Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The 2001 annual meeting was held October 12-13, 2001, at McMenamins Grand Lodge, Forest Grove, OR.

Agenda item 1. Diana Six (Chair) welcomed all 16 attendees to the annual meeting of W-187 and thanked Darrell Ross for his excellent local arrangements. On day one, the agenda consisted of a discussion of business items followed by research reports. On day two, the agenda consisted of business matters including voting for new officers followed by additional research reports.

Agenda item 2. Chair Six brought a copy of the 2000 annual meeting minutes. Discussion ensued regarding the W-187 reporting format. Fred Baker suggested submitting two types of reports. The first would be a short report consisting of 3 or 4 bullet statements targeted toward a lay audience, particularly politicians. This report might include a list publications, extension presentations, fact sheets, and aspects of scientific progress that have immediate applied ramifications. The second is a longer, more scientifically-oriented report that could be posted on the web site. This report would list technical publications and be like a scientific abstract. Secretary Seybold will take the reports and organize information under the projects objective structure for the formal annual report.

Baker reported on status of the W-187 Web Site (http://cnr.usu.edu/departments/forest/w187-2/). The site currently has the project description and objectives, a PDF version of an Annual Review of Entomology article by Tim Paine and other project members, and the minutes and annual reports from 1999 and 2000. It also has a current membership list, an essay on who might join W-187, a copy of the Appendix E form, and a link to the current Chair. Baker asked whether the group should post a publication list relevant to the project and whether literature should be accessible and searchable in a database format. He also asked if we should post the individual publication lists of the PIs. As homepages of most PIs are accessible through the membership table on the web site, those lists are mostly already available; this suggestion was tabled. Seybold suggested that collaborative groups write summaries of their research projects for a lay audience and that the text be accompanied by graphics and illustrations. Baker asked members to send him slides or photographs to make the web site more visually appealing.

The committee then discussed W-187 renewal and steps that might be taken to enhance successful project continuation. The committee considered establishing collaborative contacts with other multistate research projects with similar interests. Two projects were identified: NCR-193 Plant Health: Managing Insects and Diseases of Landscape Plants, and W-189 Biorational Methods for Insect Pest Management (IPM): Bioorganic and Molecular Approaches. When renewal for W-187 was written in 1999, multistate project W-189 was identified as having the most potential overlap with W-187. Seybold is a member of both projects and Wood has attended annual meetings for both projects. W-187 members are more ecologically oriented and W-189 members are more chemically oriented, but members of both projects work on insect-plant interactions. Seybold noted that at their 2001annual meeting, W-189 members approved the idea of a joint meeting with W-187 and proposed that the meeting be held in Oct. 2002 in Taos, NM.

Baker suggested that the two projects share their project descriptions and progress reports with the respective memberships before the meeting. He suggested that it might be possible to write a paper or publishable summary as a result of the joint session. For the joint meeting to be a success, there should be more advance planning for the meeting than for a typical meeting and that the respective Chairs should consult frequently with one another before the joint meeting. Other ideas for the joint meeting included a 3-day meeting with one day of overlap between the projects; presentations during the overlapping period from each project on the development of each project; and research reports from each project on topics of interest to members of the other project. Members of W-187 with interested in chemical ecology should be encouraged to attend the joint meeting. Chair Six stressed that it would be important to complete this joint meeting in advance of the renewal of W-187. A vote was taken on the motion for a joint meeting with W-189 in Oct. 2002 in Taos; the motion passed unanimously. A joint meeting with NCR-193 will be contemplated at future annual meetings of W-187.

Chair Six suggested drafting of a new book summarizing the work of the scientists in W-187, which could be completed before the renewal of W-187. This would enhance renewal chances and provide a guidepost for the progress of the project since the 1993 book by Schowalter and Filip. Six planned to check on potential publishers and would e-mail her chapter suggestions/outline to the membership. She hoped to solicit chapter contributions from the membership. Items that came up during the discussion were: 1) the ultimate purchase price of the book (Six would work with the publisher to keep this low); 2) the content of the book--should the Schowalter and Filip text be revisited and updated or should a new approach be taken; and 3) the format of the book--should it be prepared as a digital book and made available on CD, which might keep the purchase price of the final product lower.

