Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

W-1150 annual meeting Genetic Improvement of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Yield, Disease Resistance, and Food Value. Concourse Hotel and Convention Center, Wisconsin Ballroom, 1 West Dayton St., Madison-WI, 53703 - Nov 1st 2007 Minutes: Phil Miklas called the meeting to order at 8:15AM. Minutes were taken by Juan M. Osorno, secretary. All attendees were welcomed and self-introduced. Old Business: Agenda for the meeting was approved. (Singh/Schwartz M/S). 1. Minutes from last years meeting at Fort Collins (Nov. 8th 2006) were approved (Singh/Steadman M/S). Jim Kelly found some spelling errors and typos in the document that needs to be corrected (e.g. Uebersax instead of Ubersax). The secretary, Juan Osorno will make the corrections in the document and forward to Miklas. 2. Miklas introduced the new Administrative Advisor for the W1150, Dr. Greg Bohach. Comments from Bohach: He volunteered to be advisor. His background is in microbiology. He didnt have time to visit with the previous advisor, Dr. Rassmusen about his previous role. Dr. Bohach is the director of the Idaho Exp. Station. He will make sure the report is completed on time (should be ready at least 10 days before deadline). He will also facilitate the renewal of the project. Formula funds could be an issue. Federal funds could be at risk, so contacts with legislators concerning such issues are needed. Stations have been asked by CSREES about priorities for the main problems in agriculture. Plant biology and pests are the main topics. Phil McClean asked about the National Agriculture Institute. Dr. Bohach made some comments about this process and said is too early to have a final resolution. Phil Miklas asked if beans will be considered within specialty crops. Dr. Bohach said that is why it is important to contribute to surveys concerning topics on crop priorities. It will be part of the report sent to CSREES. Phil Miklas mentioned that Ann Marie Thro wasnt able to attend due to other problems. She could be contacted by e-mail with questions. It is not sure if beans would be included as specialty crop. Jim Kelly said it is included. Dr. Bohach agreed. Organizational structure is still in the works. Phil Griffith said there are $100 million for this project and bean community needs to participate. Dr. Bohach said it is still under discussion. Mark Brick mentioned about training of new plant breeders. Juan Osorno made comments about the RFA for proposals from NRI, specifically about the program called plant breeding and education to which he has been invited to submit a proposal after the letter of intent was approved. The project is a multi-institutional approach (NDSU, UNL, UPRM, and TARS-USDA) involving breeding for drought tolerance and education of new plant breeders. A collaborative agreement between NDSU and UPRM is already ongoing for training of new plant breeders from both institutions. A similar agreement could be made with UNL. There is a total of $1.5 million to be distributed among three or four projects. Deadline for submitting proposals is December 19th. 3. Comments by NDBC governmental affairs committee chair, Tom Grebb. Tom Grebb wasnt able to come but Phil Miklas made some comments on his behalf, especially on the difficulties for replacing bean scientist in some positions. The current strategy of the Liaison Committee at Prosser, WA, is for all commodity groups to work together to enhance/fill one position at the time. Jim Kelly commented about the position left by Dr. Hosfield at USDA. Kelly said that he retired 4 years ago. Position has been approved as a GS-11-13. It is at the regional office now. Greg Bohach said it is necessary to work along with USDA. Search has been difficult because some candidates turned down offers. Other positions have been either closed or filled with postdocs. A new pathologist at USDA-MSU may be interested in doing some root rot on beans. Dr. Hosfields vacant position will be posted soon. Phil Miklas announced that he has also some new commitments with alfalfa (fte of 0.05 or 0.1) and he expects to see his FTEs going to another crops. Tim Porch at TARS-USDA mentioned the he could be facing a similar situation in the near future. 4. Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery An Hang said that data from this year cooperative nursery needs to be sent to her as soon as possible. Jim Kelly already said he sent data. She needs to pass the responsibility of coordinating the nursery to someone else since shes is retiring soon and shes been in charge of the nursery for the past five years. She made some comments about the fees and how difficult it is for her to conduct the nursery given limited resources. Phil Mcclean asked about the fees. It is $100 per entry for public programs and $300 for private. McClean thought we should charge a flat fee $300 for everyone. Phil Miklas indicated that a volunteer was needed to coordinate the Nursery. Jim Kelly mentioned the need for a resolution on this issue given importance of the nursery to the W1150. Shree Singh said that the coordinator did not necessarily need to be located in the West as long as the seed was western grown. Jim Myers mentioned that some problems can come from shipping seed from east to west again even if it was western grown. Shree Singh replied that as long as the seed is pathogen free shipment from east to west should be ok. Greg Bohach asked what is the main limitation to coordinating the NDBN? Preparation and shipment of seed is the most time-consuming and costly component (An Hang). Phil Miklas asked if experimental stations could help with funding  for instance could monies within W1150 be earmarked for the coordinator of the nursery? Howard Schwartz wondered if coordination of the nursery could be contracted with a private entity. Phil McClean mentioned that out-sourcing is a common model in ND at experimental stations. Further discussions concerning funding issues for the nursery were discussed with no resolution obtained. Phil Miklas reminded participants not to send seed to An Hang for next year. 5. Other business: National Sclerotinia Initiative (NSI). Jim Steadman conducts a National Bean White Mold Nursery (NBWMN) funded through the National Sclerotinia Initiative (NSI) to test most of the material generated by NSI. He mentioned that partial resistance has been accomplished. For field screening, an experiment with around 12 entries (9 entries plus 3 checks) would be manageable. Greenhouse experiments could be made with more lines. Several projects offered lines for this nursery: Cornell, Idaho, Colorado, USDA-Prosser, and Michigan, among others. Jim Steadman will coordinate and perform these trials. New business: 1. Election of new officers: Carlos Urrea was voted in as next secretary (Shree Singh/Mark Brick, M/S- passed unanimously). For the next meeting Juan M. Osorno will be vice-president and James Nienhuis will be president. 