses with manure removed daily and twice a week, respectively. Mass balance of nitrogen (N) intake from feed and output by the hens, including measured NH3-N loss from manure, was also conducted, with 94-101% of the N intake accounted for. Comparison of direct and indirect ventilation rate determinations in layer barns with manure belts. Direct measurement of building ventilation rate in livestock housing is a formidable task due to uncontrollable variations in fan and system performance tat are caused by factors such as building static pressure, fan belt slippage, and dust accumulation on shutters and blades. Estimating building ventilation rate by an indirect method based on a CO2-balance offers a potentially viable alternative to direct measurement. The validity of the CO2-balance method depends on the validity of relationship between CO2 production and metabolic rate of the animals and the knowledge of CO2 generation by the housing environment. Metabolic rates of modern laying hens have recently been quantified in intensive large-scale laboratory measurements. However, performance of the indirect method remains to be evaluated under field conditions. This study compares building ventilation rates obtained by direct measurement and by a CO2 balance. The test was conducted at a commercial laying hen house that used a manure belt with daily manure removal. The results indicate that ventilation rates estimated by the indirect method were not significantly different (P>0.2) from those as determined by the direct measurement when the averaging or integration time interval was two hours or longer. Performance of single point monitor in measuring ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases. Performance of Single Point Monitors (SPMs) was evaluated for measuring aerial ammonia (NH3, 0 to 30 ppm) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S, 0 to 90 ppb) under laboratory and field conditions. Calibration gas or NH3/H2S-ladden air at various dew-point temperatures (tdp) was introduced simultaneously to the SPMs under evaluation and a chemiluminescence NH3 analyzer or a pulsed-fluorescence H2S analyzer. Linear relationships existed between readings of the SPMs and those of the respective gas analyzer, with the slope increasing with moisture content of the calibration or sample air. Correctional equations were developed to compensate for the moisture interference effect on SPM readings of both gases. The corrected SPM readings for H2S measurement with an overall correctional equation generally achieved 90% to 107% agreement with the respective analyzer readings. However, such corrections for NH3 measurements proved not as effective (59% to 90% agreement). Development of a new laboratory for studying emissions from livestock. Construction of a new laboratory at Iowa State University has been completed. The Animal Emission Laboratory consists of eight animal rooms, each 7 ft w by 13 ft l by 8.5ft ht with interchangeable penning and watering systems. Penning, feed and water handling systems, and manure handling apparatus for each species is removable from the chambers in order to accommodate the needs of different species. Each room can accommodate one horse, one lactating cow, two growing heifers, six finishing pigs, 25 turkeys, 60 broilers, or 85 layers. Manure volumes generated can be measured and collected from the animal room. Feed intake by the animals is measured daily. The facility has continuous online monitoring capabilities for hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrous oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, methane, carbon dioxide, and volatile organic carbons. Airflow rates into and out of each room are continuously measured as well, allowing for calculation of emission rates of each gas. Each room is individually heated and cooled, using 100 percent outside air and exhausting all of the air to the outside (no recycling). The temperature of each room is set, independently, and dictates the airflow rate in the room. Nitrogen Excretion and Ammonia Emissions from Pigs Fed Reduced Crude Protein Diets or