Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Minutes of Meeting, NC 170 Multi-State Project Minneapolis, Minnesota , August 6-7, 2007 NC 170: Mediating Exposure to Environmental Hazards through Textile Systems Listserv Address: NC170-LISTS@LISTS.UMN.EDU NC-170 Web Page: http://hosts.cce.cornell.edu/txnc170/ Administrative Adviser: Chair: Vice-Secretary: Dr. Marilyn DeLong Design, Housing and Apparel 240 McNeal Hall 1985 Buford Avenue University of Minnesota Saint Paul , MN 55108-6136 mdelong@che.umn.edu Phone: 612-625-1219 Fax: 612-624-2750 Dr. Karen LaBat Design, Housing and Apparel 240 McNeal Hall 1985 Buford Avenue University of Minnesota Saint Paul , MN 55108-6136 klabat@che.umn.edu Phone: 612-625-3628 Fax: 612-624-2750 Dr. Susan Ashdown (for Dr. Lynn Boorady) Fiber Science and Apparel Design 327 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850 spa4@cornell.edu Phone: 607-255-1929 Fax: 607-255-1093 Members in Attendance : Susan Ashdown (New York), Jessica Barker (Iowa), Huantian Cao (Oklahoma), Charlotte Coffman (New York), Marilyn DeLong (Minnesota, Administrative Advisor), Karen LaBat (Minnesota), Ning Pan (California), Margaret Rucker (California), Ajoy Sarkar (Colorado),and Anugrah Shaw (Maryland), Gang Sun (California). Agenda Monday, August 6th 9:00-10:30 Call to Order, Announcements, Approval of Agenda Introductions Comments from Dr. DeLong, Administrative Advisor Election of Officers: chair, vice chair, secretary Date and Place for 2008 Annual Meeting Web Site update, Dr. Shaw 10:30-10:50 Break 10:50-11:40 New proposal/project review, Dr. Ashdown Plan of work for new project 11:40-12:00 State reports Maryland 12:00-1:00 LunchMcNeal 22 1:00-2:20 State Reports California Colorado Missouri New York 2:20-2:40 Break 2:40-3:00 State Reports Oklahoma Minnesota 3:00-3:30 Funding discussion 3:30-4:15 Tour of Human Dimensioning Lab 4:30 Adjourn Tuesday, August 7th 9:00-10:15 Plan project work for next project by objectives 10:30  11:45 Meet with president (Steve Warner) and staff of Industrial Fabrics Association International 12:00 Adjourn August 6th meeting Karen LaBat called the meeting to order at 9:00; attendees introduced themselves. As Lynn Boorady (MO, secretary) was not able to attend the meeting this year Susan Ashdown volunteered to take minutes. In addition to members listed above Sherry Ghering from MN, Extension, also attended; she may be interested in participating in the next five year project. Three guests from MN also attended the meeting: Ellen McKinney, graduate student; Dong-Eun Kim, graduate student; Dr. Karen Ryan, research associate, Human Dimensioning Laboratory Shu Hwa Lin from the University of Hawaii, a prospective member for the next five year project was held up with air transportation problems. She joined the meeting later in the day. Dr. DeLong reviewed important information for the group. We will need a new representative from Washington as Gladys Vaughn has retired; this is on hold for now. Dr. DeLong expressed thanks for our work on the new proposal, and our rapid and effective response to the request for more information and to have all members officially signed up at a critical time in the process. She recommended that we review the funding process in our individual states, as Congress has eliminated earmarked funding. This will affect us unevenly; there may be more or less money available than there has been in the past for our individual institutions for this research. Minnesota has more funding this year. Karen LaBat has applied for some of the extra funding for a pesticide project from MN; Sherry Ghering would participate with this project if successful. We discussed the lack of a representative from USDA. We have had no communication with Joseph Wysocki (his area of expertise is housing). Mary Grey is in charge of this set of Universities, but does not know our area of research either. We discussed the possibility of getting a representative to attend our meetings every two years. Their travel funds are somewhat restricted but should allow some participation. Another possibility is setting up conference calls to us at our meeting. This connection with Washington, with access to relevant topics to our project, can also happen through e-mail. Dr. DeLong will keep working on this. Nominations for chair, vice chair (a new officer for the group adopted in the new proposal), and secretary were solicited. Charlotte Coffman was nominated and elected as chair, Gang Sun as vice chair, and Jessica Barker as secretary. The group approved the University of California, Davis as the location for the meeting next year. Dates for the meeting were set as August 4-5 2008, alternate dates are 7-8. Gang will check the venue at California and e-mail members with the final determination of the dates for the meeting. As initiated last year, the current chair is responsible for compiling and filing the annual report the year that they conduct the meeting, so Karen LaBat will file this years (five year) report, and Charlotte Coffman will file next years annual report. A discussion of recruiting efforts followed. Faculty from Philadelphia University were contacted by Minnesota recently. They said that they would come as guests, and report at our meetings if desired, but felt that participation in the research would be a conflict of interest. The final report for the five year project ending this year was discussed. This report is due in 60 days (in place of the annual report). Each member should write a summary of their work on the project. These summaries should be submitted to Karen LaBat by September 1st. NY offered to organize the references for this report from the 5 years of annual reports, so only the text for the report is needed from each station unless you have a publication that should be included that is not in any of the annual reports. The next order of business was an update of the plans for the website. This site will be migrated from NY to MD where there will be better resources for design and upkeep. Anugrah Shaw and her colleague Courtney Harned (cpharned@umes.edu) will organize and oversee the site. Information from old site has been moved to the new site to work on the design in anticipation of the transition. Members need to check the old site (note the different url - http://hosts.cce.cornell.edu/txnc170) to check for outdated images or information. A new design will be created with one top image, designed for all PPE users. Captioned pictures on the left will rotate; these pictures will show research at our different sites. New, better images for the members page are needed. Send hard copy or digital images to MD. Some current images are not a high enough quality. A 3 X 5 shoulder shot is recommended. Discussion of the target viewer of the site (researchers or users of PPE?) and the range of topics (pesticide applicators, first responders, firefighters, sun protection?) followed. We also discussed the relationship between this site and the database site to be developed with CA as the lead in the next five year project. The CA site, partially funded by NTC, will be focused on creating a database. Users of the site will be PPE users, manufacturers, interested groups, researchers, and funding agencies. Further funding to support the development of this site will be sought from NSF once a demonstration site is developed. CA is collecting information on medical protective clothing among other sub groups including wildland and structural firefighters. Different products are being targeted including reusable and disposable PPE. An IT designer is working on the site and the once the first few pages are designed and information is collected it will be tested on a web server. The eventual goal is to have the site managed by a 3rd party (this goal is essential to obtain NSF funding). The site must be actively maintained and open to the public for free. CA has found a company ready to maintain the site for free in return for sidebar space on the site to earn income for maintenance. Anugrah Shaw presented the advantages of working with a common design for the two sites, with a left side navigation area for individual pieces, and a top navigation area for broader topics (user groups). All sites will be linked to one another, but each site will have a different front page, maintenance contract, and system. . It was decided that for clarity, the NC-170 site should be for researchers or users, and include research and extension documents from our group. Current sections include pesticide PPE, engineering controls, interiors, laundry, and sun protection. The group does not have much information on first responders yet, so this will not be a user group initially. Links to other sites from the NC-170 site will be maintained. Pieces will be archived when outdated or no longer relevant. An archive will also be created for former members. The sun protection section may be archived, depending on how active MN will be in generating and updating information for this site. The site will continue to keep the business of the group, as this provides an easy access to reports and proposals. Each station should review and send updates to text and information on research to MD by October 1st. Images for rotating images of our work with captions and our head shots should be sent to MD by September 1st Gang Sun and Anugrah Shaw will keep communicating as the sites are designed and linked. Susan Ashdown gave a brief history of the NC-170 research group, and reviewed the objectives of new the proposal. Discussion of the new proposal centered on the best methods for communication of our work to users, including lack of use of the Internet by NY agricultural PPE users (only 20% of users look at the Internet as their main source of information). CA was interested in finding out if this is also true in CA. This is also a question that should be asked of firefighters. Objective leaders were chosen for the new study: Objective 1  Gang Sun, Objective 2  Susan Ashdown, Objective 3  Charlotte Coffman. Progress Reports were then presented from each attending station  see Appendix. The new members introduced themselves and discussed their background and work relevant to this research group. Dr. Jessica Barker (IA): Jessica Barker completed her graduate work at Florida State, a wear test of ballistic vests comparing a vest with a novel fabric to a traditional vest. She is also interested in user interactions: how police make vests more comfortable, and how these adjustments can compromise function, fit, comfort, and thermal properties She is interested in functional design, and introducing the teaching of functional design at Iowa. She is currently working on acquisition of a body scanner for research activities. She is also developing partnerships with the Virtual Reality group at Iowa, and is interested in research on how to use VR in fit testing Her appointment may eventually be adjusted to reduce teaching or research in order to add an extension component. Dr. Shu-Hwa Lin (HI): Shu-Hwa Lin has been involved in several functional apparel research projects. She has worked with ski wear, and