Another topic related to project revision was breadth of the project mission: should the project keep its focus on bark beetles, pathogens, and conifers or should it expand to include hardwood tree systems? With oak decline in California, continuing problems with oak wilt in eastern North America, and importance of hardwoods in urban/wildland interfaces, more scientists will be working on hardwood pathogen-bark beetle interactions; these scientists could join W-187. The project has been largely a western project, but there are some eastern scientists involved and others that could be more involved. It was noted that we are losing our representation of mycologists/Ophiostoma experts in the project; an effort should be made to recruit scientists working in this area. Ross wondered if there would be a disadvantage to broadening the project; we should contact Administrative Advisor Daugherty and see if whether broadening the focus too much would hurt the project. Jacobi noted that there may be too few of us and that the project should be expanded nationally. He said we should call people and invite them to attend the annual meeting. McPherson reported that the mechanism is flawed for announcing the annual meeting to participants who are not committee members. For example, he is not on the e-mail list and did not receive information about this meeting until it was passed on to him by Wood. Baker agreed to construct an unofficial section on the web site that will always have a current list of cooperators and collaborators who are not official members of the project. Ross suggested that the philosophy of the group has always been to advertise the meeting as widely as possible to attract as much interest as possible, and this years attendees agreed with this approach. Returning to the breadth of the project mission, Seybold noted that the theme is insect/pathogen/tree interactions and that if we broaden the mission to include hardwoods then we have to be careful not to overlap with NCR-193 (insects/pathogens on woody ornamentals), which involves ornamental hardwoods. Chair Six pointed out that the focus of W-187 is on bark beetles and if we keep that focus and expand to other host trees, the project will still be unique. The consensus was that we should expand the project now in preparation for the renewal to enhance the vitality of the project. New content on hardwoods could be incorporated into the renewed proposal in 2003.

Discussion of new officers for 2001-2002 led to the nomination of Steve Seybold to Chair W-187 and to coordinate the joint meeting with W-189 in Oct. 2002. Steve Cook was nominated to serve as Secretary in 2001-2002 and to lead the renewal effort of the proposal as Chair in 2002-2003.

Agenda item 3. The Administrative Advisor was absent due to other obligations. The CSREES advisor also was absent, but he sent Chair Six information on national activities. First, there was concern in Washington that long-term funding for USDA, NSF, and other agencies may be in jeopardy due to terrorist attacks of Sept. 11. Second, FY 2001 and 2002 funding was secure because the Congress had passed a continuing resolution and President Bush had signed the resolution. Third, there is a personnel change with the USDA Biologically Based Pest Management Grant Program. Bob Nowierski from Montana State University had just been named to head the program. The group concluded that, given his past record of activity on behalf of W-187, Dr. Daughertys absence from the meeting was no reflection on his support for or interest in the project.

Agenda item 4. Chair Six asked that everyone in attendance give a brief introduction of themselves including their affiliation and area of interest. Bentz announced the WFIWC Scholarship for graduate students. Deadline is Jan. 15, 2002, and the application is available on the WFIWC web site. Ross announced the Norman R. DuBois scholarship for biocontrol (ESA) and Six announced the Jeffrey LaFage scholarship for termite biology (ESA). Applications were encouraged for these awards.

Agenda item 5. The committee reaffirmed that the next annual meeting would be held in October 2002 in Taos, NM. The date would be determined by the respective Chairs of W-187 and W-189.

Agenda item 6. The group brainstormed about scientific products related to the research presented during the meeting. The following list of examples was generated with no particular order to the topics. A logistic regression model has been developed to estimate the probability of infestation at the stand and tree levels for pinyon ips, Ips confusus, in pinyon pine, Pinus edulis, in Arizona (Negrsn). Douglas-fir beetle aggregation pheromone might be used by resource managers who are interested in the possibility of selectively killing dwarf mistletoe-infected trees (Ross). Forest thinning or a combination of thinning and fire might be used as techniques to ensure forest succession and diversity and prevent major conflagrations (Wood). Systemic induced resistance is a basic mechanism in pines that could be enhanced and utilized to prevent disease and create more healthy trees (Bonello). Areas of high risk to pines for mountain pine beetle attack can be detected based on changes in spectral resolution at 30 m spatial resolution (Landsat) and potentially at 3.5 m spatial resolution (AVIRIS-NASA). The latter resolution may allow resource managers to detect infestations at the level of 1 or 2 trees while they are still manageable (Cook).