2. Site and date for next meeting: Shree Singh proposed Puerto Rico. Judith Brown offered Arizona. After voting, Isabela, Puerto Rico was selected for the next meeting. February 2009 would be the tentative date since several bean projects will visit their winter nurseries at the same time. Judith Brown proposed Tucson, Arizona for the following meeting after Puerto Rico. Greg Bohach will check if there are no conflicts meeting the deadlines for the reports given the date proposed for the next meeting. 3. Leveraged funds  NRI CAPS Grant  Applied Plant Genomics: Phil McClean commented about the Coordinated Agricultural Projects (CAP). An informal meeting was held the night before to discuss some of the points and do some brainstorming. Minutes from that meeting are available under request to Phil McClean or Juan Osorno. Proposals are due on February 14th 2008. Genomics-assisted breeding is the key theme. The main goal is to integrate genomics tools into applied plant breeding programs. It must have three integrated components: Research, Extension, and Education. W-1150 could be used as the base document for support. It must have national scope. It means we need to include all other members in the country. All members do not need to be involved forl the duration of the project. Private sector needs to be involved. International is optional. A Letter of Intent is the first step that Phil McClean will be working on. Extension component is not just about field days. Education of future breeders is of key importance. It must have logic models for all three activities. Soybean has been turned down twice because of low public research present on actual cultivars. That is an advantage in the case of bean. Outcomes are of key importance and must be clear. Paul Gepts, Jim Kelly and Phil McClean started discussing this some time ago. Nutrition and production would be the main themes, with more emphasis on nutrition. Extension could include E-extension (webpages). Howard Schwartz made comments about how it works. Call for proposals are open for this too. Usually, extension and education are weak on previous projects. Extension should be managed by extension people, not the scientist. Clinical scientists and cancer researchers could be involved. Extension not only refers to production. Many groups already work on education of public on nutrition of beans. Preliminary studies are showing that bean consumption delays the onset of disease in patients with AIDS. Education has to go beyond hosting graduate students (e.g. develop online tools for the classroom). Association mapping procedures should be included; also for abiotic stress (e.g. drought). Use cooperative nurseries for screening? Support this activity with funds. Judith Brown said to put plant pathologist on the education component. However it has to address the applied genomics and the whole plant breeder and be able to use the genomic and bioinformatics tools. The issue of having integrated persons will be key for the education component. The BIC website could be used as the main platform for this project. Leveraging from many sources is available. Phil McClean will be the PI and other committees have been organized. PI can change to fit evolution of the main objectives. Paul Gepts mentioned about the barley CAP and how it took some time to get organized. Phil McClean has copies of all previous grants. Mathew Blair offered help from CIAT for the project. He asked how nutrition will be focused. Issues are different from developing and developed countries. Leveraging is the key point. 4. Station Reports: New York: Phillip Griffith said one of the most important processing plants has been sold to an Arkansas company. There is a lot of push for market quality. An area being explored is microwave products on snap beans. Dry bean area was down 18,000 A. Region is moving to black beans and getting away from kidneys. University opened a vegetable breeder position (60-40 commitment). Phil Miklas asked about cucumber mosaic virus? Resistance is in beans and in 3 years would be on snap beans. Phil Miklas asked: Does it look qualitative? Will it be released? University hasnt decided how to proceed to share the material with breeders. Phillip Griffith made some comments on virus problems in the region, particularly on snap beans and how economy can be affected (~6%). Nebraska: Jim Steadman commented on new report form for hatch projects. Carlos Urrea and Jim Steadman are both working on bean pathology. Jim has new commitments as the chair of the department. Carlos main work is drought. There are several great northern and pinto lines showing rust resistance (Ur3, Ur6, Ur11). Carlos commented on mother-baby trials. Marquee and Beryl in great northern and Poncho for pintos performed well. However, new lines from the breeding project looked better. There was 40% area reduction of beans in NE because of increased corn plantings. Of total area planted, 55% were pintos, 40% great northern and the rest with other market classes. Poncho is the preferred pinto variety. There are several great northern being used. Kelley Bean Company working on genetics and breeding with Ron Shellenberger. USDA-Beltsville: Talo Pastor Corrales talked about the CDBN evaluated for rust. Pinto group is still very susceptible. Field pressure was excellent this year. A mixture of races was used. Shree Singh asked how this mixture will help different regions? Talo said races change over time (e.g. the case with Merlot). Buster, a pinto line, would have Ur5 or Ur11. Results will be on the report. Talo also mention the release of new germplasm: six great northern lines with rust and virus resistance. There will be another publication about soybean rust on beans and on phenolic acids in beans. Talo has been transferred to another laboratory and has new commitments to soybean. A new 5-year proposal for the CRIS was submitted. Talo mentioned that field screening for rust is expensive, but 100 lines would be possible. Michigan: Jim Kelly commented about the 2007 season. Dry at the beginning, then wet so they had double sets of pods. Yield was 15 bags on average. Then he talked about the coop trials plus first time organic trials and also first time transgenic field trials. He did direct harvest on all the trials for this year. As expected, it will have an effect on some decumbent genotypes. Jim commented about what needs to