has worked in industry for 30 years as a patternmaker, production facilitator, in quality control, and fitting garments. She is interested in the design of functional clothing for tropical climates. Jessica Barker is already officially a member of the group as she joined when the new proposal was submitted. Shu-Hwa Lin was voted in as member of the group. She will work on Objective 2 of the new proposal. The group then discussed funding issues. Gang Sun described a call earlier this year from the Army for research proposals regarding personal protection. Two rounds of this call have occurred. The second call allowed more futuristic proposals, but still required readiness in three years. A CDC (NIOSH) symposium for protective clothing was discussed. Gang will send information about this to the group. MN met with Al Levine, in charge of an obesity group at the time, to discuss the use of the 3D body scanner for obesity research. Though this is not protective clothing it has a health focus, and could be connected to education programs for young people. IA discussed the fact that companies that make protective clothing have sizes from XXS to 8XL, to supply people in parts of the country where obesity is a problem. Gang will contact NPPTL to look for common interests and may also invite them to the California meeting. Recent funding activity from the Dept of Public Health concentrates on protective clothing for public protection. The group adjourned for a tour of the University of Minnesota Human Dimensioning Lab. August 7th meeting The minutes from 2006 were reviewed, and it was determined that all work on the previous project is complete except for some final development and testing of the coverall, which is underway and will be completed in the coming months. A discussion was held on the possibility of sponsoring a conference, including other regional researchers in protective clothing, S1026. Such a conference would take a lot of organizing. We would also want to include NPPTL, IFAI, others. Karen will follow up with Ruth from IFAI about possibility of conference. Objective 1 and 3, and Objective 2 of the new proposal met as subgroups to discuss the objectives and to plan next years work. Kay Obendorf joined the discussion of Objective 1 by telephone. Work will continue on the multifunctional Nomex fabrics. The members of Objective 2 will collaborate on the development of a format to conduct focus group meetings with firefighters to gather information on the performance and fit of turnout gear, and to see what resources are available at their station to assist with conducting or transcribing focus group research. The social research group at OK could review our focus group questions and give us feedback. Once the format is developed each station will conduct one focus group meeting with 5 to 10 firefighters at their location. Suggested questions for the focus group are due Sept. 1st. Appendix Abbreviated State Reports of NC-170 Committee Ajoy K. Sarkar, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. The UV protective ability of a knit bamboo fabric was studied. Raw bamboo fabric was found to afford poor protection against UV radiation. Three different treatments viz., dyeing; finishing with a UV absorber; and one-bath simultaneous dyeing and finishing with UV absorber were optimized with regard to the concentration of UV absorber and dye. The best results were obtained with simultaneous dyeing and finishing with UV absorber; at a 4% owf concentration of dye and UV absorber the fabric was rated Excellent UV Protection. Bamboo is a relatively new apparel textile material and has not been previously characterized for its UV protective properties. Contrary to claimed reports raw bamboo fabric does not possess good protection against UVR. However, the Ultraviolet Protection Factor can be significantly enhanced by judicious dyeing and finishing treatments. Margaret Rucker, University of California, Davis, CA email: mhrucker@ucdavis.edu. Tel: 530-752-2018, Fax: 530-752-7584 Ning Pan, University of California, Davis email: npan@ucdavis.edu. Tel: 530-752-6232, Fax: 530-752-7584 Gang Sun, University of California, Davis, email: gysun@ucdavis.edu. Tel: 530-752-0840, Fax: 530-752-7584 Work has continued on antibacterial processes for clothing and other textile products. Another area of emphasis has been thermal transfer problems in porous media. A website for the protective clothing network is under construction. A survey covering user perceptions of recycled fibrous materials and their virgin counterparts suggests that while recycled fibers may be seen as similar to virgin fibers in terms of functional features such as durability, there are some significant differences with respect to non-functional characteristics. Anugrah Shaw, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD e-mail: ashaw@umes.edu Phone: (410) 651-6064 Fax : (410) 651-6285 ASTM and ISO performance specification drafts were revised and submitted for balloting. Interlaboratory testing was initiated for ASTM F2130-01. Protocol and materials were provided to participating laboratories. A website was developed for the interlaboratory study to assist with dissemination of information, training and data collection. Revised and updated the online database. Karen LaBat, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN e-mail: klabat@umn.edu Phone: 612-624-3628 Fax: 612-624-2750 The Minnesota Sun Smart program, instituted in 1994, was up-dated and presented to outdoor workers. A collaborative project with the University of Minnesota Laboratory for Health and Human Performance in Extreme Environments (EE Lab) led to improved fit of several liquid cooling ventilation garments worn by astronauts (torso suit, hood, and glove). A body size variation study based on BMI (body mass index) was conducted as a basis for developing patterns that more accurately fit a full range of sizes. A doctoral student developed a 3D based pattern drafting method for pants. Basic research using motion capture technology was implemented to assess restricted or enhanced motion in PPE. Susan Ashdown, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY e-mail: spa4@cornell.edu Phone: 607-255-1929 Fax: 607-255-1093 S. Kay Obendorf, Cornell University e-mail: sko3@cornell.edu Phone: 607-255-4719 Fax: 607-255-1093 Charlotte Coffman, Cornell University e-mail: cwc4@cornell.edu Phone: 607-255-2009 Fax: 607-255-1093 A polyurethane (PU) membrane surface was chemically engineered to add functional antimicrobial agents (e.g. N-halamines) onto the surface using a two step process; first grafting 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-imidozalidin-4-one (TMIO) to the surface and then using a chlorination process to transform TMIO into N-halamine. Grafting was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance mode Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra. Antimicrobial activities were determined by testing with Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. A chlorinated PU control membrane and TMIO modified PU membrane showed antimicrobial properties with the later being more powerful particularly against S. aureus. For the product development study, a database of about 100 photographs of agricultural workers working with pesticides was categorized to determine the most common fit problems and areas of stress for the coveralls. A set of 10 active body positions was identified from this database for use in the final testing of the prototype coverall design. Three initial prototype coverall designs were developed with the goal of maximizing movement without sacrificing comfort or protection, and minimizing the overall silhouette to reduce the incidence of tears from catching. Methodologies for fit assessment of garments from 3D body scans were further developed. Two approaches were used to validate visual scan fit assessment, direct measurement of scan data compared to the visual scan fit assessment and comparison of fitting alterations of actual garments to visual scan fit assessments of the same garments. Outreach on PPE continues through certification training, exhibits, publications, websites, and telephone responses. The current NC-170 Regional Research website (http://hosts.cce.cornell.edu/txnc170) was moved to a new server maintained by Cornell Cooperative Extension. Website hits total 3584 with March and October receiving the most visitors and January the fewest. Huantian Cao, Oklahoma State University e-mail: huantian.cao@okstate.edu Phone: (405) 744-3015 Exploratory research was conducted into the use of a textile fabric as the sensing surface for chemical detection using colorant porphyrins, which will have spectral shift when exposed to toxic chemicals in environment. Carbaryl, a carbamate compound, was detected using Meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4) in solution and when dyed on cotton fabric. When dyed onto mercerized cotton fabric, carbaryl can be detected at 8ppm level by TPPS4.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Major accomplishments during the course of the project are summarized by objectives and sub-objectives below. States worked on independent projects that contributed to the objectives of the group as a whole and worked on collaborative projects. Objective 1: to improve protection and human factor performance of PPE through product development. Californias work included study of protective determinants of textiles, protective clothing for specific groups, and establishing a network and database for PPE. Antibacterial textiles for infection control and odor reduction: Several technologies that can produce antibacterial textiles and polymers have been developed and applied in healthcare textiles. HaloSource and Medline are marketing hospital bed linen and garments with rechargeable biocidal functions. The technology has also been applied to military and civilian consumer products. Durable and rechargeable odor-free underwear items were tested by the Air Force. Study of emergency responders uniforms: This collaborative research project has received funding from the National Textile Center (NTC). A new technology that incorporates biological protective functions onto Nomex fabrics was developed. Nomex fabrics, widely employed in firefighters uniforms, can be directly chlorinated in a simple wet treatment, and the finished fabrics exhibit rapid and rechargeable antibacterial functions. The fabrics can inactivate both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in a short contact time, but without negative effects on any existing mechanical and fire resistant properties. These fabrics are the best materials so far for protective clothing and military textiles. Self-decontaminating clothing: Halamine structures were demonstrated capable of detoxifying toxic chemicals, and are incorporated on fibers as an active surface so that the fabrics effectively detoxify pesticides. We have demonstrated that carbamate pesticides such as methomyl and aldicarb could be effectively detoxified by the treated fabrics. The results also provide information for self-decontamination