Yucca Extract. Two experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of dietary strategies on NH3 emissions of growing-finishing pigs. In Exp 1, nine pigs (initial BW = 47 kg) were fed corn-soybean meal diets fortified with no amino acids (17.4% CP), Lys (17.0% CP), or Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp (14.5% CP). In Exp 2, nine pigs (initial BW = 41 kg) were fed the Lys diet with 0, 62.5 or 125 ppm of yucca extract (Alltech®). In Exp 1 and 2, diet had no effect on FI, ADG, or feed efficiency (P > 0.05). In Exp 1, TKN in feces (3.97, 3.93, 3.72%; P < 0.001) and urine (1.10, 0.94, 0.93%, P = 0.04) decreased with decreasing dietary CP. Fecal NH3-N decreased with decreasing dietary CP (0.47, 0.47, 0.42%, P = 0.01) while urine NH3-N increased (0.10, 0.10, 0.20%, P < 0.001). Weekly NH3-N emissions were 22.25, 19.22, and 11.85 g (± 8.87 SEM; P > 0.05). The fraction of excreted TKN emitted as NH3 during the week was 1.68, 1.52, and 0.91% (± 0.60 SEM; P >0.05). In Exp 2, there was a significant linear response to increasing yucca content for urine NH3-N (0.14, 0.13, 0.11%, P = 0.05). Fecal TKN (3.59% ± 0.06 SEM), fecal NH3-N (0.48% ± 0.03 SEM), urine TKN (0.94% ± 0.07 SEM), NH3-N emissions (12.02 g ± 2.81 SEM) and the fraction of excreted TKN emitted as NH3 during the week (1.20% ± 0.24 SEM) were not affected by diet (P>0.05). Management Strategy Impacts on Ammonia Volatilization from Swine Manure. The objective of this study was to measure the potential for reduction in ammonia volatilization from swine manure by temperature control, stirring, addition of nitrogen binder (Yucca) or urease inhibitor (NBPT), segregation of urine from feces, and pH modification. Swine manure (total solids (TS) 7.6-11.2%, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) 3.3-6.2 g/L, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) 1.0-3.3 g/L) was stored for 24, 48, 72, or 96 h in 2-L polyvinyl chloride vessels. Headspace NH3 concentrations were reduced 99.3% by segregation of urine from feces (P < 0.0001). Stirring and NBPT (152 ¼L/L) increased headspace NH3 concentration (119 and 140%, respectively). Headspace NH3 concentration increased by 2.7 mg/m3 for every 1°C increase in temperature over 35°C. Slurry NH4+-N concentrations were reduced by segregation (78.3%) and acidification to pH 5.3 (9.4%), and increased with stirring (4.8%) and increasing temperature (0.06 g/L per 1°C increase in temperature over 35°C). Kentucky: KY, IA and PA completed field measurements were completed during 2003 for baseline ammonia emissions from U.S. layer and broiler operations, as part of S-291 and a related IFAFS project. Comparisons of measurement techniques to other systems, including US EPA, have been accomplished. Data quality analysis/control have been conducted, and manuscripts are in preparation or have been submitted for review. A series of presentations (state, regional, national) were conducted by personnel as part of the Cooperative Extension portion of the project, and the United Egg Producers convened a Scientific Panel to study how the egg industry should address ammonia emissions. Dietary manipulation continued to be a focus at KY and IA, with a full-scale replicated field study accomplished in which two houses with conventional diets and two houses with reduced N diets (supplemented with essential amino acids) were compared. Ammonia emission from the low-N treatment was numerically smaller (averaging about 10%) than the conventional diet. Work for the next year (KY) includes litter amendments and other abatement strategies for ammonia emission reduction, educational workshops for broiler growers and industry personnel, and communications with state and farm agencies regarding anticipated regulatory enforcement. Two engineering projects at the UK Animal Research Center were finished: beef solid waste composting quality was enhanced by redesign of a mixer, and a biofilter design to accommodate the headspace ventilation of two 350,000 gal slurry tanks, and a 90,000 gal in-ground receiving tank was accomplished. Objectives 2 and 3: Prototype Time