Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Ron Pardini led a discussion of procedures for renewal of the W-181 project that is scheduled to terminate in September of 2004. He emphasized the inclusion of strong statements on impact and extension activities. T. Jenkins was elected to provide leadership to the renewal application. Gary Cromwell, USDA-CSREES representative and professor of animal science at the University of Kentucky, introduced himself and provided information on the development of the USDA budget and structure of CSREES within the USDA. Chris Reynolds of Ohio State University was approved as a new member of the Committee. Don Beitz agreed to organize a social event at the 2004 ADSA/ASAS/PSA meeting in St. Louis to honor H. Tyrrell for his many years of service to W-181 and other USDA regional committees. Cindie Luhman reviewed the development of the Longview Animal Nutrition Center in the St. Louis area of which Cindie is director. The Committee voted to have the 2005 meeting in Reno again and selected January 8 and 9 as the dates. Other sites may be considered in the future. Sharon Franklin will serve as chair and Vivek Fellner as secretary for the 2005 meeting. At the request of the Committee, Ron Pardini gave an update on his research activities on prevention of cancer development by omega-three fatty acids. The Committee thanked him for again graciously hosting the meeting in Nevada. Ed DePeters agreed to investigate the possibility of developing a symposium at a future meeting of ADSA to honor Don Palmquist.

Station Reports Don Beitz (Iowa State University): Objective 2 On farm demonstrations were conducted with organic farms (50  100 cow operations) to assess the CLA concentrations in milk from pastured and conventionally fed dairy cattle. Collected feed and milk samples from farms to analyze CLA. Fatty acid composition of milk and feed was analyzed and milk production and feed intake were determined. Information was presented regarding linoleic and linolenic acid concentrations of feed for Iowa and Wisconsin farmers. Atherogenic indexes and n3/n6 fatty acid ratios in milk were compared. Pasture feeding increased CLA content in milk at least 2 fold. Producer who fed oat pasture had the highest CLA and TVA but also were feeding Dutch Belted cattle. Tilak Dhiman indicated that milk from Dutch Belted cattle have higher CLA concentrations compared with milk from Holsteins. Vivek Fellner (North Carolina State University): Objective 2 Comparative assessment of dietary calcium salts of fatty acids on milk production and fatty acid composition of the milk was conducted. Different commercially available calcium salts of fatty acids were tested. Other studies involved the effect on fermentation of calcium propionate (long-chain and VFA profiles) in mixed ruminal cultures. Bev Teter (University of Maryland): Objective 1 Results on the effects of dietary calcium salts of CLA and other trans fatty acids (e.g., trans-18:1) on fatty acid composition of milk fat was evaluated. Tom Jenkins (Clemson University): Objective 1 Results of ruminal biohydrogenation of amides and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids in the rumen of Holstein cows were presented. Omasal flow of C18 fatty acids was quantified. Biohydrogenation of DHA and EPA by cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms were reported. James Drackley (University of Illinois): Objectives 1 and 2 Previous research on postruminal effects of different profiles of long-chain fatty acids was reviewed. Recent research was to determine effects of amount of abomasally infused fatty acids on esterification (TG vs FFA) and saturation of various components of milk fat. Severe diarrhea begins to occur at about 450 g/d of infused FFA. Diarrhea occurred with linoleic acid but not oleic acid. Total tract fatty acid digestibility was decreased by FFA. David Schingoethe (South Dakota State University): Objective 2 Long-term production of CLA by feeding 0.5% fish meal and 2% soybean oil was evaluated. CLA and TVA of milk peaked after 3 to 4 weeks but plateaued after that. A second study investigated feeding linoleic acid from linseed oil. Dave also presented a potential letter to the Editor of the Journal of Dairy Science regarding terminology for C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 and C18:1 trans-11. It was suggested that the terms rumenic acid and vaccenic acid, respectively, should be used or that n-7 fatty acids should be used to describe the group of fatty acids. This terminology would differentiate specific CLA from ruminants and prevent negative connotations associated with use of trans fatty acids. The committee suggested sending the letter to editors of Lipids and Journal of Nutrition as well. Tilak Dhiman (Utah State University): Objective 2 Three experiments were conducted to determine when fatty acids reach peak under pasture feeding conditions. Pasture was fed for approximately 30 d without a transition period