of chemical warfare agents by using these textiles. The National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory of NIOSH/CDC financially sponsored the research on self-detoxification functions of the functional textiles. Establishment of a national network and database on protective clothing: A new initiative to establish a national network of researchers and manufacturers of protective clothing materials for emergency workers was proposed to and funded by NTC. This research project received support from industrial associations and federal agencies. INDA and IFAI have provided manufacturers information for the database. We are constructing a website to make the database available to all users, manufacturers and researchers. The website will be hosted by an industry partner in the future. Liquid transport through fibrous materials: We dealt with problems of liquid spreading along a single fiber, wetting and ascending of a liquid along a fiber bundle, and liquid permeating into a fabric, by using a statistical mechanical model (the Ising Model). We developed computer software to predict the liquid transport behavior in fibrous materials and validated our predictions by experimental data. Effective thermal conductivities of fibrous materials: Heat transfer and exchange in fibrous materials is another fundamental problem where existing knowledge has been scarce and mostly empirical. We have developed a mesoscopic numerical tool, including a lattice Boltzmann algorithm along with a structure generating tool QSGS, for prediction of the effective thermal conductivities without resorting to any empirical parameters. Textile and skin interactions and the skin blistering process: We employed a coupling finite element model with a blister-characterized structure to investigate the effects on deformation and stress of an existing blister by changing the friction coefficient and elastic modulus of the material in contact with the blister. Protective clothing for wildland firefighters: Work on improving the protective clothing system for wildland firefighters has continued in cooperation with CALFIRE. The focus was on evaluating the effects of silk screened emblems on thermal protection of protective clothing under two moisture conditions. The results showed a decline in thermal protection under conditions of high heat flux and a moist inner layer of clothing. Under almost all of the conditions considered in this study, the emblem provided increased, rather than decreased, thermal protection. Protective clothing for pesticide applicators: Work on improving the design of protective coveralls for pesticide applicators continued in cooperation with investigators in NY, MO, and MN. Verbal and visual data were collected from 23 applicators in California and 40 in New York and the design process was initiated. Colorado contributed knowledge and findings with a focus on UV characteristics and performance of textiles. Influence of fabric characteristics on UV transmission: The study explored the effect of fabric parameters such as fiber composition, fabric weight, fabric thickness, cloth cover, chemical pre-treatments and chemical finishes on the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). It was found that cotton/polyester blend fabrics offered superior protection than 100% cotton fabrics. For 100% cotton fabrics a greater thickness afforded better protection whereas for blends thickness was not a significant factor. Influence of fabric weight was identical in that for 100% cotton fabrics a higher fabric weight imparted good protective properties whereas for blends fabric weight was immaterial. Preparatory treatments such as desizing and bleaching reduced the UPF. However, it was found that the undesirable effects of desizing and bleaching could be compensated by the presence of an optical brightening agent. An optical brightener coupled with a durable press finish provided the highest UPF rating. Predicting UPF using image analysis: The objective of this study was to develop a method for predicting the UPF of fabrics by calculating percent cover using a digital stereo microscope. Percent Cover was determined by image analysis using a stereo zoom microscope attached to a Windows XP-based PC and equipped with a CCD camera and below stage illumination (Model DM 143 Motic Instruments, Inc., Vancouver, BC). Software applications used for analysis included Photoshop (v7.0, Adobe Systems, Inc. San Jose, CA), ImageJ (v1.3, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and a Photoshop plug-in to control the camera supplied by Motics standard software. Percent cover data obtained by this method correlate well with UPF values of the fabrics measured by a UV transmittance analyzer. Influence of dyeing and chemical finishing on UV transmission: Three cotton fabrics were dyed with three natural colorants. Fabrics were characterized with respect to fabric construction, weight, thickness and thread count. Influence of fabric characteristics on UPF was studied. Role of colorant concentration on the ultraviolet protection factor was examined via color strength analysis. A positive correlation was observed between the weight of the fabric and their UPF values. Similarly, thicker fabrics offered more protection from ultraviolet rays. Thread count appears to negatively correlate with UPF. Dyeing with natural colorants dramatically increased the protective abilities of all three fabric constructions. Additionally, as the colorant concentration in the fabric increased the UPF values also improved. In a second study, the UV protective ability of a knit bamboo fabric was studied. Raw bamboo fabric was found to afford poor protection against UV radiation. To enhance UV protection characteristics fabrics were subjected to three different treatments viz., dyeing; finishing with a UV absorber; and one-bath simultaneous dyeing and finishing with UV absorber. All three treatment conditions were optimized with regard to the concentration of UV absorber and dye. Results showed that the UPF values increase with increase in UV absorber and dye concentration. Influence of enzymatic treatment onUV properties: The enzymatic action of cellulase on cellulose is a surface phenomenon that results in significant morphological changes in the treated fabrics. Cotton knit fabric was treated with cellulase and the effect of structural changes on Percent Cover and UPF was examined. Results showed that enzymatic treatment increased the ultraviolet protective ability of the cotton knit fabric. Rate of agitation and duration of treatment were important parameters influencing the UPF value. The increase in UPF after enzymatic treatment is probably due to a decrease in porosity. It may also be that enzymatic treatment by degrading and removing the protruding microfibrils leads to a more compact knit structure thereby making the fabric more opaque to UV radiation. UV properties of nonwovens: The objective of this study was to determine the UPF of six selected nonwovens. The UPF values obtained were analyzed vis-à-vis the fiber content, thickness and weight of the nonwovens. Data obtained show that fiber content has a significant influence on the UPF value and hence the protective ability of a nonwoven substrate. Nonwoven substrates with bleached cotton fibers afford very little UVR protection. Likewise, nonwovens with white undyed rayon fibers offer poor protection. However, bleached cotton fibers blended with combernoil waste increases the category of protection to Good. Nonwoven from wool fiber was found to have a high UPF value and can be classified in the Excellent UV Protection category. Polyester nonwovens fell in the Good UV Protection category. The best UV protection ability was exhibited by a composite of polyester, rayon and activated carbon suggesting that activated carbon is a very potent absorber of UV radiation. A positive correlation was observed between the weight and thickness of the nonwovens and UPF values. Heavier and thicker nonwovens permit less UVR to be transmitted presumably because smaller spaces are available for the radiation to pass through. Illinois: Barrier studies: Challenge liquids for determining barrier efficacy of PPE materials were selected, alternate methods of measuring repellency, retention and penetration of the challenge liquids and pesticides were developed, and predictive models for assessing barrier efficacy of woven and non-woven fabrics used for chemical protective clothing were developed. An Inter-laboratory Round Robin test, using the gravimetric method was completed in conjunction with the submission of a Draft Proposal, ISO/DIS22608 to the International Standards Organization (ISO). Iowa collected survey data on consumer preferences for sun-safe shirt features and sun safety attitudes at a Farm Progress Show sun-safety exhibit. Visitor responses (n = 1,508) suggested the need for further education to achieve behavior modification to limit exposure to the suns ultraviolet rays. Michigan conducted two field experiments and a computer simulation to assess UV exposure to human subjects. The field experiments demonstrated that heavier shirt-weight fabrics and UV specialized fabrics were more effective in reducing UV exposure. Based on the field test results, a golf shirt was designed and variables that predict sun protective behaviors, and predictors of intention to buy were identified based. Analyses of two field experiments in which measurement of UV exposure were made using polysulphone film dosimeters on the body, over and under clothing were conuducted. A survey of 1,804 farmers was conducted resulting in information on sun practices, attitudes and clothing preferences. Maryland, Illinois and New York: ISO standard developed: ISO 22608 Protective clothing  Protection against liquid chemicals  Measurement of repellency, retention, and penetration of liquid pesticide formulations through protective clothing materials has been completed by MD, IL, and NY and the standard has been published by ISO Minnesotas projects included improving fit and sizing of LCVG garments, a study of a full range of body sizes, and PPE analysis using motion capture. Fit and Sizing of LCVG garments: A collaborative project with the UMN Laboratory for Health and Human Performance in Extreme Environments lead to improved fit of several LCVG (liquid cooling ventilation garment) for use by NASA. Scan data and fit analysis were used to improve fit of 3 garments; a full body suit, a hood, and hand warming liner for space gloves. Three problems with current suits designs were identified: fabric structure and consistency, tubing layout and attachment, and fit to maintain optimum placement of tubing (mechanism used to transfer body heat). Suit design was improved with new textile structures, tubing placement and attachment methods. Full size range body scan analysis: A study of body size variation throughout a size range was conducted with nine participants selected to represent misses sizes 6 to 3X. Participants were also categorized by body mass index from normal to overweight. Body shapes and sizes were analyzed through body