Next Meeting Information: Location and Date: Taos, NM, October 2002. Responsible Individuals: Steve Seybold, University of Minnesota (Chair Elect), LeRoy Daugherty (Administrative Advisor), Diana Six, University of Montana (Local Arrangements Coordinator and ex-Chair), and Steve Cook, University of Idaho (Secretary).

Between Meeting Information Exchange/Development Information: It was suggested that we communicate electronically to assemble the annual report with a focus on impacts and outcomes. Further, development of the W-187 web site through Baker was encouraged. An emphasis on joint publications and joint grants was encouraged so as to have higher impacts in the future.

Objective 1: Progress on characterizing abiotic and biotic factors that predispose trees to attack by bark beetles was made by many project members and associates.

A study was initiated in David Woods group (UC-Berkeley) to understand the role of fire as an abiotic predisposing factor for bark beetle attack. In this fire/fire surrogate project at Blodgett Forest in the central Sierra Nevada, the objective is to quantify the short- and long-term effects of fire and fire surrogate treatments on many forest characteristics including insects and pathogens. Other project personnel include Andrew Storer (Michigan Tech. Univ.) and Scott Stephens (UC-Berkeley). The Dahlsten lab (UC-Berkeley) initiated work in Jeffrey pine stands near Spooner Summit (Tahoe Basin) to measure the effect of different fire intensities from prescribed fires on the vigor and susceptibility of Jeffrey pine to bark beetles. One of the important products of this research is that post-burning bark beetle-induced mortality can be significant and needs to be managed with the creation of guidelines for estimating the survival of fire-damaged trees.

Fire as an abiotic predisposing factor for bark beetle attack can be investigated in relationship with fungal pathogens. In an example of fire as a predisposing factor of trees to attack by bark beetles, Steve Seybold and Jenny Juzwik (Univ. Minnesota) are investigating the three-way interactions among wildfire, oak wilt, and xylophagous and phloeophagous beetles in a recently burned area in the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area, MN. From preliminary sampling Monarthrum mali (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) appears to be strongly and preferentially attracted to burned oaks. Ultimately, the two-way interactions between fire-insects, fire-oak wilt, and oak-wilt-insects will be described.

In another study of abiotic predisposing agents, Fred Baker (Utah State Univ.) is working on the effect of ozone on Douglas-fir.
Pathogens can also predispose trees to bark beetle attack., Darrell Ross (Oregon State Univ.) is working on the role of dwarf mistletoe in Douglas-fir as a pre-disposing factor for Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Three studies are in progress; the results of the research will be useful to resource managers who are interested in the possibility of killing dwarf mistletoe-infected trees by baiting with Douglas-fir beetle pheromone.

Diana Six (Univ. Montana) is working on white pine blister rust, a needle- and stem-infecting fungal pathogen of whitebark pine that acts as a predisposing factor for mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. Six and colleagues developed a risk-rating system to understand white pine blister rust as a predisposing factor.

Bill Jacobi (Colorado State Univ.) is working on black stain root disease (BSRD) in the pinyon-juniper woodlands of southwestern Colorado. This forest type is the largest cover type in Colorado; pinyon, Pinus edulis, has been dying in unprecedented numbers in this part of the state. BSRD, Leptographium wageneri var. wageneri, is considered a biotic predisposing factor of pinyon pines that are eventually colonized and killed by Ips confusus. Since 1999 Jacobi and colleagues have investigated the expansion rate of BSRD mortality centers.

Josi Negrsn (USDA FS Rocky Mountain Station) is also studying the relationship between BSRD and predisposition of pinyon pine to bark beetle attack. He has examined tree and stand conditions in association with pinyon ips, Ips confusus, in pinyon pine, Pinus edulis (Coconino National Forest, AZ). Results suggest that at the stand level, pinyon pine stand density index is a good predictor of probability of infestation. Negrsn has also conducted a biological study of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus, that colonizes subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa, at high elevations in Colorado. Flight periodicity data has been collected for the last 5 years; Peak flight of the insect consistently occurs around the first two weeks in July.

Sudden oak death in California [Brice McPherson--Dave Wood Lab)] is caused by Phytophthora ramorum, a brown alga. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis and Monarthrum spp.) colonize infected coast live oaks while the foliage is green and apparently healthy, and may predispose these trees to rapid death and to catastrophic structural failure. The disease appears to be increasing its range. The group has developed methods for characterizing the disease state and disease symptom progression for oak species infected by Phytophthora ramorum at small (< 1 ha) and landscape scales. These methods should be applicable to other sites as the disease becomes more widespread.