from TMR to pasture. Three wk of pasture feeding were required to maximize CLA and TVA. The concentrations of CLA and TVA decreased to baseline levels when cows returned to TMR diets. Production dropped to almost half. For the second experiment, cows were transitioned during the first wk on pasture. The cows still experienced large decrease in milk yield. CLA was maximized at 27 days and reached approximately 2% of fatty acids. For experiment 3, rumen protected CLA was fed prior to and following parturition. Concentrations of serum BHBA and NEFA increased when cows were fed CLA. Sharon Franklin (University of Kentucky): Objective 2 The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of long-term feeding of menhaden fish oil on milk production and composition, body weight and condition, and feed intake. Preliminary data were presented for feed intake during the dry period and production parameters during lactation. Ed DePeters (University of California-Davis): Objective 2 Data were presented from a study that evaluated the effects of method of lipid supplementation and physical form of the forage on the fatty acid composition of milk fat. Another study is in progress that evaluates the effects of feeding calcium salts differing in fatty acid composition on lactation and reproductive performance of high producing Holstein cows. Mark McGuire (University of Idaho): Objective 2 Research was presented regarding the possible interaction of body composition and CLA on milk fat synthesis in rats. Previous research had not demonstrated milk fat depression in rats as in lactating women. In women, milk fat depression seems related to body composition. Women with low body fat had milk fat depression and women with higher body fat did not experience milk fat depression. Therefore, lean and normal (obese) rats were fed 10,12 CLA, and milk composition and litter growth were evaluated. Data were presented regarding milk fat percentage. Accomplishments Objective 1. To identify and characterize important regulatory steps in fatty acid synthesis and desaturation and their positional distribution on glycerol in milk fat. 1. Mixtures of saturated free fatty acids and highly digestible when they can associate with digesta particles (IL). 2. Unsaturated fatty acids given at 500 g/d to cows postruminally were absorbed poorly and resulted in diarrhea and off-fed conditions (IL). 3. Endogenous synthesis via D9-desaturase is the major source of milk fat cis-9, trans-11 and trans-7, cis-9 CLA (NY). 4. Variation among cows in milk fat content of CLA and CLA-desaturase index is 3-fold (NY). 5. Effect of breed, stage of lactation and parity on milk fat CLA content and CLA desaturase index are minimal (NY). 6. Mechanism where milk fat synthesis is reduced with diet-induced MFD or with trans-10, cis-12 CLA treatment involves a coordinated reduction in expression of genes for key enzymes (NY). 7. Mechanism for milk fat depression at the cellular level appears to involve the SREBP family of transcription factors (NY). 8. Vaccenic acid is anticarcinogenic in a biomedical model of breast cancer (NY). 9. Reduction in milk fat content and milk fat yield from feeding rumen-protected CLA (Ca-salts) is maintained (NY). 10. Developed method of analyzing the geometry of mixed double bonds in CLA isomers was developed (NY). 11. Established that trans-8, cis-10 and cis-11, trans-13 CLA have no effect on milk fat (NY). Objective 2. To quantify modification of milk fat composition by manipulating the diet of the cow. 1. Differences in linoleic acid and linolenic acid concentrations were observed between feeds. More than 50% of the fatty acids in grass-legume pastures is linolenic acid but the percentage is lower in predominantly legume pastures. More than 50% of the fatty acids in corn silage, cereal grains and corn-based concentrates, and raw and processed soybeans is linoleic acid (IA). 2. The average initial (before pasture) milk CLA concentration of northeast Iowa farms was 0.35 g/100g and that of the southwest Wisconsin farms was 0.27 g/100 g of the total fatty acids. Among the northeast Iowa farms, Farm A had the highest CLA concentrations, 1.00 g/100 g and 1.29 g/100 g of the total fatty acids in May and June, respectively. Among the southwest Wisconsin farms, Farm H, F, and G had the highest CLA concentrations. Intensive grazing of grass-legume pasture and less feeding of concentrates resulted in increased concentration of CLA (IA). 3. Atherogenic indices ranged from 2.12 to 3.27 among northeast Iowa farms and from 3.00 to 3.78 among southwest Wisconsin farms (lower value is considered to be healthier) (IA). 4. Omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid ratios of milk ranged from 0.24 to 0.69 among northeast Iowa farms and from 0.40 to 0.53 among southwest Wisconsin farms (IA). 5. Farms (Farms B, C, and D) that have consistently fed soybeans produced milk with higher linoleic acid concentration, a desirable component for making butter (IA). 