measurements and body scans. Horizontal cross-section shape analysis was used to determine weight distribution and profile slicing was used to determine posture variations. Results indicate that women with higher BMIs have different body weight distributions and warrant apparel pattern shaping methods that are entirely different from current industry methods. Results from this study will be used to develop PPE for a variety of body shapes and sizes. PPE analysis using motion capture: Funding was secured to initiate a collaborative project with a colleague in the UMN Plant Pathology Department who conducts pesticide applicator trainings. Plans have been developed to incorporate more information on PPE into his training sessions. HDL researchers used the motion capture system to determine usefulness of assessing motion of workers in minimal clothing and protective garments. Restricted motion is very evident from early analysis of motion data, showing reduced angle measurements for key motion sequences. A second grant was secured to purchase a newer model motion capture system dedicated to motion analysis of protective apparel. A direct signal system is being evaluated that would be used in conjunction with the current passive marker system. Missouri joined the project in 2006 and worked on the cooperative protective coverall project. Data were collected by CA and NY with MO participating in two virtual design sessions with collaborators from NY, MN, and CA. These sessions included discussion of poor fit observed in photographs compiled by NY, the results from the user study and preliminary design goals. The team will be working to design protective apparel to improve moisture and heat transfer, reduce tearing, and improve fit. Fabrics for the project have been researched and design solutions sought to address fit and safety issues. Several appropriate fabric samples have been identified. New Yorks projects focused on product development and human factors for improved PPE design. Barrier membrane: A novel microporous membrane that responds to moisture/liquid content was developed by grafting polyethylene glycol on microporous polyurethane membrane. Results from image analysis and flow porometry indicated that the PEG grafting occurred on the membrane surface and within the pores. Testing with a flow porometer indicated pores were either closed or reduced to 13 nm or less when saturated with the wetting liquid. This reduction in the pore sizes restricts both liquid penetration, and prevents pathogen penetration at the level specified by ASTM F1671 (27 nm). Antimicrobial microporous polyurethane membrane: An antimicrobial membrane with good barrier and hygiene protection and sufficient water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was developed. Briefly, a moiety of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-imidozalidin-4-one (TMIO) hydantoin was successfully grafted onto microporous polyurethane (PU) membrane surface as an N-halamine precursor. Surface grafting was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance mode Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS). The hydrophilicity change was evidenced by the contact angle results with 58 ± 3 º for TMIO modified PU membranes, as compared to 123 ± 3 º of the control PU membranes. Upon exposure to chlorine bleaching, the hydantoin structures on the grafted PU membranes were transformed into N-halamines. The microbial activities of these membranes were tested with Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. A total reduction of both bacteria types occurred after a two-hour contact period. WVTR remained essentially unchanged after surface modification with TMIO. Antimicrobial nanofibrous nylon 6 membranes: To enhance barrier properties while maintaining sufficient comfort, antimicrobial nanofibrous nylon 6 membranes were fabricated through electrospinning. Three structurally different N-halamine additives, chlorinated 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (CDMH), chlorinated 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl- imidozalidin-4-one (CTMIO), and chlorinated 3Dodecyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (CDDMH) were introduced into the electrospinning dope. Effects of N-halamine addition on the properties of electrospun nanofibrous membranes were investigated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and attenuated total reflectance mode Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the presence of N-halamines in the nylon 6 system induced the formation of ³ phase crystals (TmH212 °C), and the fraction of ³ form crystals increased with the increase in the N-halamine content. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping patterns confirmed the uniform distribution of N-halamines on the membrane surface. All the N-halamine containing membranes showed significant antimicrobial properties. CDMH containing nylon 6 membranes showed much more powerful antimicrobial effects (10 min for total killing) than membranes containing CTMIO and CDDMH, (30 min). No significant effects on the mechanical properties of nylon 6 membranes were observed due to the addition of N-halamines. Sun protection: NY and MI assessed the effectiveness of 5 hat styles worn by participants assuming 3 body positions for playing golf for different sun angles and orientations to the sun in a 3D scan study. 3D scans were assessed to determine their usefulness for the functional designer. The surface area of the body shaded by the hats for each sun angle and body orientation to the sun was calculated for each hat style, and hats were ranked according to protection offered. The hats that were most popular with golfers provided the least protection. Fit of cooling vest prototypes: OK and NY tested the fit of two prototype cooling garments worn under chemical protective ensembles using a 3D body scanner. Since conduction is the operative cooling transfer mechanism, a close fitting garment regardless of body position is essential. Seven subjects were scanned in three body positions wearing each of the two prototype garments. Visual analysis of the scans, and measurements of differences between cross sections of the body and the vest identified the best fitting prototype. Coveralls for agricultural workers: NY and CA collected data from 62 agricultural workers through interviews, photographs of working positions, and questionnaires. More than 250 photographs were taken to document working positions and fit issues. A password protected website with photographs and data analyses was made available to design team members from NY, CA, MN, and MO to guide development of design parameters for PPE with improved protection and comfort. The team participated in 3 design sessions (2 by videoconference), and is designing a disposable protective coverall to reduce tearing, and to improve comfort and fit. Four prototype designs have been developed. The most promising design will be tested in active positions. Validation of fit analysis from 3D scans: NY continues to validate scanner procedures and experiments with scans of clothed subjects and subjects in working positions. A study of the reliability of 3D body scans for fit analysis has been conducted. Statistical analysis of fit assessments of 153 scans by five judges showed that two judges are sufficient for reliable fit ratings if visual fit parameters are established and clearly defined. Visual analysis of fit from scans was generally effective; however, complex areas of misfit that are difficult to rate visually, such as the crotch, will require additional assessment methods. Body measurements in active positions: A study of change in body measurements of the shoulder and arm in working positions was conducted using the body scanner. Data were collected for 25 subjects in four different arm and shoulder positions. Comparisons of 18 upper torso measurements between the active body positions and the anthropometric position showed significant changes in 41 percent of the measurement values. A second study of the variation in body measurements between standing and seated postures conducted with 48 female subjects showed that differences in measurements increase in circumferences and breadths, while crotch lengths decrease when the subject sits. The variation in these measurement changes were investigated for different sizes of subjects (categorized by BMI). A tendency was observed of measurements to increase or decrease (crotch length) as the BMI values increase, with significant differences occurring at the hip circumference, waist and thigh breadths. Oklahoma completed three major research projects in the product development area. Each study had funding from external sources and contained multiple components. A 3-year project to develop a micro-climate personal, portable cooling system was funded by the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. The second study, a proof-of-concept study to develop a chemical sensing textile, was funded by the National Science Foundation and U.S. Intelligence Community through Approaches to Combat Terrorism program. The third study, development of arm and leg body armor to protect against shrapnel from IEDs and small arms, was funded by FSTechnology, LLC, through the Naval Research Laboratory. Cooling vest study: The MIPT funded project resulted in the development of a liquid-cooled vest interfaced with a cooler unit. A thermal manikin study conducted by the US Army (Natick facility) showed the effectiveness of the design. A masters thesis fit study was completed using Cornell's 3D body scanner (collaboration with Ashdown NY) (J. Nam's thesis). A human subject physiological study showed the effectiveness of the cooling system when worn under level A and B chemical protective ensembles under simulated working conditions (S. Peksoz dissertation). Work on making the cooling unit smaller, and less heavy was continued with NanoPore. Inc providing leadership with funding from Phase I and II HSARPA grants. Detection smart textile study: The NSF project explored using porphyrins as coloring agents whose spectral shift when bound with chemicals was used to detect toxic chemicals in the environment. Cyanide (NaCN), organophosphate (diazinon) and carbamate (carbaryl) were the target toxic chemicals. Using a desktop spectrophotometer Cary 300 with an integrated sphere as the measurement instrument, NaCN, diazinon and carbaryl can be detected by porphyrins in solution and porphyrin dyed cotton fabrics. A smart textile prototype was developed using sensing components including a LED light source powered by a 9-voltage battery, a portable Ocean Optics USB2000 spectrophotometer as spectral measurement device, and optical fiber cable to transmit light. The smart textile prototype successfully detected NaCN but not diazinon. We think that the prototype smart textile did not detect diazinon due to the use of the USB2000 spectrophotometer whose sensitivity is not as good as the Cary 300 spectrophotometer. Body armor: The FST/NRL funded project included multiple iterations of design, testing and redesign resulting in