Integrated Variable (TIV) controllers were developed by a company, and were installed in tunnel ventilated free stall dairy housing in NY. Future efforts will include evaluation of this technology. New York: Our goals are to identify and analyze current technologies as options to convert manure into a value-added enterprise. We focus on assisting dairy farmers to develop business plans to implement these identified technologies. In particular, we have analyzed manure digester systems from an economic performance perspective. "One focus is to include digester systems with the capacity to accept food waste along with value added fish/greenhouse vegetable production. As part of this effort, we are developing an Excel-based model to assist in the creation of pro-forma financials for the manure management business plans. We are working with several commercial lending agencies as we develop the financial analysis model to make the software as useful as possible.

DELAWARE: Efficacy of Trees to Capture Emissions from Tunnel Ventilated Poultry Houses. G. Malone, G. Van Wicklen and S. Collier. Proceedings to International Poultry Scientific Forum. Jan. 27, 2004. p.22. Using Trees to Reduce Dust and Odour Emissions from Poultry Farms. G. Malone. Proceedings 2004 Poultry Information Exchange. Surfers Paradise, Qld, AU. April 19, 2004. pp. 33-38. Planting Trees Around Poultry Farms: A Proactive Environmental Initiative. G. Malone, D. Hansen and G. Van Wicklen. Proceedings to First World of Agroforestry. Orlando, FL. June 28, 2004. p.257. ILLINOIS: Ni, J. 2004. Fabrication and Evaluation of Vertical Dedusters for Emission Control from a Swine Building. M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He, B., Y. Zhang, T. Funk, G. Riskowski, and Y. Yin. 2000a. Thermochemical Conversion of Swine Manure: an alternative process for waste treatment and renewable energy production. Transactions of the ASAE 43(6):1827-1833. He, B., Y. Zhang, Y. Yin, T. Funk, and G. Riskowski. 2000b. Operating Temperature and Retention Time Effects on the Thermochemical Conversion Process of Swine Manure. Transactions of the ASAE 43(6):1821-1825. He, B.J., Y. Zhang, Y. Yin, T. L. Funk and G. L. Riskowski. 2001. Feedstock pH, initial CO amount, and solids content effects on the thermochemical conversion process of swine manure. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr. 44(3): 697-701. Ocfemia, K.; Zhang, Y.; Funk, T.; Christianson, L. ASAE Annual International Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada; ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan, 2003; Paper #034124. Ocfemia, K.; Zhang, Y.; Funk, T.; Chen, S.; Christianson, L. Continuous thermochemical conversion process to produce oil from swine manure. Air and Waste Management Association 97th Annual Conference & Exhibition, Indianapolis, Indiana; AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA, 2004; Paper #317. IOWA: JOURNAL ARTICLES: Bicudo, J.R., Clanton, C.J., Schmidt, D.R., Jacobson, L.D., Powers, W.J., and Tengman, C.L. 2004. Geotextile Covers To Reduce Odor And Gas Emissions From Swine Manure Storage Ponds. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Vol. 20(1): 65-75. Chepete, H. J. and H. Xin. 2004. Heat and moisture production of poultry and their housing systems: Molting layers. Transactions of the ASHRAE 110(2): 274-285. Chepete, H. J., H. Xin, M.C. Puma, and R.S. Gates. 2004. Heat and moisture production of poultry and their housing systems: Pullets and layers. Transactions of the ASHRAE 110(2): 286-299. Chepete, H. J. and H. Xin. 2004. Comparative ventilation rates for laying hen housing based on new and old heat and moisture production data. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 20(6): 835-842. Dong, H. X. Tao, H. Xin, and Q. He. 2004. Enteric methane emissions in China estimated with different IPCC methods and production schemes. Transactions of the ASAE 47(6): (in press) Gates, R. S., K. D. Casey, H. Xin, E. F. Wheeler, and J. D. Simmons. 2004. Fan assessment numeration system (FANS) design and calibration specifications. Transactions of the ASAE 47(5): 1709-1715. Liang, Y., H. Xin, S. J. Hoff, and T. L. Richard. 