6. Preliminary data analysis (using GeneSpring) demonstrated clear increases over time in the expression (fold-change expressed as tissue/universal control) of genes with known or unknown functions associated with metabolism that accompanies copious milk synthesis. Large fold-changes in mRNA expression were detected between -14 and +14 d for stearoyl-CoA desaturase, xanthine dehydrogenase, fatty acid binding proteins-3 and -5, fatty acyl-CoA ligase-2, transport proteins (ABCG2, ABCA1, TAP1), GLUT1, IGFBP3, Lipin-1, SPP1, kinases (Janus, pyruvate dehydrogenase-4, myosin light-chain), PPAR-g, aminoacyl tRNA synthases, leucine aminopeptidase, and b-1, 4 galactosyl transferase. Expression of immunoglobulin lambda and kappa also were markedly upregualted by d 14 postpartum. Results demonstrate the power of microarrays to study patterns of gene expression in the bovine mammary gland (IL). 7. Converting fatty acids in soybean oil to calcium salts or amides did not alter biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen (SC). 8. Both the prilled and VF100® fat sources depressed dry matter intake when included in diets with total fat content of 8%. A depression of intake was not observed for the VF200® fat source. Lower intakes resulted in reduced milk yields for both the prilled and VF100®. In contrast, VF200® resulted in the highest milk production. The VF100® and VF200® fat supplements remained relatively inert in the rumen, resulting in an increased passage of the unsaturated linoleic acid into milk. The VF100® resulted in a higher trans-fatty acid production that lowered milk fat percentage. VF200® is relatively inert in the rumen and can be included in diets already high in fat content. The VF200® fat supplement supported high milk yields and improved milk fatty acid composition, which is consistent with enhanced health benefits (NC). 9. Adding calcium propionate to mixed cultures of rumen microorganisms increased CLA production (NC). 10. Yields of 9, 11-CLA and TVA in milk fat are increased by feeding a blend of fishmeal and extruded soybeans (SD). 11. Maximal CLA concentration was achieved by giving cows at least 23 days of pasture with no supplemental grain (UT). 12. Milk from cows grazing on pasture had double the alpha-tocopherol content than that from cows fed conserved forages and grains (UT). 13. Supplementing CLA to cows had no effect on feed DM intake during pre-calving, but there was a tendency for lower feed intake post calving (1-10 wk). Cows supplemented with CLA had lower fat content in milk and produced less energy corrected milk compared with cows in control diet. Supplementing CLA had no effect on CLA content of milk. Cows supplemented with CLA had higher levels of BHBA and NEFA in blood serum compared with cows receiving no CLA, suggesting body fat mobilization during early lactation (UT). 14. A rumen protection delivery system was developed and has been submitted for patent approval. Initially the complex was used to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation. The complex was successful in increasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of milk fat when fed as part of the total mixed ration (CA). 15. Feeding calcium salts of either trans C-18:1 and of CLA increased 9, 11-CLA in milk fat; 7,9-CLA was increased only by Ca-tFA treatment; 10,12-CLA was increased by Ca-CLA treatment (MD). 16. Decreased milk fat percentage was caused by trans monoenoic fatty acids (MD). 17. Dietary restriction attenuates the milk fat depressing effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in rats (ID). 18. Dietary CLA causes milk fat depression, but a greater dose is required in early than in later lactation (AZ). Objective 3. To characterize the effects of modified milk fats on physical, chemical, manufacturing, and sensory properties of dairy products. None were reported this year.

Full Papers: Bobe, G., E.G. Hammond, A.E. Freeman, G.L. Lindberg, and D.C. Beitz. 2003. Texture of butter from cows with different fatty acid compositions. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3122-3127. Ruppert, L.D., J.K. Drackley, D.R. Bremmer, and J.H. Clark. 2003. Effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa silage on digestion and nutrient use by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:593-609. Drackley, J.K., T.M. Cicela, and D.W. LaCount. 2003. Responses of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows to additional energy from fat or concentrate during summer. J. Dairy Sci. 86:1306-1314. AbuGhazaleh, A.A., D.J. Schingoethe, L.A. Whitlock, A.R. Hippen, and K.F. Kalscheur. 2003. Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 86:944-953. Whitlock, L.A., D.J. Schingoethe, A.R. Hippen, K.F. Kalscheur, and A.A. AbuGhazaleh. 