the development of QuadGard® extremity protection system. Design/redesign and prototype production were done at OSU, testing was done at multiple military facilities, and injury data from the medical community treating US troops served as a design input. The arm and leg body armor uses Dyncema ballista materials and was designed to be worn with the existing Interceptor Body Armor (vest) and the future Marine Tactical Vest. Over 5,000 units of Phase IV were produced, primarily for the US Marine Corps, by CoverCraft Inc, an Oklahoma Sewn products manufacturer. OSU worked with FST to manage the technology transfer processes required to move from OSU laboratory prototypes to a mass produced system for deployment to Iraq where they are currently being used. A Phase V extremity protection system was also designed. This system differs from the Phase IV system in that components of the Phase V unit can be detached to allow for tailoring the armor for specific missions. CovcrCraft has produced 900 of the Phase V units for the US Marine Corps for deployment for Iraq. A patent has been filed for QuadGard®. Objective 2: To examine user acceptance and barriers to acceptance of PPE products and practices. California conducted a survey of healthcare workers and purchasing agents regarding attitudes toward medical textiles. Purchasing agents were found to place more emphasis on external issues such as compliance with regulations and price, whereas healthcare workers emphasized the personal aspects of medical textiles such as barrier protection. Attitudes toward switching from one product to another and subjective norms were significant predictors of adoption of an improved medical textile product in the purchasing agent group but not in the healthcare worker group. Iowa developed outreach exhibits highlighting use of hats and shirts as a means of sun protection. Minnesota continued collaboration with UMES in delivery of the Minnesota Sun Smart program, now in its 14th year, to educate citizens of Minnesota about safety measures to prevent over-exposure to sun/UV rays. Outreach programs have been developed for children and teens, outdoor workers and the general public. The program is continually updated and revised incorporating new findings on sun protection and making it relevant to new audiences. Linkages are maintained with a Minnesota sun protective clothing catalog distributor, Coolibar. Objective 3: to develop performance specifications for protective clothing materials. Maryland developed an online system for agricultural workers and a statistical model for pesticide penetration, continued several studies as background to performance specification, analyzed laboratory tests and field exposure data, and developed performance specifications, and an interlaboratory testing protocol. Online system for agricultural workers: An online system,Work and Protective Clothing for Agricultural Workers was developed providing access to a large body of technical data pertaining to clothing worn by agricultural workers. The system was revised in 2007. This information can be used to: compare worker exposure fabrics with those commonly used by pesticide applicators, select materials and garments for agricultural uses, and design and develop garments for agricultural use Statistical model to estimate pesticide penetration: Data for over 100 fabrics tested at UMES were used to develop a statistical model to estimate the percent penetration of pesticide through the fabrics. The model was included in the initial version of the online system. The scope of the statistical model was limited to penetration measurement of homogeneous formulations through woven fabrics with no repellent finish. Due to the limited scope, the predictive model was not included in the revised version of the online system. Several studies as background to performance specification were conducted to fill in gaps in information so that performance specifications can be based on scientific data. These studies are briefly described: A study to determine the testing required to measure protective performance of repellent fabrics under varied conditions was conducted. Twenty-one cotton, cotton/polyester and polyester fabrics with repellent finishes were tested. A wash-test sequence cycle was used to measure fabric performance after repeated laundering, and a wash-iron-test sequence was used to measure performance after washing and ironing. Studies to compare percent penetration of pesticides through laundered fabrics using accelerated as well as home laundering methods were conducted. Results were used to specify the number of launderings required as part of fabric preparation for performance specifications. Studies to determine percent penetration through fabric with and without seams were conducted. Seams of all garments in the UMES collection were used for the study. Results of the study were used to develop performance specifications. Laboratory tests to screen fabrics to screen fabrics for Safe Use Initiatives (SUI) in Southern Europe were conducted. In addition to inclusion in the database, the information was used to select fabrics for worker exposure studies conducted by groups in Greece and Portugal. A memorandum of understanding was signed between CropLife International and UMES to allow access to proprietary worker exposure data for development of performance specifications. Laboratory tests and field exposure data: Laboratory data for 130 fabrics and field exposure data provided by CropLife International were analyzed and used to develop performance specifications. Performance specification developed: A draft entitled Protective clothing  Performance specification for protective clothing for horticultural and agricultural pesticide applicators was developed and circulated to NC 170 members as well as individuals in industry, academia, and governmental agencies in several countries. Comments provided were used to revise the draft, which is currently being balloted by ASTM International (WK 10555) as well as ISO (ISO/CD 27065). Interlaboratory testing protocol is being conducted to develop the precision and bias statement for an ASTM standard. Protocol was developed for interlaboratory testing, and materials and supplies (including the challenge liquid) were shipped to each laboratory. A website that includes a training video and a PowerPoint presentation was developed to train individuals participating in the study. New York studied PPE acceptance and use and continued outreach programming to PPE applicators. Use of cotton liners with CRG: IA and NY studied greenhouse workers acceptance of cotton knit gloves worn as liners under nitrile chemical resistant gloves (CRG) for pesticide application. Comfort was assessed by questionnaires and interviews with 10 applicators who reported increased comfort when wearing the liners. Contamination levels of four pesticides were determined by chemical analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography. Applicators reported increased comfort with cotton liners than without. Contamination was significantly greater on nitrile CRG than on cotton liners underneath, but a few liner specimens had measurable contamination. Use of PPE and Engineering Controls: IA, MI, and NY conducted a survey of 702 pesticide applicators to assess the use of 16 types of engineering controls and 13 types of personal protective equipment (PPE). Results showed that 8 of 16 engineering devices were adopted by more than 50% of the respondents. The size of operation, type of application equipment, and type of crops influenced the adoption of engineering controls. Respondents reported a high level of PPE use, with chemical resistant gloves showing the highest level of compliance. The majority of respondents did not wear less PPE when using engineering controls. Those who modified their PPE choices when using engineering controls used tractors with enclosed cabs and/or were vegetable growers. Pesticide applicators obtained information about PPE from training sessions, manuals, and farm/crop magazines. Fewer than 20 percent use the Internet for information about PPE. Outreach on PPE continued for pesticide applicators, their families, and educators through certification training, exhibits, publications, seminars, workshops, websites, and telephone consulting. Educational resources were developed on these topics: engineering controls, indoor pollutants, glove liners, and childrens health issues related to pesticide exposure. NY maintained the project website that received approximately 2600 hits annually. Oklahoma Cooling Vest Study: A series of 6 focus groups in 5 U.S. cities were conducted as part of the cooling vest development project. The target user was a HAZMAT worker wearing level A and B ensembles, with a 30-minute mission and an average body heat dissipation of 180 Watts. The purpose of the focus groups was to determine user needs, wants and concerns early and progressively throughout the development of the prototype system to serve as design input. The data were also used for development of the protocol for the physiology study.

NC-170 Compilation of Publications from 2003-2007 Objective 1. To improve protection and human factor performance of PPE through product development. Publications: Refereed Publications: In Print Full Length Articles: Ashdown, S. P. & Dunne, L., (2006) A study of automated custom fit: Readiness of the technology for the apparel industry, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Focused Issue on Fit, 24(2), 121-136. Ashdown, S. P., Loker, S., Schoenfelder, K. A., and Lyman-Clarke, L. Using 3D Scans for Fit Analysis. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, 4,(1) www.tx.ncsu.edu/jtatm/volume4issue1/articles/Loker/Loker_full_103_04.pdf (2004) Ashdown, S. P. & OConnell, E. K., (2006) Comparison of test protocols for judging the fit of mature womens apparel, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Focused Issue on Fit, 24(2), 137-146. Ashdown, S. P., Slocum, A., & Lee Y. A., (2005) The third dimension for apparel designers: Visual assessment of hat designs for sun protection using 3-D scan images, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 23 (3), 151-164. Branson, D.H., Farr, C.A., Peksoz, S., Nam, J., and Cao, H., (2005). Development of a prototype personal cooling system for the first responders: User Feedback. Journal of ASTM International, 2(2), 1-11. Bye, E. & LaBat, K. (2005). An analysis of apparel industry fit session. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology Management, 4(3). 1-5. Bye, E., LaBat, K., & DeLong, M. (2006). Analysis of body measurement systems for apparel. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal , 24(2), 66-79. Cai, Z. and Gang Sun, (2004). Antimicrobial Finishing of Acrilan Fabrics with Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Vol. 94. 