be done for organic market? There is a graduate student working on this. Organic trials were planted in two locations: One in an experimental station and the other one on farm field. Transgenics with white mold resistance were tested in the field. No progress was noted and PCR didnt show the presence or expression of the gene. Preliminary tests in greenhouse with straw test showed some promise. Electroporation of embryos was the method used. A new pinto could be released. Also, a black bean with some CBB resistance could be released in the future. It is similar to Condor, but has shown higher yield, anthracnose resistance, but focus was CBB. It also has good canning quality. This line has not been tested in Mexico. A Tebo bean will be released for the Japanese market. Virus resistance is a plus since this is a big problem for this market class. For white mold, 2 new RIL pinto populations have been produced. AN37 has been crossed with two upright pintos. Additionally, black inbred backcross lines with good resistance have been also produced. One of the lines has shown yields of 40 bags. Wild bean is in the background of these lines. However, there are some issues finding SSR polymorphism. More SSR markers are needed. These lines combine avoidance plus some physiological resistance that could come from the wild genotype. There is also a project on Empoasca resistance, especially for the potato leafhopper. Michigan and Ontario has this problem all over and it has been increasing for the last 15 years. There are some indications of a new rust race at Michigan. Previously resistant lines showed rust this year. Some comments were made about the symptoms observed on fields. Dr. Bennink didnt send a report but hes still working on bean feeding trials with rats and effect on colon cancer. California: Paul Gepts talked about some aspects of determinacy. Haplotypes are showing some differences in function. Work is still in progress. Other species are also being considered. Another topic is the Apa locus for bruchid resistance. Some comments were made on the genetic constitution and preliminary results, including information from some other species. Jim Myers said that regulator genes might be involved on this complex. That shows the need to go towards functional genomics. Another study focuses on diversity of Brazilian beans since the student is from there. There are 270 Lines for the study with little or no passport information. Getting germplasm was very difficult. Study will include both field evaluation and markers. The question to answer is if the two gene pools were grown together, how much introgression would be expected to happen? One accession per municipality is being used. Work is in progress. Robert Gilbertson talked about some studies on halo blight resistance and inheritance along with Shree Singh. Some results were presented in the oral and poster presentations at the BIC meetings. PCR could differentiate races of halo blight. CBB genetic variability was showed in the presentation from Robert Duncan. Breeding work is made along with Shree Singh in Idaho. Preliminary results showed that Wisconsin sudden death observed could be caused by Rhizoctonia. Robert Gilbertson also commented about virus detection protocols for breeding programs in California. Aphid populations are of key importance for virus spreading. Jim Kelly mentioned that Capri has BCMV resistance (I gene). Colorado: Mark Brick made some comments about the MRPN, western region trials, and the coop. nursery. One pinto line (CO23704) could be released next spring. Poncho is also the #1 pinto grown in Colorado. The new pinto is very similar to Poncho. It could have some rust and CBB resistance. Resistance material for white mold is always poor agronomically. Pop beans trials have good quality but again, poor agronomics. Industry is all about yield and disease resistance. Color is not a big issue. Pinto Saltillo is the #1 variety in Mexico and highly accepted because of its slow darkening trait. Howard Schwartz discussed about a white mold experiments trying to control disease with some cultural practices. Some comments were made about bacterial wilt contamination on seeds. Legume PIPE is ongoing and there are a lot of people involved. Beans have bean there for the last 2-3 years. Feedback is needed as well as funding. Funding for 2008 has been granted for the same amount of this year. CBB detection protocols could be developed as part of the project. Idaho: Shree Singh talked about the legume PIPE sentinel plots. Some comments were made on production and planted area for this year. Pinto and great northern are the main focus. Reported on work on interspecific crosses for white mold, as part of the National Sclerotinia Initiative (NSI). A total of 531 families have been screened. Two interspecific lines look very promising. Congruity backcross was used. One line coming from Phaseolus costaricensis is still segregating, but is not as resistant as the ones from P. coccineus. Two cultivars and one germplasm line have been released. One is a slow darkening pinto (SDIP-1). This is not a big issue in the state given the dry conditions, but is always a preferred trait. Kimberly and Shoshone are new pintos released recently. Shree Singh said that breeding white mold resistance in pintos is ongoing. Gamete selection and recurrent selection is being used. Good results are expected in a few years. Some small reds are also showing promise. Shree Singh also mentioned Idaho participation in the coop nurseries (western nursery, coop. nursery, and NSI). Talo asked if there is any chance to have BGYMV resistance in those interspecific lines? G35172 is part of the crosses so it could be possible. Talo said that P. coccineus was very susceptible to halo in Colombia. Exchange of interspecific lines is key for other diseases. Participatory breeding is another program at Idaho. Six high yield populations are tested in organic trials to see if nutritional value can be affected by production type (conventional vs. organic). Jim Kelly asked about the Water use Efficiency (WUE) work? Is still going; data is available from the last 9 years. These are expensive trials because of the equipment needed to measure drought. Improved cultivars seem to show higher levels of drought tolerance and WUE. There are some segregating populations in the breeding pipeline; however funding is needed in order to do the selection. Roza is resistant to drought. North Dakota: Juan M. Osorno commented about the production in the region. It was a good year in terms of weather and that allowed the growers to obtain excellent yields, not only on dry beans, but also in many other crops. Previous