2004. Performance of Single Point Monitor in measuring ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 20(6): 863-872. Persyn, K.E., H. Xin, D. Nettleton, A. Ikeguchi, and R.S. Gates. 2004. Feeding behaviors of laying hens with or without beak-trimming. Transactions of the ASAE 47(2): 591-596. Pedersen, S., G. J. Monteny, H. Xin and H. Takai. 2004. Progress in research into ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from animal production facilities. CIGR E-Journal Vol 6. http://cigr-ejournal.tamu.edu/Volume6.html. CONFERENCE PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS: Cook, R. N. and H. Xin. 2004. Effects of cage stocking density on feeding behaviors of group-housed laying hens. ASAE Paper # 04-4004, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE Cook, R. N. and H. Xin. 2004. Effects of cage stocking density on feeding behaviors of group-housed laying hens. Proc of Iowa Egg Industry Symposium, pp41-47, Ames, Iowa. Li, H., H. Xin, Y. Liang, R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, and A.J. Heber. 2004. Evaluation of CO2 balance-based determination of building ventilation rate for laying hen houses using manure belt. ASAE Paper # 04-4177, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE Liang, Y., H. Xin, S. J. Hoff, and T. L. Richard. 2004. Performance of Single Point Monitor in measuring ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases. ASAE Paper # 04-4109, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE Liang, Y., H. Xin, E. F. Wheeler, R. S. Gates, J. S. Zajaczkowski, P. Topper, H. Li and K. D. Casey. 2004. Ammonia emissions from U.S. poultry houses: laying hens. ASAE Paper # 04-4104, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE Panetta, D., W.J. Powers, H. Xin, B.J. Kerr, and J.C. Lorimor. 2004. Nitrogen excretion and ammonia emissions from pigs fed reduced crude protein diets. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl 1):223. Panetta, D., W.J. Powers, J.C. Lorimor. 2004. Direct measurement of management strategy impacts on ammonia volatilization from swine manure. Presented at the 2004 ASAE Annual International Meeting Aug 1-4, Ottowa, Canada, Paper No. 044107. ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085 9659 USA. Powers, W.J. 2004. Air quality regulations: what you need to know. Cornell Nutrition Conference, Syracuse, NY, October 19-21. TECHNICAL REPORTS AND EXTENSION PUBLICATIONS: W.J. Powers and S. Bastyr. 2004. Downwind Air Quality Measurements From Poultry and Livestock Facilities. 2004 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report. ASL-R1927. Powers, W.J. 2004. Practices to Reduce Odor from Livestock Operations Iowa State University Extension PM 1970a Powers, W.J. 2004. Practices to Reduce Odor from Livestock Operations Flowchart Iowa State University Extension PM 1970b Powers, W.J. 2004. Practices to Reduce Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Operations Iowa State University Extension PM 1971a Powers, W.J. 2004. Practices to Reduce Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Operations Flowchart Iowa State University Extension PM 1971b Powers, W.J. 2004. Practices to Reduce Hydrogen Sulfide from Livestock Operations Iowa State University Extension PM 1972a Powers, W.J. 2004. Practices to Reduce Hydrogen Sulfide from Livestock Operations Flowchart Iowa State University Extension PM 1972b Powers, W.J. and J.C. Lorimor. 2004. Practices to Reduce Dust and Particulates from Livestock Operations Iowa State University Extension PM 1973a Powers, W.J. 2004. Practices to Reduce Dust and Particulates from Livestock Operations Flowchart. Iowa State University Extension PM 1973b Powers, W.J. 2004. The science of smell, part 1: odor perception and physiological response. Iowa State University Extension PM 1963a Powers, W.J. 2004. The science of smell, part 2: odor chemistry. Iowa State University Extension PM 1963b Powers, W.J. 2004. The science of smell, part 3: odor detection and measurement. Iowa State University Extension PM 1963c Powers, W.J. 2004. The science of smell, part 4: principles of odor control. Iowa State University Extension PM 1963d KENTUCKY: THESES: Watkins, G.A. 2004. M.S. degree (Plan B). Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORTS: Watkins, G.A. 2004. Design, construction, and operation of the UK Woodford County Animal Research Center biofilter. KY Agricultural Experiment Station, Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY. Watkins, G.A. 2004. Modification of a Gehl mixer feeder for compost mixing and land application. KY Agricultural Experiment Station, Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY. REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES: Brown-Brandl, T., J. A. Nienaber, H. Xin and R. S. Gates. 2004. A literature review of swine heat production. Trans ASAE, 47(1):259-270. Chepete, H.J., H. Xin, M. Puma, and R.S. Gates. 2004. Heat and moisture production of pullets and layers with or without the contribution of feces (4720 RP-1044). ASHRAE Transactions 110(2):286-299. Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, H. Xin, E.F. Wheeler and J.D. Simmons. 2004. Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) design and calibration specifications. Transactions of the ASAE, 47(5):1709-1715. Singh, A., J.R. Bicudo, K. Casey, A.L. Tinôco, I.F.F. Tinôco, K.D. Casey and A.J. Pescatore. 2004. Characterization of built-up broiler litter using trench and random walk methods. J Applied Poultry Research 13:426-432. RESEARCH REPORTS/PROCEEDINGS: Casey, K.D., R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin, J.S. Zajaczkowski, P.A. Topper and Y. Liang. 2004. Ammonia emissions from Kentucky broiler houses during winter, spring and summer. Paper #629, Air and Waste Management Association Conference, Indianapolis, IN. June. AWMA. Gates, R. S. 2004. Technology for Measuring Emissions: Limitations/Benefits. In Proceedings 2004 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Memphis, TN. Editors J.B. Hess and K.D. Roberson. October 24-26. pp. 107-119. Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, E.F. Wheeler, H. Xin, A.J. Pescatore, J.L. Zajaczkowski, J.R. Bicudo, P.A., Topper and Y. Liang, M. Ford. 2004. Broiler House Ammonia Emissions: U.S. Baseline Data. Proc of Multi-State Poultry Feeding and Nutrition and Health and Management Conference and Degussa Corporation's Technical Symposium. 2004. Indianapolis, IN. Gates, R. S., H. Xin, K. D. Casey, Y. Liang, and E.F. Wheeler. 2004. A method for measuring ammonia emissions from poultry houses. In Proceedings Second Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, the American Society of Animal Science, and the Poultry Science Association, St Louis, MO. July 25-29. Li., H., H. Xin, Y. Liang, R.S. Gates, E.F. Wheeler and A.J. Heber. 2004. Comparison of direct vs. indirect ventilation rate determination for manure belt laying hen houses. Paper No. 044177. Presented at the International ASAE Mtg, Ottawa, Ontario. Aug 1-4. Li, H., H. Xin, Y. Liang, R.S. Gates and E.F. Wheeler. 2004. Determination of ventilation rates for a manure-belt laying house using CO2 balance. ASAE Paper No MC04-201, Mid-Central Section of the ASAE, St. Joseph MI, 25-26 March. Liang, Y, H. Xin, E.F. Wheeler, R.S. Gates, H.Li, J.S. Zajaczkowski, P. Topper and K.D. Casey. 2004. Ammonia emission from U.S. Layer Houses. Paper No. 044104. Presented at the International ASAE Mtg. Ottawa, Ontario. Aug. 1-4. Pescatore, A.J. 2004 Air Quality: What regulations will be applied to the Poultry Industry in the future? In Proceedings 2004 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Memphis, TN. Editors J.B. Hess and K.D. Roberson. October 24-26. pp. 7-9. Pescatore, A.J. 2004. What can be done to lower emissions from broiler facilities? In Proceedings 2004 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Memphis, TN. Editors J.B. Hess and K.D. Roberson. October 24-26. pp. 127-128. Pescatore, A. J. 2004 Ammonia Emissions from Broiler Houses. U.S. Poultry and Egg Environmental Management Symposia. Birmingham AL Pescatore, A. J., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, M. J. Ford, E. F. Wheeler and H. Xin. 2004 Ammonia emissions from broiler houses during three consecutive flocks. Proc.XXII Worlds Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey. Pescatore, A. J.,, M. J. Ford, K. D. Casey, and R. S. Gates. 