243-247. Cai, Z. and Gang Sun, (2005). Antimicrobial Finishing of Acrilan Fabrics with Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Affected Properties and Structures submitted to Journal of Applied Polymer Science. V97, No. 3, 1227-1236 Cao, H. Branson, D.H., Nam, J., Peksoz, S. and Farr, C.A. (2005). Development of a cooling capability test method for liquid-cooled textile systems. Journal of ASTM International, 2(1), 1-10. Cao, H., Branson, D. H., Peksoz, S., Nam , J., & Farr, C. A. (2006). Fabric selection for a liquid cooling garment. Textile Research Journal, 76(7), 587-595. Cao, H., Nam, J., Harmon, H. J., & Branson, D. H. (2007). Spectrophotometric detection of organophosphate diazinon by porphyrin solution and porphyrin-dyed cotton fabric. Dyes and Pigments, 74(1), 176-180. Chinnasami, S., and Ramkumar, S. S., (2003), Development of a Fabric Friction Calculator, AATCC Review, 3 (11), 20-23. Dunne, L. E., Ashdown, S. P., & Smyth, B. Expanding Garment Functionality through Embedded Electronic Technology, Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management 4(3). 2005. Gaan, S. and Sun, G. (2007) Effect of Phosphorus and Nitrogen on Flame Retardant Cellulose: A Study of Phosphorus Compounds, Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis, 78, 371-377 Gao, J., Pan, N., and Yu, W. (2007).Golden Mean and Fractal Dimension of Goose Down. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation. 8 (1), 113-116. Griffey, J. V. & Ashdown, S. P., (2006) Development of an automated process for the creation of a basic skirt block pattern from 3D body scan data, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal Focused Issue on Fit, 24(2), 112-120. Haise, C. L., & Rucker, M. (2003). The flight attendant uniform: Effects of selected variables on flight attendant image, uniform preferences and employee satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 31 (6), 565-576. Hermann, D., Ramkumar, S. S., Seshaiyer, P. Parameswaran, S. (2004), Frictional Study of Woven Fabric: Relationship Between Friction and Velocity of Testing, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 92 (4), 2420-2424. Hild, D. N., Obendorf, S. K., and Fok, W. Y. Mapping of Spin Finish Oils on Nylon 66 Fibers, Textile Research Journal 74 (3):187-192 (2004) Huang, L.K. and Sun, G. (2003) Durable and Oxygen Bleach Rechargeable Antimicrobial Cellulose: Sodium Perborate as an Activating and Recharging Agent, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 42. No. 22, 5417-5422. Huang, L.K. and Sun, G. (2003), Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Cellulose with Oxygen Bleach: Concept Proofing, AATCC Review, V. 3, No. 10, 17-21. Jain, R. and Raheel, M. (2003). Barrier Efficacy of Woven and Non-woven Fabrics Used for Protective Clothing: Predictive Models. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 71: (3), 437-446. Kim, J., Stone, J., Crews, P., Shelley II, M., & Hatch, K.L., (2004) Improving Knit Fabric UPF Using consumer Laundry Products: A Comparison of Results Using Two Instruments. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 33: 141-158. Kline, A.A., Landers, A.J., Hedge, A., Lemley, A.T., Obendorf, S.K., and Dokuchayeva, T. (2003). Pesticide Exposure Levels on Surfaces within Sprayer Cabs. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 19(4):397-404 Krenzer, G., Starr, C., and Branson, D. (2005). Development of a sports bra prototype: Patternworks international best solution to a patternmaking problem. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 3; vol. 23: pp. 131 - 134. LaBat, K. DeLong, M., Gahring, S. (2005). A longitudinal study of sun-protective attitudes and behaviors, Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 33(3), 240-254. LaBat, K., Salusso-Deonier, C., & Rhee, J. (2007). Home sewers satisfaction with fit of apparel patterns. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 11(3). Lee, J. & Ashdown, S. P., (2005) Upper body change analysis using 3-D body scanner, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, English Edition 29 (12), 1595-1607. Lee, Y. A., Ashdown, S. P., Slocum, A. C. (2006) Measurement of surface area of 3-D body scans to assess the effectiveness of hats for sun protection. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 34(4), 366-385. Available at http://fcs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/34/4/366. Lee, Seungsin and Obendorf, S. Kay. Barrier Effectiveness and Thermal Comfort of Protective Clothing Materials, Journal of the Textile Institute, 98:87-97 (2007). Lee, Seungsin and Obendorf, S. Kay. Developing Protective Textile Materials as Barriers to Liquid Penetration Using Melt-Electrospinning, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102: 3430-3437 (2006). Lee, Seungsin and Obendorf, S. Kay. Statistical Model of Pesticide Penetration through Woven Work Clothing Fabrics, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49. 2005. Lee, Seungsin and Obendorf, S. Kay. Transport Properties of Layered Fabric Systems Based on Electrospun Nanofibers, Fibers and Polymers 2007, Vol.8, No.3,. Liu, S. and Sun, G. (2006). Durable and Regenerable Biocidal Polymers: Acyclic N-halamine Cotton Cellulose, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45 (19), 6477-6492 Liuyang Wang, Xie J, Gu LX, & Gang Sun (2006). Preparation of antimicrobial polyacrylonitrile fibers: Blending with polyacrylonitrile-co-3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin , Polymer Bulletin , 56 (2-3): 247-256. Loker, S., Ashdown, S. P., & Schoenfelder, K. Size-specific Analysis of Body Scan Data to Improve Apparel Fit, Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, 4(3). 2005. < http://www.tx.ncsu.edu/jtatm/volume4issue3/articles/Loker/Loker_full_136_05.pdf> Loker, S., Cowie, L. S., Ashdown, S., and Lewis, V. D. Consumer Reactions to Body Scanning. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 22 (4): 151-160. (2004) Lukas, D. & Pan, N. (2003). Wetting of a fiber bundle in fibrous structures. Polymer Composites, 24, 314-322. Lukas,D., V. Soukupova, Ning Pan and D. V. Parikh, (205) Computer Simulation of 3-D Liquid Transport in Fibrous Materials, SIMULATION: Transactions of SMS, 80, 547 - 557. Ma, M., Sun, Y., & Sun, G. (2003). Antimicrobial cationic dyes: Part 1: synthesis and characterization. Dyes and Pigments, 58, 27-35. Ma, M. and Sun, G. (2004), Antimicrobial Cationic Dyes: Part 2: Thermal and Hydrolytic Stability, Dyes and Pigments, 63, No. 1, 39-49 Ma, M. and Gang Sun, (2005) Antimicrobial Cationic Dyes: Part 3: Simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial finishing of acrylic fabrics, Dyes and Pigments, V66, No. 1, 33-41 Matic, Peter, and Habler, G. (2005). Extreme Armor. Armed Forces Journal. 2, 49-50. Moran Wang, Jinku Wang, Ning Pan, and Shiyi Chen, ( 2007). Mesoscopic predictions of the effective thermal conductivity for microscale random porous media, Physical Review E, 75, 036702-036710. Nam , J., Branson, D.H., Ashdown, S., Cao, H., Jin, B., Peksoz, S., and Farr, C. (2005). Fit analysis of liquid cooled vest prototypes using 3D body scanning technology. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management , 4(3). Nicas, M., and Sun, G. (2006). An Integrated Model of Infection Risk in a Health-Care Environment, Risk Analysis, 26(4), 1185-1096 Obendorf, S. Kay. Microscopy to Define Soil, Fabric and Detergent Formulation Characteristics that Affect Detergency: A Review, AATCC Review 4 (1):17-23 (2004) Obendorf, S.K., Csiszar, E., Maneefuangfoo, D., Borsa, J. (2003). Kinetic Study of Transport of Pesticide from Contaminated Fabric Through a Model Skin. Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45(2): 283-288. Obendorf, S. K., Kim, J., and Kuniz, R. Measurement of Odor Development Due to Bacterial Action on Antimicrobial Polyester Fabrics, AATCC Review, 7(7):35-40 (2007). Obendorf, S.K., Lemley, A.T., Hedge, A., Kline, A.A., Tan, K., Dokuchayeva, T., Distribution of Pesticide Residue within Homes in Central New York State, Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 50:31-44 (2006). Peksoz, S., Branson, D., Cao, H., Jacobson, B., Farr, C., Nam, J. (2006). Evaluation of two liquid cooled prototype vests through human subject testing. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 10(3), 17-27. Qian, L. and Sun, G. (2003), Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Textiles: Synthesis and Applications of 3-Methylol-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazolidin-4-one (MTMIO), Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 89, 2418-2425. Qian, L. and Gang Sun, (2005). Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Textiles: Chlorine Transfer among Halamine Structures, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. V44, No. 4, p853-856 Qian, L. and Sun, G. (2004), Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Textiles: Improving Efficacy and Durability of Biocidal Functions, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91, 2588-2593. Qian, L., Williams, J., Chen, J., and Sun, G. (2006). Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Textiles: Thermal Stability of Halamine Structures, AATCC Review, V(9), 55-60 Ramkumar, S. S., Rajanala, R., Parameswaran, S., Paige, R., Shaw, A., Shelly, D. C., Anderson, T. A., Cobb, G. P., Mahmud, R., Roedel, C., and Tock, R.W. (2004), Experimental Verification of Failure of Amontons Law in Polymeric Textiles, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 91 (6), pp. 3879-3885. Ramkumar, S.S., Rajanala, R., Parameswaram, S., Sarkar, A.K. and Sawhney, A.P.S., Friction Characterization of polymeric materials-A review, AATCC Review, 2005 5(2), 17-20 Ramkumar, S. S., and Roedel, C., (2003), A Study of the Needle Penetration Speeds on the Frictional Properties of Nonwoven Webs: A New Approach, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 89 (13), 3626-3631. Ramkumar, S. S., Umrani, A., Shelly, D. C., Tock, R. W., Parameswaran, S. and Smith, M. L., (2004), Study of the Effect of Sliding Velocity on the Frictional Properties of Nonwoven Substrates, Wear, 256, 221-225. Rucker, M. (2006). The effects of silk screened emblems on thermal protection of wildland fire fighter protective clothing systems under two moisture conditions. Report to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Rucker, M., Crown, E. and Haise, C. (2006). The Effects of Silk Screened Emblems on Thermal Protective Performance of Wildland Fire Fighter Protective Clothing Systems under Two Moisture Conditions, Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 10(4), 55-60. Sandstrom, A., and Sun, G. (2006), Durability of Biocidal Nomex Fabrics for Multi-functional Firefighter Uniforms, Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 10(4), 13-18. Sarkar, A.K. (2004). An evaluation of UV protection imparted by cotton fabrics dyed with natural colorants. BMC Dermatology, 4 :15 , Paper doi:10.1186/1471-5945-4-15. Retrieved July 26, 2005, from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-5945/4/15. Schofield, N., Ashdown, S., Hethorn, J., LaBat, K., & Salusso, C. (2006). Improving apparel fit for women 55 and older through an exploration of two pant shapes. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 24(2), 147-160. Schofield, N. & LaBat, K. (2005) Defining and testing the assumptions used in current apparel grading practice. Clothing and Textile Research Journal. 