years have been too dry, or too cold, or too wet, making it difficult to obtain optimal production. Some forecasts expect a record year for 2007 for bean production. Juan said he had his first growing season as the new breeder and his main goal was to get to know the material left by Ken Grafton and try to downsize the breeding material at early generations. The NDSU bean breeding program had 36.5 acres of breeding material (~10,000 experimental plots) across 8 locations in ND and MN. So far, hes very impressed with the genetic material he has inherited, which reflects the knowledge and experience acquired by Ken Grafton through the years. Several lines from this breeding pipeline are expected to be released in the near future. Ken and Juan visited the fields several times during the season in order to facilitate the understanding of the project. Main goal of the project will remain the same: release of improved genotypes for the region. Disease resistance will continue to be a major component, as well as yield and quality. Two new pinto lines have been released with the names of Lariat and Stampede. Both lines have shown excellent yields, resistance to BCMV, rust, and anthracnose. The upright architecture of both lines suggests that they could be used in direct combining, given the appropriate equipment and operator care. Two navy lines may be also released next year. Other research areas will include white mold resistance, nutritional quality (Zn and Fe), and association mapping, among others. Juan mentioned that research on the genetic components of plant architecture is a project that he is interested to continue since direct combining is one of the main desirable practices in the region. In the same way, it is necessary to do research on yield losses caused by direct combining, along with an economical comparison with conventional methods. After several years of not having students in the project, a new M.S. student will start next spring. His main research will focus on plant architecture and yield losses due to direct combining. Juan made some comments about the NRI proposal that is in the works in collaboration with PR and NE. Finally, Juan acknowledged the support from Northarvest and the university in general. He also thanked to Shree Singh, Jim Kelly, Jim Beaver, and Tim Porch for allowing him to visit their programs and learn from them. Juan plans to visit other breeding programs next season. Phil McClean talked about the importance of re-assembling the bean group of scientists at NDSU with the hiring of a new bean breeder (Juan Osorno), a new pulse pathologist (Rubella Goswami), and two new extension people involved with beans (Sam Markell and Hans Kandel). This will allow a multi-disciplinary approach to solve many of the production problems. Phil McClean also gave an update on the work with the SNP map. He also mentioned the research on the identification of genomic duplications in Phaseolus. Another work in progress is trying to find the correct number of markers to estimate pairwise comparisons. Montana: Norman Weeden said that bean acres are maintained. He also made some comments about the research on pea and Phaseolus synteny. Some genomic regions are also conserved in Arabidopsis. Additionally, comparison between soybean and bean sequences is underway. Medicago and pea are very close in terms of map configuration. Domestication issues in pea and bean could be different. Oregon: Jim Myers mentioned some decrease in area due to bio-fuel boost. White mold trials showed severe infestation with 87% of incidence. All the material was susceptible. Backcross genotypes with P. coccineus carry some resistance. G35171 is being used to introgress white mold resistance in snap bean. Adaptation and heat tolerance are also important traits being considered. Puerto Rico: Jim Beaver talked about the germplasm line TARS-SA05. It is a small red with resistance to CBB and soil pathogens. Another line named Verano has been approved for release. Verano is better than Morales in yield. It also has CBB resistance coming from VAX6, and is also resistant to BCMV and BGYMV. Growers have reported the presence of Angular Leaf Spot (ALS) on their fields causing yield losses. A breeding project has been started for this. Other viruses from Dominican Republic are also a potential threat for bean production in Puerto Rico and are under investigation. Jim Beaver also mentioned the plans for the winter nurseries for this year and gave some deadlines for receiving the seed as well as the plans for planting and evaluation. TARS-USDA: Tim Porch said that germplasm conversion has been difficult. The he commented on the breeding work for CBB resistance. Heat tolerance lines will be released soon (kidneys and blacks). They have root rot resistance combined with CBB resistance. WUE research for Puerto Rico is under work. There is also a research on drought tolerance along with Nebraska. Tim also commented about some transformation attempts with low or no results so far. Breeding for Empoasca resistance is also part of the program now. USDA-Prosser: Phil Miklas talked about the halo blight research ongoing. So far, three qualitative genes have been mapped. A new QTL for white mold on B2 is different from the one previously reported. TRAP markers were used. A new curly top virus resistance gene has been found. The line also showed some resistance to other geminivirus. Phil also commented about the interaction between SU91 and BC420. There is also a backcrossing program for the slow darkening gene. Pintos will probably have that gene incorporated in five years. Phil commented that for the first time in many years, the Othello location was not planted due to budget issues; thus six acres worth of experimental plots were not planted. Finally, Phil mentioned his 4000 mile road trip across several states visiting different breeding programs was very interesting and productive. Wisconsin: Jim Nienhuis talked about the participation of his graduate students in the BIC meetings (3 posters and 1 oral presentation). BIC was very useful for them. New initiative is also to work on organics in the region. Jim will keep working on education and biotechnology, as well as the main diseases in the region. High school teachers are involved in genomics and education involving DNA chips made available by a company. 5. Others: Going back to the discussion about the National Dry Bean Cooperative Nursery: Mark Brick said that industry could step up and help for the nursery. He suggested forming a sub-committee to solve the issue. Committee for the DBCN: Mark Brick Jim Kelly Greg Varner John Rayapati (will be asked) Motion to adjourn the meeting was made by Mark Brick. Jim Nienhuis seconded. Meeting ended at 12:35 PM. Juan M. Osorno Secretary.