2003. Milk production and composition from cows fed high oil or conventional corn at two forage concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2428-2437. AbuGhazaleh, A.A., D.J. Schingoethe, A.R. Hippen, and K.F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in rumen, plasma, and milk of cows fed fish oil and fats differing in saturation of 18 carbon fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3648-3660. Dhiman, T.R., H.R. Bingham, and H.D. Radloff. 2003. Production response of lactating cows fed dried versus wet brewers grain in diets with similar dry matter content. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2914-2921. Viswanadha, S., J.G. Giesy, T.W. Hanson, and M.A. McGuire. 2003. Response of milk fat to intravenous administration of the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3229-3236. Shahin, A.M., M.K. McGuire, M.A. McGuire, K.L. Ritzenthaler, and T.D. Schultz. 2003. Determination of c9,t11-CLA in major human plasma lipid classes using a combination of methylating methodologies. Lipids 38:793-800. Palmquist, D.L., and T.C. Jenkins. 2003. Challenges with fats and fatty acid methods. J. Anim. Sci. 81:3250-3254. Mandebvu, P., C.S. Ballard, C.J. Sniffen, M.P. Carter, H.M. Wolford, T. Sato, Y. Yabuuchi, E. Block, and D.L. Palmquist. 2003. Effect of feeding calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids, from palm fatty acid distillate or soybean oil, to high producing dairy cows on milk yield and composition, and on selected blood and reproductive parameters. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 108:25-41. Bauman, D.E., and J.M. Griinari. 2003. Nutritional Regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 23:203-227. Bauman, D.E., B.A. Corl, and D.G. Peterson. 2003. The biology of conjugated linoleic acids in ruminants. In: Advances in Conugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. II, Chapter 10, 146-173. (Eds. J.L. Sebedio, W.W. Christie, R.O. Adlof) AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. Griinari, J.M. and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Update on theories of diet-induced milk fat depression and potential applications. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. 2003. pp. 115-156. (Eds. P.C. Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. Bauman, D.E. and A.L. Lock. Conjugated linoleic acid. Enc. Of Anim. Sci. (in press). Mackle, T.R., J.K. Kay, M.J. Auldist, A.K.H. MacGibbon, B.A. Philpott, L.H. Baumgard, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:644-652. Gomez, F.E., D.E. Bauman, J.M. Ntambi, and B.G. Fox. 2003. Effects of sterculic acid on stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. BBRC 300:316-326. Kelsey, J.A., B.a. Corl, R.J. Collier, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. The effect of breed, parity, and stage of lactation on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2588-2597. Corl, B.A., D.M. Barbano, D.E. Bauman, and C. Ip. 2003. cis-9, trans-11 CLA derived endogenously from trans-11 18:1 reduced cancer risk in rats. J. Nutr. 133:2893-2900. Overton, T.R., and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Troubleshooting low fat test using conjugated linoleic acid, Proc. Four-State Applied Nutrition and Management Conf., LaCrosse, WI, pp. 89-92. Bernal-Santos, G., J.W. Perfield II, D.E. Bauman, and T.R. Overton. 2003. Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during the transition period and early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3218-3228. Peterson, D.G., E.A. Matitashvili, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Diet induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results in increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in milk fat and coordinate suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis. J. Nutr. 133:3098-3102. Michaud, A.L., M.P. Yurawecz, P. Delmonte, B.A. Corn, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Identification and characterization of conjugated fatty acid methyl esters of mixed double bond geometry by acetonitrile chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75:4925-4930. Lock, A.L., and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Dairy products and milk fatty acids as functional food components. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 159-173. Bauman, D.E. J.W. Perfield II, M.J. de Veth, and A.L. Lock. 2003. New perspectives on lipid digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 175-189. Kay, J.K., T.R. Mackle, M.J. Auldist, N.A. Thomson, and D.E. Bauman. Endogenous Synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 86: (in press). Palmquist, D.L., and T.C. Jenkins. 2003. Challenges with fats and fatty acid methods. J. Anim. Sci. 81:3250-3254. Jenkins, T.C., V. Fellner, and R.K. McGuffey. 2003. Monensin by fat interactions on trans fatty acids in cultures of mixed ruminal microbes grown in continuous fermenters fed corn or barley. J. Dairy Sci. 86:324-330. Chilliard, Y., A. Ferlay, J. Rouel, and G. Lamberet. 2003. A review of nutritional and physiological factors affecting goat milk lipid synthesis and lipolysis. Journal of Dairy Sci. 86:1751-1770. Leroux, C., F. Le Provost, E. Petit, L. Bernard, Y. Chilliard, and P. Martin. 