2004 Variation in the capacity of ventilation fans in broiler houses as determined by fan analysis numeration system. Proc. XXII Worlds Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey. Wheeler, E.F. , K.D. Casey, J. Zajaczkowski, P. Topper, R.S. Gates, H. Xin, and Y. Liang. 2004. Seasonal ammonia emission variation among twelve U.S. Broiler Houses. Paper No. 044105. Presented at the International ASAE Mtg. Ottawa, Ontario. Aug. 1-4. Wheeler, E. F., H. Xin, R. S. Gates, Y. Liang, K.D. Casey, J.L. Zajaczkowski and P.A. Topper. 2004. Air quality from layers, turkeys and broilers. In Proceedings 2004 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Memphis, TN. Editors J.B. Hess and K.D. Roberson. October 24-26. pp. 121-126. Wheeler, E. F., H. Xin, R. S. Gates, K.D. Casey, J. S. Zajaczkowski, P.A. Topper, Y. Liang, D. Brown. 2004. Comparison of methods to estimate ventilation rate in commercial broiler houses. In Book of Abstracts, AgEng Leuven 2004, Engineering the Future. Leuven, Belgium, September 12-16. pp 548-549. Full paper on conference CD. Xin, H., Y. Liang, R.S. Gates and E. F. Wheeler. 2004. Ammonia emissions from Iowa layer houses. Midwest Poultry Federation, St. Paul, MN, March. NOT REPORTED IN 2003: Pescatore, A.J. and R. Gates 2003. Reducing N Load in Broiler Houses Midwest Poultry Federation St Paul MN ABSTRACTS: Pescatore, A. J., K. D. Casey, and R. S. Gates. 2004. Ammonia emissions from broiler houses. Poultry Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 124. Pescatore, A. J., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, J. Bicudo, H. Xin, E. F. Wheeler, and M. J. Ford. 2004. Ammonia emissions and levels of ammonia and carbon dioxide in exhaust air from broiler houses. Poultry Sci. 83. 1785 Pescatore, A. J., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, M. J. Ford, E. F. Wheeler and H. Xin. 2004. Ammonia emissions from broiler houses during three consecutive flocks. Proc. XXII Worlds Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, p. 992. Pescatore, A. J.,, M. J. Ford, K.D. Casey and R.S. Gates. 2004. Variation in the capacity of ventilation fans in broiler houses as determined by fan analysis numeration system. Proc. XXII Worlds Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, p. 997. NEW YORK: Gooch, C.A. and R.R. Stowell. 2004. Tunnel Ventilation for Freestall Facilities  Design, Environmental Conditions, Cow Behavior, and Economics. In: New Trends in Farm Buildings, Proceedings of International Symposium of CIGR. Ed.: Meneses, J. F., L. L. Silva, F. Baptista, and V. F. da Cruz. University of Evora, Evora, Portugal. Stowell, R.R. and C.A. Gooch. 2004. Advantages and Limitations of Hot-Weather Ventilation Systems that Are Based on Air Velocity Design Criteria. In: New Trends in Farm Buildings, Proceedings of International Symposium of CIGR. Ed.: Meneses, J. F., L. L. Silva, F. Baptista, and V. F. da Cruz. University of Evora, Evora, Portugal. Gebremedhhin, K.K., B. Wu, C.A. Gooch, and P.E. Wright. 2004. Simulation of Heat Transfer for Maximum Biogas Production. Presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, August 1  4, 2004. ASAE Paper No. 04-4165. ASAE 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659. Gooch C.A., D. Kirk, and J. Karszes. 2004. Economic Analysis of an Integrated Manure Management System with Sand-Manure Separation, Phosphorus Removal, and Solid-Liquid Separation. Presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, August 1  4, 2004. ASAE Paper No. 04-4171. ASAE 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659. Wright, P.E., S. F. Inglis, J. Ma, C.A. Gooch, B. Aldrich, A. Meister, and N. Scott. 2004. Comparison of Five Anaerobic Digestion Systems on Dairy Farms. Presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, August 1  4, 2004. ASAE Paper No. 04-4032. ASAE 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659.