Progress Report of W1150 Presented at annual meeting of 1150 held in Madison, WI Nov 28-30, 2007 Progress Report Kelly (NE) Nineteen replicated yield trials consisting of standard released varieties and over 500 advanced experimental lines of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in nine commercial classes including the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, the National Sclerotinia Dry Bean Nurseries and two organic trials were evaluated in Michigan in 2007. All yield trials at Saginaw were direct harvested, except vine cranberry and bush tebo tests. The large-seeded kidney, cranberry and white mold trials at Montcalm were rod-pulled. Despite a favorable planting season, the lack of precipitation in June following planting severely reduced plant growth in Saginaw but there was excellent recovery in the longer season small-seeded classes such as navy and black beans due to more favorable rainfall amounts in late July and August. Yields averaged 25 cwt/acre and the best lines exceeded 30 cwt/acre, but yields were overall lower in the earlier season pinto, great northern, red and pink beans. No major disease problems were encountered in 2007 but higher temperatures limited the spread of white mold despite access to irrigation at Montcalm. Overall trails at Montcalm were excellent in 2007 and yields were high, exceeding 33 cwt/acre in cranberry and kidney tests and 42 cwt/acre in the white mold test, where the overall mean yield exceeded 32 cwt/acre. Two studies were completed to assess the potential of marker-assisted selection (MAS) based on previously reported RAPD and AFLP markers linked to QTL for resistance to white mold on linkage groups B2 and B7 in the cultivar Bunsi. Based on two years of field evaluation under white mold pressure, the Bunsi/Midland recombinant inbred lines (RILs) included in the MAS-selected group developed significantly less disease than the control group. The two groups of RILs were significantly different for disease severity index (DSI=33.9 vs. 41.4%; P =0.034). There was no significant interaction between groups or between groups and years, indicating the consistency and potential of the resistance QTL used in this study. Interestingly growth habit had no significant effect on DSI. Similar results were observed in a second RIL population from the cross of Bunsi/Raven. DSI scores in the group selected based on markers alone were significantly lower than values in the control group over two years of comparison (33.2 vs. 40.4%**). When yield was included in the selection process, DSI scores were lower in this group compared to group selected based on marker alone (27.7 vs. 33.2%*). A similar trend was observed in the third year of the study when a smaller set of 10 RILs were compared to the control group (DSI=26.3 vs. 60.4%**). Since selection based only on disease severity or incidence can result in lines with limited potential in breeding due to combinations of undesirable agronomic traits, the inclusion of agronomic traits in the selection process is important in a plant breeding program and should be the most effective way to enhance resistance to white mold in superior agronomic lines. Despite the positive results of MAS alone, gains in breeding for white mold resistance can best be achieved by also including selection for high yield under white mold pressure. Progress Report Molly Welsh (WA) From January 2007 through October 2007 the Phaseolus germplasm maintenance program continued with the regular seed increase program. In August of 2006 the virus testing position was eliminated from the project due to budget constraints. The curator began testing some accessions in November 2006 and continued until April when a part-time position was funded from the projects budget. As long as there is money in the projects budget, testing will be done on a part-time basis with emphasis placed on most important or most requested accessions. There are 14,684 accessions in the Phaseolus collection as of October 23, 2007. 11,602 accessions are backed up at the NCPRG in Fort Collins, CO. Three new accessions were added to the collection and passport data on this material has been entered into GRIN. Distribution of Phaseolus germplasm from 1-1-2007 up to 10/23/2007 was 1638 accessions from eleven specie or variety groups. The distribution of germplasm from the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station was 21% within the western region of the U.S., 67% outside the western region of the U.S., and 12% to non-U.S. sites. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. Progress Report Brick and Schwartz (CO) Commercial dry bean production in Colorado was estimated at 50,000 acres in 2007, the lowest since the 1930s. There continues to be a need to provide producers and processors with updated information on cultivars and pest control to maximize economic return and reduce pesticide use. Data collected from the Midwest Performance Nursery, Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, and the Western Regional Bean Trial in 2007 were distributed to producers to provide information about yield potential and adaptation of new cultivar releases. Breeding efforts have identified one pinto bean line (CO23704) that will be released as Foundation seed in 2007. Previously released pinto cultivars contribute to increased production and reduced use of pesticides (to control rust) in the High Plains region. The dry edible bean research and development program at Colorado State University also serves the High Plains and Intermountain Western US. Production in this region is primarily limited by pathogens and yield potential of cultivars. White mold disease reduces yield annually from 10 to 30%. Research efforts have identified five quantitative trait loci (QTL) that accounted for 48% of the variation for resistance to white mold disease in common bean. Lines have been identified with high levels of resistance and have been increased for additional testing to develop white mold resistant pinto bean varieties. We completed development of a breeding population that combines genes for resistance to white mold found in scarlet runner and common bean. Cultural practice studies that influence yield determined that when plant population was increased 50 %, yield increased for varieties that had upright growth habit such as Matterhorn and Vision. A companion experiment with S.P. Singh in Idaho showed that fungicide protection improved yield by more than 50 percent for the susceptible vine type Montrose. The economic benefit to these findings should enhance