In an example of fungally-infected trees avoiding further fungal infection (and ultimate bark beetle infestation), Enrico Bonello (Ohio State Univ.) reported on systemic induced resistance vs. systemic acquired resistance in the Austrian pine (Pinus nigra)/Sphaeropsis sapinea host/pathogen system. The data show that Austrian pines inoculated with this pathogen become either less or more susceptible to a secondary infection, depending on where the secondary infection occurs in the plant. This is the first report of this phenomenon in any plant. Bonello defined the latter phenomenon as systemic induced susceptibility (SIS). These phenotypic responses strongly indicate that Austrian pine possesses systemically inducible metabolic pathways.

Objective 2: Committee members and their associates have also characterized interactions among conifer hosts, bark beetles, their natural enemies and vectored fungi.

In the Raffa and Dahlsten labs, a study was conducted to evaluate augmentation of predators that respond differentially from their prey to components of I. pini pheromones. Results from trapping indicated that there were more I. pini and its associated phloeophagous insects on baited logs. Also, parasitoids (Tomocobia tibialis) showed significant attraction to baited logs. The most common predators of I. pini did not show any variation on attraction. One of the important products of this research was that natural enemies of bark beetles were increased on slash pines.

In another study from the Raffa lab, the host selection behavior of spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, was examined in outbreak vs. non-outbreak populations.

Seybold and Juzwik have studied the overland spread of oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum, by sap beetles (Nitidulidae). The most cost-effective bait consisted of two hydrocarbon pheromone components combined with whole wheat bread dough.

In work from the USDA Forest Service Southern Exp. Stn. (Klepzig and Sullivan) the response of root weevils (Hylobius spp.) to the enantiomers of alpha-pinene (in collaboration with the Raffa lab). In this study, Hylobius, Hylastes, and Dendroctonus valens response to (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene in various combinations with ethanol were examined.

The Forest Service group has also studied metabolites of Ophiostoma spp. fungi that are EAD active with the parasoitoid Roptrocerus xylophagorum, and the interaction of mites Entomocorticium fungi in three different species of Ips bark beetles.

Foltz (Univ. Florida) followed an outbreak of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, across northern Florida in 2001, the third successive year of subnormal rainfall. Unlike 2000 when pine mortality was generally limited to numerous scattered, Ips-infested trees, mortality this year occurred in multi-tree, sometimes multi-acre spots with D. frontalis being the dominant insect. Preliminary analyses of these results suggest that turpentine quality was one factor in the low catch in the fall and winter months. The decline from spring to summer appears to be, in part, a seasonal pattern. The failure of the pheromone traps to detect the rise of D. frontalis to outbreak levels demonstrates their limitation as a tool for monitoring population change.

The Wood and Gordon labs in California have continued their research on pitch canker, emphasizing the regeneration of stands of Monterey pine that have a higher level of resistance to the disease. The goal of this study is to provide management recommendations that enhance Monterey pine regeneration, and therefore increase the incidence of individual seedlings that are resistant to pitch canker in a way that does not unacceptably disturb the associated flora. A review of pitch canker disease in California is a noteworthy product that has come out of the work done by this group. Key members of the research team are Wood, Gordon, and Storer.

Steve Cooke (Univ. Idaho) is developing techniques to use remotely-sensed data in operational forest management schemes. Cooke and colleagues recently completed a study in cooperation with Jim Guldin (USDA-Forest Service, Hot Springs, AR) to examine the use of Landsat data for rating the risk to southern pine beetle infestation of mixed pine-hardwood forests in the Ouachita National Forest. They constructed a hazard-rating scheme based upon ground data collected in four watersheds within the forest and then created a GIS-based map of the watersheds to depict the hazard to beetle infestation. The analysis is the first step in providing a cost-effective risk-rating scheme for southern pine beetle within the region based largely upon data from a satellite-based system. When completed, the research will result in a satellite-based risk-rating scheme for mixed pine-hardwood forests in Ouachita National Forest of western Arkansas. After modifications, the scheme should be useful in other southern forests as well. A new project has been initiated with the Nez Perce tribe to integrate remotely sensed data with data obtained from ground-based trapping of mountain pine beetle for predicting the impact of local infestations on stand dynamics.