2003. Real-time RT-PCR and cDNA macroarray to study the impact of the genetic polymorphism at the as1-casein locus on the expression of genes in the goat mammary gland during lactation. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 43, In Press. Loor, J., K. Ueda, A. Ferlay, Y. Chilliard, and M. Doreau. 2003b. Patterns of duodenal flows of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are altered by fiber level and linseed oil in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86, In press. Ueda, K., A. Ferlay, J. Charbrot, J.J. Loor, Y. Chilliard, and M. Doreau. 2003. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed diets with different forage: concentrate ratio. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3999-4007. Berdague, J.L., B. Martin, A. Cornu, N. Kondjoyan, A. Ferlay, I. Verdier-Metz, P. Pradel, E. Rock, Y. Chilliard, and J.B. Coulon. 2003. Tracabilite et alimentation des vaches laitieres. Page 33 in Actes 1er Congres Societe Francaise de Nutrition (17-19 Novembre 2003, Clermont-Ferrand, France). Bernard, L., C. Leroux, and Y. Chilliard. 2003. Regulation nutritionelle de lexpression des genes de la lipogenese mammaire chez les ruminants. Page 61 in Actes 1er Congres Societe Francaise de Nutrition (17-19 Novembre 2003, Clermont-Ferrand, France). Chilliard, Y., and A. Ferlay. 2003. Facteurs delevage et caracteristiques de la matiere grasse laitere bovine et caprine. In: Les Journees Filiere Lait, Adapter le lait a ses usages: les enjeaux et les nouveaux leviers, CEREL, Rennes, 2-3 Juillet 2003, p. 515-65. Durand, D., D. Gruffat, A. Ferlay, V. Scilowski, I. Ortigues-Marty, D. Micol, P. Noziere, M. Doreau, B. Martin, Y. Chilliard, and D. Bauchart. 2003. Nutrition lipidique et sensibilite a la peroxydation chez le ruminant. Page 63 in Actes 1er Congres Societe Francaise de Nutrition (17-19 Novembre 2003, Clermont-Ferrand, France). Rubino, R., and Y. Chilliard. 2003. Relationship between feeding system and goat milk and cheese quality. Page 341 in Book of Abstracts, 54th Annual Meeting of European Association for Animal Production, Rome, Italy, 31 Aug.  3 Sept. 2003. Y. van der Honing (Ed.), Wageningen Acad. Publ. (NL). Mackle, T.R., J.K. Kay, M.J. Auldist, A.K.H. MacGibbon, B. Philpott, L.H. Baumgard, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Effects of abomosal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:644-652. Abstracts and other reports: Bobe, G., S. Zimmerman, E.G. Hammond, A.E. Freeman, D.H. Kelley, J. Detrick, P.A. Porter, C.M. Luhman, and D.C. Beitz. 2003. Effect on supplemental dietary fish oil and soy oil on production and composition of milk and properties of butter from cows with low and high atherogenic index. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1)/J. Anim. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1):44. Bohan, M.M., S. Zhang, A. McCleary, R. Lamer, J. Verkade, E. Hammond, and D.C. Beitz. 2003. Metabolic responses of trans-9, trans-11, and a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in golden Syrian hamsters. FASEB J. 71:A807. Parrish, F.C. Jr., B.R. Wiegand, D.C. Beitz, D.U. Ahn, M. Du, and A.H. Trenkle. 2003. Use of dietary CLA to improve composition and quality of animal-derived foods. Adv. Conj. Linoleic Acid Res. 2:189-217. Sonon, R.N. Jr., D.C. Beitz, and A.H. Trenkle. 2004. Improving health benefits of beef and milk: A field study. Animal Science Reports, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA pp. __-__. Loor, J.J., J.K. Drackley, H.M. Dann, R.E. Everts, S.L. Rodriguez-Zas, and H.A. Lewin. 2003. Mammary gene expression analysis in peripartal dairy cows using a bovine cDNA microarray. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):297. (Abstr.) AbuGhazaleh, A.A., D.J. Schingoethe, A.R. Hippen, and K.F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk, plasma, and ruminal contents of cows fed fish oil and fat sources that differed in saturation of 18-carbon fatty acids. Proc. 25th National Sunflower Association Research Forum, Fargo, ND. AbuGhazaleh, A., D. Schingoethe, A. Hippen, and K. Kalscheur. 2003. Rumen, plasma, and milk conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profile. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3809 (Abstr.) AbuGhazaleh, D.J. Schingoethe, A.R. Hippen, and K.F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid content of milk from cows fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):218. (Abstr.) Porter, S.F., T.R. Dhiman, D.P. Cornforth, R.D. Wiedmeier, K.C. Olson, and B.R. Bowman. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid in tissues from beef cattle fed different lipid supplements. J. Anim. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1):110. Dhiman, T.R., M.S. Zaman, and N.D. Luchini. 2003. Response of pre-partum and early lactation dairy cows to dietary inclusion of ruminally inert conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):275. Khanal, R.C., T.R. Dhiman, and R.L. Boman. 