the net return for production of dry beans up to 2 to 5 % and reduce the impact of white mold on the quality of commercial beans. Colorado State University coordinated the IPM Legume PIPE western network of sentinel plots throughout the western U.S. (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming), Mexico (Sonora) and Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan) to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust (SBR), the soybean aphid (SBA), legume viruses (e.g., Bean common mosaic, Alfalfa mosaic, Beet curly top), white mold and common bacterial blight. Legume crops included common bean, chickpea, lentil, soybean and field pea. The State/Provincial Coordinator: (1) confirmed involvement of local cooperators and provided diagnostic training; (2) established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on pest and disease monitoring in Sentinel Plots and/or commercial legume fields during the season; and (3) established linkage with the USDA/CSREES PIPE Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public at http://sbrusa.net/. During 2007, the western network of more than 35 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored more than 60 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in 9 U.S. states, 1 Mexican state, and 3 Canadian provinces from May to September for priority pests and diseases. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust or soybean aphid detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in Colorado and the western region during 2007. However, other pests such as white mold, the bacterial blight complex, and various viruses were widely scattered and caused light to severe damage in selected sites. Plans are underway to expand pest and disease monitoring on legume crops such as common bean during 2008 with the expanded network of collaborators; and Colorado will continue to provide leadership and coordination for the western region. This contributed valuable information to the national program involved with monitoring the outbreak and movement of soybean rust which has now been reported from neighboring states including eastern Nebraska and Kansas. Timely reporting in the west also allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease and insect pest status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide or insecticide which provided economic benefits to growers and reduced chemical exposure to the environment and food supply. Bacterial wilt of dry bean was monitored during 2007 with a statewide survey sponsored in part by the Colorado Department of Agriculture. The disease was only found in a few fields of yellow beans in the Front Range and Arkansas Valley production regions; but not in eastern or western Colorado. Future collaborative work with plant breeding will focus on evaluating cultivars and germplasm for effective sources of genetic resistance. Research on the health benefits of beans confirmed that beans in the diets of laboratory animals had a significant effect on reducing the incidence of mammary cancer. Dosage levels of dry beans in the diet of laboratory animals suggest a linear response for protection against mammary cancer. This information should enhance the consumption of dry beans and thereby reduce the incidence of chronic disease. Progress Report Porch (PR) The conversion program is introgressing traits from tropical germplasm, including root rot resistance, root system traits, drought tolerance, and seed traits, into several US market classes. Most traits are currently in the BC2 generation. Higher levels of common bacterial blight resistance have been introduced into USPT-CBB-5, USRK-CBB-15, and USCR-CBB-19 through introgression of resistance from VAX 6. These lines are currently in the BC3 or BC4 generations and one additional backcross will be completed. Promising breeding lines for heat tolerance were evaluated under high night temperatures in the greenhouse (NY) and under high daytime temperatures (Juana Diaz, PR) and found to possess tolerance to both conditions in several trials. Several kidneys with heat tolerance are being considered for release as well as several black beans with both CBB resistance and heat tolerance. The second cycle of recurrent selection for root rot resistance has been initiated, with the first cycle yielding breeding lines with tolerance to root rot and resistance to CBB. Evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, and physiological factors associated with drought tolerance have been analyzed in Puerto Rico, establishing a foundation for breeding and selection for drought tolerance, and providing information for irrigation scheduling. A shuttle breeding program for drought tolerance has been initiated (NE, ARS) for the incorporation of tolerance from tropical sources. Preliminary studies on transformation using pollen electroporation (P. vulgaris) and Agrobacterium (P. acutifolius) transformation have been completed (UPRM, ARS). While transformation was not successful using electroporation, putatively transformed tepary callus has been generated using Agrobacterium. Progress Report Beaver (PR) The white bean Verano will be released cooperatively by the University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station and the Tropical Agricultural Research Station / United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Verano has tolerance to high temperature and resistance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and common bacterial blight [caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye]. The release and adoption of this high temperature tolerant cultivar should improve yield and seed quality of green-shelled beans produced in Puerto Rico. The University of Puerto Rico also participated in the release of the small red germplasm TARS-SR05 which has resistance to common bacterial blight and soil pathogens in a high-yielding background. White-seeded and pinto lines were selected that combine resistance to BGYMV, bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV) and rust. Light red kidney bean lines with enhanced seed yield potential and resistance to BCMV have been developed. Research was initiated to study the inheritance of resistance to common bacterial blight. Preliminary results indicate that modified-atmosphere packaging can be used to extend the shelf life of green-shelled beans. During the past year, 4,403 bean breeding lines from Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, North Dakota State University and the USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in a winter nursery. Progress Report An Hang (WA) In 2007, there were 26 lines including 4 checks tested. They