Fred Baker (Utah State Univ.) conducted a microscopic analysis of diseased root tissue. The major outcome of Bakers work was that scanning electron microscopy of root tissue of trees could reveal the presence of fungal mycelium in roots with stain columns. Attempts to culture fungi from these tissues were unsuccessful, suggesting that culturing fungi may not be an appropriate indicator of fungal colonization. This work included several host conifers and root pathogens.

In overmature jack pine stands in Manitoba, Baker also reported on historical events that have led to the tree mortality that he is surveying and modeling. In these stands, fire is the main abiotic disturbance factor, although minor windstorms with 30 to 40 mph winds do occur in the spring. The ultimate product will be a contagion model that works at the stand level to project the spread of pathogens.

Objective 3: Characterize the taxonomic diversity and genetic structure of key fungal pathogens and symbiotic fungi associated with insects on North American conifers.


Six and colleagues (Univ. Montana) are continuing to work on the association of yeasts and ophiostomoid fungi with coniferophagous bark beetles. Raffa and colleagues are analyzing populations of D. rufipennis for mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA (microsatellite sequences).

Plans for Coming Year: It was suggested that members communicate electronically to plan for a new monograph (Six and Seybold will take the lead). Development of the W-187 web site through Fred Baker was encouraged. W-187 members encouraged the new Chair (Seybold) and the Chair of W-189 to plan the format of a joint meeting with W-189 (October 2002, Taos, NM). Finally, members agreed that increasing the number of formal committee members for W-187 was a priority; members working on hardwood systems were targeted. Current members were encouraged to make telephone and e-mail contacts with prospective members and invite them to next years meeting.

Scientific Articles:

Bentz, B.J., J.A. Logan, and J.C. Vandygriff. 2001. Latitudinal life history variation in Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) development time and size. The Canadian Entomologist 133:375-387.

Blodgett, J. T., and P. Bonello. 2001. Systemic induction of ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds in Pinus nigra inoculated with Sphaeropsis sapinea. Phytopathology 91 (6 Supplement):S9.

Bonello, P., T.R. Gordon, and A.J. Storer. 2001. Systemic induced resistance in Monterey pine. Forest Pathology 31:99-106.

Bonello, P., W.R. McNee, A.J. Storer, D.L. Wood, and T.R. Gordon. 2001. The role of olfactory stimuli in the location of weakened hosts by twig-infesting Pityophthorus spp. Ecological Entomology 26:8-15.

Cherry, S. J. 2001. Integrating geographical information systems and remote sensing to improve hazard rating of Dendroctonus frontalis infestations. M. S. University of Idaho, Department of Geography.

Erbilgin, N. and K.F. Raffa. 2001. Kairomonal range of generalist predators in specialized habitats. Entomol. Exper. et Applic. 99: 205-210.

Erbilgin N and Raffa K.F. 2001. Modulation of predator attraction to pheromones of two prey species by stereochemistry of plant volatiles. Oecologia. 127: 444 - 453.

Erbilgin, N., A. Szele, K.D. Klepzig, & K.F. Raffa. 2001. Trap type, chirality of alpha-pinene, and geographic region affect sampling efficiency of root and lower stem insects in pine. J. Econ. Entomol. 94:1113-1121.

Ganz, D.J., Community Based Fire Management in Asia; Lessons Learned and Implications. Proceedings of Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention and Management; November 27th December 1, 2000. San Diego, California.

Ganz, D.J., Communities in Flames: A Summary of the International Conference. Proceedings of Californias 2001 Wildfire Conference: Ten Years after the 1991 Oakland/East Bay Hills Fire. October 10-12th, 2001. Berkeley, California.

Ganz, D.J., Troy, A., Mu Lan, and Toa Duan. Fire Risk in Strawberry Canyon. Proceedings of Californias 2001 Wildfire Conference: Ten Years after the 1991 Oakland/East Bay Hills Fire. October 10-12th, 2001. Berkeley, California.

Ganz, D.J., Dahlsten, D.L., and S. Stephens. The Bark Beetle Response to a Fall Prescribed Burn in Lake Tahoe Basin: Implications for Management. Proceedings of Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention and Management; November 27th December 1, 2000. San Diego, California.