2003. Influence of turning cows out to the pasture on fatty acid profile of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):356. Brownfield, J.J., E.J. DePeters, J.W. Pareas, and S.J. Taylor. 2003. Effects of method of lipid supplementation and physical form of the forage on milk yield and fatty acid composition of milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):222. Ballou, M.A., E.J. DePeters, H. Perez-Monti, S.J. Taylor, and J.W. Pareas. 2003. Effects of saturation ratio of supplemental dietary fat on production performance of lactating Holstein cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):271. McGuire, M.A., and J.M. Griinari. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and milk production. J. Anim. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1)/J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):145-146. Freeman, S.J., J.A. Bertrand, T.C. Jenkins, B.W. Pinkerton, and D.L. Palmquist. 2003. Effects of grazing fresh forages on milk fat CLA. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):216. Palmquist, D.L., and N. St-Pierre. 2003. Estimating endogenous synthesis of CLA from tissue fatty acid profiles. FASEB J. 17:A808. Palmquist, D.L., and P.W. Parodi. 2003. Cows milk components with anti-cancer potential. Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Sci. 218. Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., M.L. Eastridge, and D. Palmquist. 2003. Evaluation of the profile of fatty acids extracted from fresh alfalfa. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):285. Peterson, D.G., E.A. Matitashvii, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. The inhibitory effect of t10, c12 CLA on lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1. Exp. Biol. 2003:681.6. (Abstr.) Bauman, D.E., B.A. Corl, and D.,G. Peterson. 2003. The role of D9-desaturase and endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acids in ruminants. Abstracts of the 94th AOCS Annual Meeting, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL (Abstr. 3-4). Perfield II, J.W., A. Saebo, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Effects of trans-8, cis-10 CLA and cis-11, trans-13 CLA on milk fat synthesis. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):10. (Abstr.) Castaneda-Gutierrez, E., T.R. Overton, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Dose response to supplementation with calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid during the transition period and early lactation. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):146. (Abstr.) De Veth, M.J., J.W. McFadden, J.M. Griinari, S.K. Gulati, N.D. Luchini, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Comparison of the effect of different rumen protected forms of CLA on milk fat synthesis. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):146-147. (Abstr.) Baumgard, L.H., S.R. Sanders, C. Davis, B.A. Corl, J.W. Perfield II, D.E. Bauman, and G.C. Duff. 2003. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-C18:1 fatty acids (TFA) on energetic metabolites and subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acid composition. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):165. (Abstr.) Lock, A.L., D.E. Bauman, and P.C. Garnsworthy. 2003. Effects of milk yield and milk fat production on milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA and D9-desaturase enzyme activity. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):245. (Abstr.) Saebo, A., J.W. Perfield, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Abomasal infusion of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (C18:3) isomers had no effect on milk fat synthesis. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):245. (Abstr.) Moore, C.E., H.C. Hafliger III, O.B. Mendivil, D. Luchini, D.E. Bauman, and L.H. Baumgard. Feeding increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):245-246. (Abstr.) de Veth, M.J., J.M. Griinari, A.M. Pfeiffer, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Comparison of abomasal infusion of free fatty acid and methyl ester forms of conjugated linoleic acids on milk fat depression in dairy cows. ADSA/ASAS Joint Annual Meetings, Phoenix, AZ. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1):10. (Abstr.) Lock, A.L., P.C. Garnsworthy, B.A. Corl, and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Dietary manipulation of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant products. Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Sci. pp. 219-220. (Abstr.) Heravi Moussavi, A.R., T.R. Overton, D.E. Bauman, and W.R. Butler. 2003. Effects of feeding menhaden fish meal or Ca salts of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on milk production, blood metabolites and milk CLA in early postpartum dairy cows. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 83:648. (Abstr.) Jenkins, T.C., and A. 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Y. van der Honing (Ed.), Wageningen Acad. Publ. (NL.)