are from black, navy, great northern, pink, pinto, like red kidney, dark red kidney and cranberry market classes from public (Michigan State University, University of Idaho, Cornell and ARS-Prosser) and private bean seed producers (from ADM, ISB and Basin Seed). Treated seed were sent to cooperators at Davis, California, Ft. Collins, Colorado, Geneva, NY, Parma, Idaho, Saginaw, MI, Sidney, MT, Scottsbluff, NB, Fargo, ND, Ontario, Canada, Powell and Torrington, Wyoming. Untreated seed were sent to Maryland for rust testing. Data have not been received from all cooperators. Final report will be done as soon as I receive data from all cooperators. Progress Report Miklas (WA) For CBB: Elucidated that independent QTL on linkage groups B6 (BC420) and B8 (SU91) segregating in a near-isogenic background expressed recessive epistasis or a 9:3:4 ratio whereby: both QTL together expressed the highest level of resistance to common bacterial blight; SU91 by itself contributed intermediate resistance; and BC420 did not express resistance in the absence of SU91. The individual QTL had dominant inheritance. For white mold: Marker assisted selection for two QTL on linkage groups B7 (Phs) and B8 (SS18, AW9, C5) was effective in transferring partial resistance to white mold into pinto and great northern bean. For BCTV: A new QTL for partial resistance to curly top virus was identified on linkage group B6. The QTL has stable expression across environments, and derives from G122, an Andean landrace from India. This is a first report of resistance to BCTV derived from the Andean gene pool. For HBB: Inheritance studies show that the gene conditioning resistance to Psp Race 5 derived from UI-3 has recessive inheritance (pse-4) not dominant inheritance as previously thought. Progress Report Singh (ID) Two new high yielding and light colored slow darkening pinto cultivars, namely Kimberly and Shoshone and two high quality great northern cultivars, namely Hungerford and Sawtooth were released by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Stations for production in Idaho and other western states. In addition to high seed yield and excellent seed quality, these cultivars possess resistance to BCMV and rust. The four cultivars were evaluated in replicated trials in Idaho (IDBT, Idaho Dry Bean Trial) and in the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) and the North American Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) nationwide and in Canada. Also, from early generation segregating populations and families approximately 350 new set of breeding lines were developed. These are being screened for BCMV, common bacterial blight, and white mold in the greenhouses at Kimberly R & E Center. Seed of selected breeding lines will be increased for further evaluations in 2008 onwards. Approximately 200 F2:3 families from pinto Othello/VAX 1 and Othello/VAX 3 populations were grown in non-stressed production system at Kimberly. The CDBN and WRBT, each with approximately 30 dry bean cultivars and breeding lines, were evaluated in replicated trials at Kimberly for early vigor, growth habit, days to maturity, seed yield, 100 seed weighed, post harvest darkening, and response to drought stress. Data were analyzed and a summary of results distributed to participating researchers. Progress Report Gilbertson (CA) Eight resistance sources have been previously identified to nine races of Psuedomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp). Psp race 6, a prevalent race in Africa and the United States, is pathogenic on all host differentials and no source of resistance has been identified. In a host germplasm screen, we have identified a potential source of resistance to Psp race 6 in the US14 pinto bean variety. Subsequent tests revealed that US14 carries a high level of resistance to Psp race 6. To be able to introgress this resistance into other market classes of common bean it is necessary to understand the genetics of this new resistance. US14 was crossed with 92BG-7 and backcrosses were subsequently made to each parent. The two BC1F1, F1, F2 and F3 were all compared in a randomized complete block design. It was determined that the new source of resistance in US14 is controlled by two independent recessive genes. This information should help allow the introgression of this resistance into other market classes and for understanding this complex host/pathogen system. US14 is currently being increased for a germplasm release in 2008. Progress Report Weeden (MT) The area of all dry beans planted in 2007 (18,000 acres) was slightly lower than that of 2006 (19,500 acres), and 17,000 acres were harvested. Yield per acre was higher than in 2006, resulting in nearly identical total yield figures for each year. These figures include acreage and yield on Garbanzo beans, which represent about 1/8th of the total acreage. Unfortunately, at current time data on dry common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) only are not available. There was a significant increase in plantings of large seeded garbanzo beans, indicating that the actual area planted in common beans dropped slightly more than is indicated in the above figures. No major problems with regard to pests or diseases were encountered this year. Matthew Moffet completed his comparison of gene order on the common bean and pea linkage maps this spring. His results suggested that for genetic distances of greater than 10 cM relatively little conservation of gene order can be observed between the two genomes. An additional bean/pea comparison examining the genes involved in the domestication of each species revealed that different sets of genes for indehiscent pod, plant habit and seed dormancy were selected during the domestication of the two crops. Progress Report Griffiths (NY) White mold resistant breeding lines are being developed for 3 market classes (snap beans, kidney beans and black turtle soup beans) of common bean by Griffiths and Halseth, two of which were incorporated in the W-1150 national white mold trials in 2007 (Cornell 604 (black bean), Cornell 605 (light red kidney)). Heat tolerant germplasm has also been evaluated and tested with commercial heat tolerant materials with releases of two snap bean lines following collaborative trials with Dr Tim Porch in 2004-2007. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance has been transferred from scarlet runner bean following interspecific hybridization with 5-593, and the resistance with is controlled by multiple genes is being evaluated and selected in a snap bean background. Additional populations have been developed for transfer of clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) resistance and bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) resistance into snap bean. Light Red Kidney (LRK) beans and black beans (BB) are the predominant classes of dry beans grown in New York State, with the majority processed into canned products. The NYS growing environment is stressful, with highly variable rainfall and temperatures, plus has a relatively short growing season at 90 to 110 days. Large seed size has become a processing requirement for LRK and good seed appearance is still needed for the dry-pack trade. During the winter of 2003-2007 greenhouse multiplication was completed with generations of LRK material from crosses of RedKanner, Cornell line 10132 and CELRK with a late maturity, upright, highly productive light red kidney selection which has a plant with 9 nodes, large pods and large seed size. Seed was also multiplied for crosses with the earliest flowering selections from this population with other lines that we have identified as excellent yielding and canners. Disease-free seed for summer 2007 was produced for plantings in farmer fields and at the Cornell University Freeville research farm. The Extension dry bean program evaluated breeding lines, new varieties and standard varieties. In NY (Ithaca-Freeville) the annual nursery trial was conducted included 2 light red kidney lines (V773-V98, 1062-V98) developed by Don Wallace for inclusion in these national trials. In NY (Ithaca and grower fields) conducted processing (canning) quality evaluation of 140 breeding lines and new varieties against industry standards in light red kidney, dark red kidney, white kidney and black turtle soup classes which were grown in 1 to as many as 8 different sites located in central and western NY State. (2 replicated trials [1 at Freeville research farm and a second on a grower farm] and 6 grower strip trials.) Included in the 140 lines above were 2 LRK lines in replicated trials at Freeville in 2007 which were selected from 50 lines developed by Griffiths in 2004-2006. Progress Report Myers (OR) The green bean breeding program continued in 2007 with emphasis on breeding for improved architecture and white mold resistant bush blue lake green bean varieties. A map based on the Phaseolus coccineus cross Wolven Pole/PI255956 F2 was created using RAPD, AFLP, and SSR markers. A total of 215 markers were placed in thirteen linkage groups and spanned a total distance of 797 cM. The two QTL relating to a five week white mold screening explained a total of 89.6% of the phenotypic variation for this trait. A second population of 115 lines from the cross OR 91G/PI255956 BC2F4 was genotyped using AFLPs and SSR markers. Seventy seven SSR and 59 AFLP markers were scoreable in this population. The linkage map constructed consisted of 11 linkage groups that correspond to 9 of the 11 core map linkage groups based on known SSR marker locations, and a single LG with no anchoring loci. One QTL conditioning 6% of the variance for field resistance was identified by composite interval mapping on linkage group 09. While the homozygous recurrent parental marker class was represented at the expected rate over most loci, the heterozygotic marker class tended to be overrepresented and the homozygous donor parental marker class tended to be underrepresented. We failed to find polymorphic markers for linkage groups B01, B04 and B05. Eight backcross-inbred interspecific lines with snap bean characteristics (811/43-4, 826/48-3, 828/48-5, 853/6-9, 861/13-14, 891/15-2, 903/20-2, and 904/20-3) have shown white mold resistance similar to G122, NY6020, and Ex Rico over two field seasons. We also grew the National White Mold Nursery and experienced a high level of infection in the trial this year. Progress Report Nienhuis (WI) White mold  Mr. Yong Suk Chung completed his M.S. thesis highlighted the importance of field selection for architectural resistance in snap beans rather than greenhouse based evaluations based on the straw test or reaction to oxalic acid. Root rot  We have indentified QTL loci associated with resistance to the pathogens associated with root rot in snap bean. The complete information is available from a series of papers that are submitted to Crop Science by Mr. Felix Navarro. Virus complex. The virus complex that is impacting snap bean production in the upper Midwest is transmitted by the Soybean Aphid. The incidence of the virus was high in late planted (July) in Wisconsin. We have not identified a germplasm accession that is immune, but we have identified a germplasm accession that is near symptomless in the presence of the virus. Pop beans  Mr. Jesse Vorwald completed his M.S. thesis on the optimal environmental factors affecting popping and the genetic variance for popping in nuña beans. Arizona-J.K. Brown. Few if any studies have been undertaken to determine if existing bean germplasm or improved lines are resistant to this genetically variable virus genus. In this project, we are addressing this lack of information by screening selected bean lines against a panel of candidate bean-infecting begomoviruses that represent different regions in the Americas, and the range of phylogenetic groups within the genus: Begomovirus. A broader knowledge base that addresses geminiviruses of prior importance, together with new and emerging geminiviruses and resistance to those viruses in extant breeding lines and accessions will allow us to learn if these lines or accessions possess cross-resistance to species within the Begomovirus and Curtovirus genera, the two major groups in the family Geminiviridae that undermine bean production in the U.S. and tropical Americas. Candidate cultivars of selected Phaselous vulgaris L. in a core collection (Americas) were screened for geminivirus cross-resistance by inoculating seedlings with candidate viruses from phylogenetically divergent genera Begomovirus and Curtovirus (family Geminiviridae): Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (Puerto Rico) Bean calico mosaic virus, Squash leaf curl virus, Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV), and Beet curly top virus (BCTV)-Worland. Field trials under natural virus pressure with BCTV showed that Hystyle, Cardinal, G122, Othello, Zacatecano, Porrillo Sintetico, Moncayo, and Royal Red were highly resistant. Nine of 15 lines experimentally inoculated with BGYMV, BCaMV, CLCrV, and SLCV exhibited a resistance response. Of those Cardinal, Moncayo, Othello, Royal Red, DOR, T39 and UI-114 also were resistant to BCTV, indicating some degree of cross-resistance exists between viral genera and species (collaboration with R. Larsen, USDA-ARS, Prosser WA).

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