Gordon, T.R., A.J. Storer and D.L. Wood. 2001. The Pitch Canker Epidemic in California. Plant Disease 85: 1128-1139.

Hansen, E.M., B.J. Bentz, and D.L. Turner. 2001. The physiological basis for flexible voltinism in the spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The Canadian Entomologist 133:805-818.

Hansen, E.M., B.J. Bentz, and D.L. Turner. 2001. A temperature-based model for predicting univoltine brood proportions in spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The Canadian Entomologist133: 827-842.

Extension publications.

Kelly, N.M. and B.A. McPherson. 2001. Multi-scale approaches taken to SOD monitoring. California Agriculture 55: 15-16.

Logan, J.A., J.A. Powell, B.J. Bentz. 2000. Evaluating the potential for climate change induced bark beetle invasion of high elevation ecosystems. In A. Menzel (ed) Progress in Phenology, Monitoring, Data Analysis, and Global Change Impacts, Freising, Germany, Oct 4-6, 2000.

McPherson, B. A, D. L. Wood, A. J. Storer, N. M. Kelly, and R. B. Standiford. 2002 (accepted). Sudden Oak Death: Disease Trends in Marin County Plots after One Year In: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands, October 22-25, 2001, San Diego, CA, USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, General Technical Report. This will also be available on CD ROM.

Powell, J.A., J. L. Jenkins, J.A. Logan, and B.J. Bentz. 2000. Seasonal temperature alone can synchronize life cycles. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 62:977-998.

Raffa, K.F. 2001. Mixed messages across multiple trophic levels: The ecology of bark beetle chemical communication systems. Chemoecology 11: 49-65.

Redmer, J. S., K. F. Wallin, and K. F. Raffa. 2001. Effect of host tree seasonal phenology on substrate suitability for the pine engraver, Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Implications to population dynamics and enemy free space. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 11-14.

Seybold, S.J., Bohlmann, J., & K.F. Raffa. 2000. Biosynthesis of coniferophagous bark beetle pheromones and conifer isoprenoids: an evolutionary perspective and synthesis. Can. Entomol. 132: 1-57.

Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood, T.R. Gordon, and W.J. Libby. 2001. Native Monterey pine forest restoration in the presence of an exotic pathogen on the Monterey Peninsula. Journal of Forestry 99: 14-18.

Wallin, K.F., & K.F. Raffa. 2001. Host - mediated interactions among feeding guilds: Incorporation of temporal patterns can integrate plant defense theories to predict community level processes. Ecology 82: 1387-1400.

Popular Articles:

Cervenka, V.J., Skalbeck, T.C., Kyhl, J.F., Blackford, D.C., Juzwik, J.J., and Seybold, S.J. 2001. How to identify common nitidulid beetles associated with oak wilt mats in Minnesota. USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station, HT-71, 16 pp.

Fragile Ecosystems. Earth & Sky Feature, National Public Radio, Nov. 7, 2000.

Beetles are Supercool! Understanding the life cycle of mountain pine beetles. 2001. Natural Inquirer, USDA FS, Washington D.C.

Palkovsky, N.K. and A.J. Storer. 2001. Emergency Regulations to Protect Our Neighbors from Sudden Oak Death. Oaks `n` Folks 17 (2). Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program, UC Berkeley, CA

Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R. Gordon. 2001. Frequently asked questions about pitch canker. DANR Publication 8025, University of California. http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8025_FAQPitchCanker.pdf

Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R. Gordon. 2000. FAQs about pitch canker. http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/forestry/faqpitch.html

Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R. Gordon. 2000. University of California Pitch Canker Severity Rating System. http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/forestry/pitch_rate.html

Storer, A.J., K.E. Keirnan, N.K. Palkovsky, B.W. Hagen, G.W. Slaughter, N.M. Kelly and P.Svihra. 2001. Sudden Oak Death: Diagnosis and Management. University of California Cooperative Extension. Pest Alert 5, 12p.

Svihra, P., K.E. Keirnan, N.K. Palkovsky and A.J. Storer. 2001. Sudden Oak Death: An Update of the Facts. University of California Cooperative Extension. Pest Alert 4a.

Svihra, P., N.K. Palkovsky and A.J. Storer 2000.Sudden Oak Death: The Facts as We Know Them. University of California Cooperative Extension. Pest Alert 4, 2p.