23(3), 135-150 Schofield, N. & LaBat, K. (2005). Exploring the relationships of grading, sizing and anthropometric data. Clothing and Textile Research Journal, 23(1), 13-27. Shastri, L., Ramkumar, S. S., Sarkar, A., Shelly, D. C., and Tock, R. W., Frictional Studies of a Novel Antiballistic Chest Shield, AATCC Review, 5 (4): 25-29 APR 2005. Song, K. & Stone, J.F. (2005) J.F. Shirt Designs for Sun Protection, Journal of Environmental Health, 67 (10), 50-56. Starr, C., Branson, D.H., Shehab, R., Farr, C., Ownbey, S., and Swinney, J. (2005). Biomechanical analysis of a prototype sports bra. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Managament, 4(3). Stone, J. F., Coffman, C. W., Imerman, P. M., Song, K. and Shelley, M. Cotton Liners to Mediate Glove Comfort for Greenhouse Applicators, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48: 1-9. 2005. Stone J.F., Kim J., Branson, D.H., Peksoz, S. (2003) An exploratory wear study of experimental sun hat designs. Journal of the Korean Society for Clothing Industry, 5(6)565-573. December. Sun, G. and S. Dave Worley, (2005). Chemistry of Durable and Regenerable Biocidal Textiles. Journal of Chemical Education, V82, No. 1 p60-64 Sun, Y. and Sun, G. (2003), Novel Refreshable N-Halamine Polymeric Biocides: Grafting Hydantoin-Containing Monomers onto High-Performance Fibers by a Continuous Process, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. V88, 1032-1039. Sun, Y. and Gang Sun, (2004). Novel Refreshable N-Halamine Polymeric Biocides: N Chlorination of Aromatic Polyamides, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 43, 5015-5020. Tan, Kuitian and Obendorf, S. K. Development of an antimicrobial microporous polyurethane barrier membrane, Journal of Membrane Science, 289:199-209 (2007). Tan, Kuitian and Obendorf, S. K. Surface Modification of Micro-porous Polyurethane Membrane with Poly (ethylene glycol) to Develop a Hybrid Membrane, Journal of Membrane Science, 274:150-158 (2006). Thandavmoorthy Subbiah, Bhat, G. S., Tock, R. W., Parameswaran, S. and Ramkumar, S. S. (2005), Electrospinning of Nanofiber, Journal of Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 96(2), 557-569. Thanikavelan, P., Krishnaraj, K., Chandrasekaran, B., Shelly,D.C., Ramkumar, S.S. Influence of test length on the tensile properties of upholstery leather: Relation to weak link theory, Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 102 (1): 10-15 Jan 2007. Wang, M., He,J., Wang, J., Chen, S. and Pan, N. (2007). Three dimensional influences on the effective thermal conductivity of porous media, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 40, 260-265. Wen Zhong, Malcolm MQ Xing, Ning Pan & Howard I Maibach, Textiles and human skin, microclimate, cutaneous reactions: An overview, Journal of Toxicology : Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology , 25 (1): 23-39. Wu, J. and Ning Pan, Grab and Strip Tensile Strengths for Woven Fabrics: An Experimental Verification, Textile Research Journal, 11 2005; vol. 75: pp. 789 - 796. Xin Fei, T. Shibamoto, Pengfei Gao, & Gang Sun (2006). Pesticide detoxifying functions and N-halamine fabrics, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , available online. Xing, M.M.Q., Zhiguo Sun, Wen Zhong, Ning Pan & Howard Maibach, An EFE model on skin - sleeve interactions during arm rotation , ASME Journal of Biomechnical Engineering , 128, 872 (2006) . Zhang, X. and Raheel, M. (2003). Statistical Model for Predicting Pesticide Penetration in Woven Fabrics Used for Chemical Protective Clothing. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology. 70: (4), 652-659. Zhang, Y., Wang, X. and Pan, N, (2003), An Experimental Examination of Fiber Reinforcing Effect in a Novel Composite, Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol 34, 499-505. Zhao, T. and Sun, G. (2007). Antimicrobial Finishing of Wool Fabrics with Quaternary Aminopyridinium Salts, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103, 482-486 Zhao, T. and Sun, G. (2006). Synthesis and application of Quaternary Aminopyridinium Salts, Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 9(4), 325-330 Zhong, W. and Pan, N. (2003), A Computer Simulation of Single Fiber Pull Out Process in a Composite, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 37, 1951-1969. Zhu, P. and Sun, G. (2004), Antimicrobial Finishing of Wool Fabrics: Using Quaternary Ammonium Salts, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 93. 1037-1041. In Press Full Length Articles: Ashdown. S.P., Choi, M.S. & Milke, E. Automated side seam placement from 3-D body scan data. in press, International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. Ashdown, S. P. & Loker, S. Target market sizing: A new paradigm for improved apparel fit Proceedings from the 2007 World Congress on Mass Customization and Personalization Lee, Seungsin and Obendorf, S. Kay. Use of Electrospun Nanofiber Web for Protective Textile Materials as Barriers to Liquid Penetration, Textile Research Journal (in press) Na, H. & Ashdown, S.P. Comparison of 3-D body scan data to quantify upper body postural variation in older and younger women Submitted to Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. (in press) Petrova, A. & Ashdown, S.P. 3-D body scan data analysis: Body size and shape dependence of ease values for pants fit. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. (in press) Sarkar, A.K. (2007). On the relationship between fabric processing and ultraviolet radiation transmission. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine (In Press). Tan, Kuitian and Obendorf*, S. Kay. Fabrication and evaluation of electrospun antimicrobial nanofibrous nylon 6 membranes, Journal of Membrane Science (in press) Xing, M.M.Q, Wen Zhong, Ning Pan & Howard Maibach, Numerical model of skin frictional blistering, Skin Science and Technology , in press. Non-Refereed Publications: Ashdown, S.P., Editor. Sizing in Clothing: Developing Effective Sizing Systems for Ready-To-Wear Clothing, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2007. Ashdown, S. P., Smith, J., Loker, S. & Lyman-Clarke, L. Production systems, distribution systems and sizing, In Ashdown, S.P., Editor. Sizing in Clothing: Developing Effective Sizing Systems for Ready-To-Wear Clothing, Woodhead Publishing Limited. Branson, D.H. & Nam, J (2007). Materials and sizing, in Ashdown, S.P., Editor. Sizing in Clothing: Developing Effective Sizing Systems for Ready-To-Wear Clothing , Woodhead Publishing Limited. Hildebrandt, P. (2006). Last line of defense Industrial Fabric Products Review, July 2006. LaBat, K. (2007). Sizing Standardization, in Ashdown, S.P., Editor. Sizing in Clothing: Developing Effective Sizing Systems for Ready-To-Wear Clothing, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 88-107 Lemley, A.T., Obendorf, S.K., and Hedge, A., Cornell Researchers Measure Pesticide Residues in Central New York State Homes, The Ribbon: A Newsletter of the Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, 12(2):8-9 (Spring 2007). Loker, S., Ashdown. S.P., & Carnrite, E. Dress in the third dimension: On-line interactivity and new meanings, invited paper for a focused issue on the future, in press, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. Pan, N. (2007) Quantification and evaluation of human tactile sense towards fabrics, Int. Journal of Nature & Design, 1, 48-60 (invited). Sarkar, A.K. (2005). Textiles for UV protection. In: Scott, R.A. (Ed.), Textiles for protection. Cambridge , UK : Woodhead Publishing Limited. Sun, G and S. D. Worley, (2006) Halamine Chemistry and Its Applications in Biocidal Textiles and Polymers, Chapter 6, Modified Fibers with Medical and Specialty Applications, Editors: J. Vincent Edwards Steven Goheen and Gisela Buschle-Diller, Springer Netherlands, 2006. pp. 81-89 Thermal and Moisture Transport in Fibrous Material, Edited by Ning Pan and Phil Gibson, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK, 656 pages. Presentations: Refereed Presentations: Ashdown, S.P., Choi, M.S., Raymond, D., and Milke, E. Automated Side Seam Placement from 3-D Body Scan Data. International Textile and Apparel Association Conference, Portland, Oregon. November, 2004. Ashdown, S.P. & Loker, S. Improved Apparel Sizing: Fit and Anthropometric 3D Scan Data, (poster) National Textile Center Forum, Hilton Head, SC, Feb. 19-21, 2006. Ashdown, S.P., Loker, S., and Adelson, C. Use of Body Scan Data to Design Sizing Systems Based on Target Markets (poster), National Textile Center Forum, February 10-12, 2003. Ashdown, S. P., Loker, S., Carnrite, E. Digitizing the Fit Model using 3D Body Scanning Technology. Presentation at the International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes Conference, Raleigh , NC , June 18-22 2006. Ashdown, S.P., Loker, S., Lyman-Clarke, L., & Schoenfelder, K. Visual Fit Analysis from 3-D Scans (Poster Session), Fiber Society Annual Meeting, Ithaca, NY. October, 2004. Ashdown, S.P., Loker, S., Schoenfelder, K., & Petrova, A. Comparison of Sitting and Standing 3-D Body Measurements of the Lower Body. Symposium on Advanced Materials and Processes, Fiber Society Annual Meeting, Ithaca, NY. October, 2004. Ashdown, S. P., Petrova, A., & Loker, S. A Comparison of Body Variation Among Women with Different BMI Scores, and Implications for Sizing of Apparel (Poster Session), American Association of Family and Consumer Science, Minneapolis, MN. June 26-27, 2005. Bastow-Shoop, H., Hawley, J., Jasper, C., Jolly, L., Damhorst, M., LaBat, K., Lennon, S., Research agenda 2010: Forging new directions and partnerships. NCCC-65 Regional research project presentation. ITAA Special Topic Session, San Antonio, Texas, October, 2006, www.itaaonline.org Branson, D.H., Farr, C.A. and Cao, H. Development of a Prototype Personal Cooling System for First Responders in Level A Gear. INFire Annual Conference, Impact of Terrorism in the Information Age, Oklahoma City, OK, May 2003. Branson, D.H., Farr, C.A., Peksoz, S., Nam, J., and Cao, H. (2004, January). Development of a prototype personal cooling system for first responders: User input. Eighth ASTM Symposium on Performances of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets, Tampa, FL. Branson, D., Peksoz, S., Ricord, D., Farr, C., and Kumphai, P. (2006, November). Commercializing QuadGard(r) body armor: Initial steps. ITAA Annual Conference, San Antonio , TX . Cao, H., Branson, D., Nam, J., Jansen, B., Peksoz, S., and Farr, C. Liquid Cooling Garments: A Study of Water Flow Rate. International Textiles & Apparel Association Annual Conference, Savannah, GA., November 2003 Cao, H., Branson, D.H., Nam, J., Peksoz, S. and Farr, C.A. (2004, January).Development of a cooling capability test method for liquid-cooled textile systems. Eighth ASTM Symposium on Performances of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets, Tampa, FL Cao, H., Harmon, H. J., & Branson, D. H. (2005, November). Detection of organophosphate by porphyrin solution and porphyrin-dyed cotton fabric. Paper presented at the annual meeting of International Textile and Apparel Association, Alexandria , VA. Cao, H., Harmon, H. J., Nam, J., Branson, D. H. (2004, October) Spectroscopic detection of cyanide in water using porphyrin dyed cotton fabrics. Fiber Society Annual Conference, Ithaca, NY. Cao, H., Nam, J., Branson, D. H. (accepted). Detection of carbamate by porphyrin solution and porphyrin-dyed mercerized cotton fabric. Oral presentation accepted by the 2007 annual meeting of International Textile and Apparel Association, Los Angeles, CA. DeLong, M., LaBat, K., Bye, E. Advancing apparel fit and sizing at the University of Minnesota, Cultural Exchange Project: Mission Continued, International Commemorative Symposium of the 60 th Anniversary of Hong-Ik University, Seoul , Korea , May 2006. Gahring, S. & LaBat, K. Ensuring adequate technical skills for clothing design students, International Textiles and Apparel Association, San Antonio, Texas, October, 2006, www.itaaonline.org LaBat, K., Bye, E., McKinney, E., & Kim, D. Use of a laboratory notebook as a teaching tool for graduate student research, International Textiles and Apparel Association, San Antonio, Texas, October 2006, www.itaaonline.org LaBat, K. & Kim, D. Design process for developing a liquid cooling ventilation garment, International Textiles and Apparel Association, San Antonio, Texas, October 2006, www.itaaonline.org Lee, J.R. & Ashdown, S.P. A Comparison of Body Surface Change to Evaluate Traditional and 3-D Body Scan Anthropometric Measures for Dynamic Postures (Poster Session), Fiber Society Annual Meeting, Ithaca, NY. October, 2004. Lee, Young-A, Ashdown, S., & Slocum, A.C. Evaluation of Sun overage of Protective Hats for Golfers; Using Three-Dimensional Body Scan Data. International Textile & Apparel Association Annual Conference, November 2003. Lee, S. and S. Kay Obendorf, Developing Protective Textile Materials as Barriers to Liquid Penetration Using Melt-Electrospinning (poster), Fiber Society, October 17-19, 2005, Newark, NJ. Lee, S. and S. Kay Obendorf, Use of Electrospun Nanofiber Web for Protective Textile Materials as Barriers to Liquid Penetration, Fiber Society, Seoul, Korea, May 31-June 2, 2006 (poster) Lee, S. and S. Kay Obendorf, (2004), M01-CR02: Improving the Understanding and Acceptance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): A Statistical Model of Pesticide Penetration through Woven Work Clothing Fabrics (poster), National Textile Center Forum, February 16. Lee, S. and S. Kay Obendorf, (2004), A Statistical Model of Pesticide Penetration through Woven Work Clothing Fabrics, Fiber Society meeting, May 19, St. Louis. Lu, Y. & Rucker, M. Attitudes toward medical textiles: Purchasing agents and doctors.. Presented at the Reusable Medical Textiles Conference, April 26-27, 2006, Indianapolis , IN. Lyman-Clarke, L., Ashdown, S. P., Loker, S., Lewis, V. D., & Schoenfelder, K. A Comparison of Visual Analysis Rating Systems. International Textile and Apparel Association Conference, Alexandria , VA , November 1-6, 2005. (poster) McKinney , E., Bye, E., LaBat, K, Delong, M., & Kim, D. Linking research and education through the Human Dimensioning Laboratory. International Fiber Societies Conference 2006, Seoul , Korea , May 31-June 2, 2006. Nam , J., Branson, D.,Cao, H., Asdown, S., and Schoenfelder, K. (2005, November). 3D body scanning: Methods and data analysis development for quantifying ease. ITAA Annual Conference, Alexandria , VA. Ng, R., Ashdown, S.P, & Chan, A., (2007) Intelligent size table generation. Asian Textile Conference (ATC), 9th Asian Textile Conference, Taiwan Obendorf, K., Csiszar, E., Maneefuangfoo, D. and Borsa, J. M01-CR02 Improving the Understanding and Acceptance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Kinetic Transport of Pesticide from Contaminated Fabric Through a Model Skin (poster), National Textile Center Forum, February 10-12, 2003. Pan, N., You-Lo Hsieh, Kay Obendorf, Steve Witaker, (2004), Study of Transport Phenomena in Fibrous Substrates-Liquids and solids Interaction (poster), National Textile Center Forum, February 16. Peksoz, S ., Branson, D., and Farr, C. (November 2005). QuadGard® Body Armor . At the International Textiles and Apparel Association Annual Conference Juried Exhibition, Alexandria , VA. Peksoz, S., Quevedo, V., Branson, D. Gam, HaeJin, and Ricord, D., (2006, November). Meeting an industry request: Developing prototype firefighter bunker gear. ITAA Annual Conference, San Antonio , TX . Petrova, A. & Ashdown, S.P. Analysis of Body Scan Data for Best Fit of Pants, International Textile and Apparel Association Conference, Portland, Oregon. November, 2004. Raheel, M. and Jain, R., (2003).  A Statistical Model for Predicting Effectiveness of Woven and Non-woven Protective Clothing Against Pesticide Penetration, at the AATCC International Conference, Greenville, S. C. September 9-12. Ricord, D., Kumphai, P., Branson, D., and Peksoz, S. (2006, November). Breaking ground: Moving from laboratory prototype to apparel production. ITAA Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX. Rupert, N.L., Matic, P., Hubler, G.K., Frost, J., Branson, D., Bruno, R.S., Blethen, W.C., Sprague, J.S., Simmons, K., Farr, C., and Peksoz, S. (2005). 22 nd International Symposium of Ballistics, Vancouver , British Columbia. Sarkar, A.K., Influence of Fabric Characteristics on UV Transmission. AATCC International Conference & Exhibition, Charlotte, NC, 2002. Sarkar, A.K. (2004). Influence of enzymatic treatment on ultraviolet properties of cotton fabrics [Abstract]. In: Conference Proceedings, 4 th International Conference on Safety & Protective Fabrics, Industrial Fabrics Association International, 283. Sarkar, A.K.., & DiVerdi, J.A. (2004). A method for predicting the ultraviolet protection factor of fabrics by calculating percent cover using a digital stereo microscope [Abstract]. Proceedings from the Sixty-first Annual Conference of the International Textile and Apparel Association., International Textile and Apparel Association. Song, K. & Stone, J. Consumer Preferences for Design Features of Sun-Safe Shirts. International Textile & Apparel Association Annual Conference, November 2003. Starr, C., Branson, D., Peksoz, S., and Ricord, D. (2006, November). Child's medical support garment prototype. ITAA Annual Conference, San Antonio , TX . Stone, J. F., Coffman, C. W., Imerman, P., Song, K. and Shelley, M. Glove Liner Wear Study (Poster Session), Fiber Society Annual Meeting, Ithaca, NY. October, 2004. Stone, J. F., Coffman, C. W., Imerman, P., Song, K. and Shelley, M. Glove Liner Wear Study, International Textile and Apparel Association Conference, Portland, OR. November, 2004. Stone, J. F., Coffman, C. W., Imerman, P., Song, K. and Shelley, M. Glove Liner Wear Study, Midwest Rural Agricultural Safety and Health Forum, Coralville, IA. October, 2004. Sun, G., Kaiser, S. B., Rucker, M. H., Bhuie, A., Overcash, M., Nicas, M., & Wang, Lu. Health protective textiles: Bridging the disposable/reusable divide. Presented at the Reusable Medical Textiles Conference, April 26-27, 2006, Indianapolis , IN. Sung, Heewon, Slocum, A.C. UV Radiation Exposure to Body Sites of Golfers and Effects of Clothing. International Textile & Apparel Association Annual Conference, November 2003. Tan, K. and S. Kay Obendorf, C05-CR01: Hybrid Microporous Membranes Intended for Protective Clothing (poster), National Textile Center Forum, February 20, 2006. Tan, K. and S. Kay Obendorf, Development of a Novel Membrane Intended for High Performance Protective Clothing, Fiber Society, October 17-19, 2005, Newark , NJ . Tan, Kuitian and Obendorf, S. K. Development of an Antimicrobial and Breathable Microporous Polyurethane Membrane, the Fiber Society Annual Conference, Tennessee, October 1012, 2006. Tan, Kuitian and Obendorf, S. K. Development of Antimicrobial Microporous Polyurethane Membranes, 34th ACS Northeast Regional Meeting, Binghamton, NY, October 5-7 2006. Tan, Kuitian and Obendorf, S. K. Hybrid Microporous Membranes Intended for Protective Clothing, 15th National Textile Center Conference, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, February 25-27, 2007. Zhang, X. & Raheel, M. Predicting Pesticide Penetration in Woven Fabrics Used for Chemical Protective Clothing. 2nd European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 7, Montreux, Switzerland, May 21-24, 2003, #24. Invited Presentations: Ashdown, S.P. Apparel and the 3D Scanner: The art and science of measuring bodies and clothing. Science Cabaret, sponsored by Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, Oct. 3, 2006. Ashdown, S.P. & Moss, J., Collaborative project on sizing and fit using Lectra technology: Nike and Cornell University. Presentation at the symposium Sizing: The Solution. Sponsored by the American Apparel & Footwear Association and the Fashion Institute of Technology, NY, NY, Oct. 11, 2006. LaBat, K. Functional clothing design research at the University of Minnesota , Ehwa Woman's University, Seoul , Korea , May, 2006 LaBat, K., Bye, E. & DeLong, M. History of fit and sizing research at the University of Minnesota , Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea , May 2006. Theses and Dissertation: Godsey, U.B. Experimental Study of the Frictional Characteristics of Cotton Fabrics, Texas Tech University, December 2004. Jain, R.S. Barrier Efficacy of Woven and Non-woven Fabrics Used for Protective Clothing: Predictive Models. M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, May, 2003. Lee, S. Protective Clothing Materials to Limit Liquid Penetration, PhD, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, May 2005. Nam, J Development, Modification and Fit Analysis of Liquid-cooled Vest Prototypes Using 3D Body Scanner. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Oklahoma State University, 2004. Peksoz,S. A Physiological Study of the Effectiveness of Two Prototype Portable Cooling Vests, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, July, 2005. Ryan, K. M.D., Aesthetically unique, specially sized clothing for women with osteoporotic posture changes, May 2006 Tsui , L.S. (2004), Using Compost as a Filter Medium to Remove Agri-chemicals from Subsurface Drainage System. Ph. D Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, June. Abstracts and Proceedings: Ashdown, S.P., Choi, M.S., Raymond, D., and Milke, E. Automated Side Seam Placement from 3-D Body Scan Data. International Textile and Apparel Association Conference Proceedings. November, 2004. Hedge, A, Kline, A.A., Lemley, A.T., Obendorf, S.K. Dokuchayeva, T., and Gaskins, V. Contaminants in Floor Dust, Indoor Air 2002 . The 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, International Academy of Indoor Air Science, Monterey, CA (2002), p. 998-1003. Lee, Y., Ashdown, S., & Slocum, A.C. (2003). Evaluation of sun coverage of protective hats for golfers using three-dimensional body scan data. [Abstract] International Apparel and Textiles Association Proceedings, Monument, CO. [Online] at: www.itaaonline.org/index2.html. Lyman-Clarke, L., Ashdown, S. P., Loker, S., Lewis, V. D., & Schoenfelder, K. A Comparison of Visual Analysis Rating Systems. 2005 International Textile and Apparel Association Proceedings Nam , J., Branson, D., Cao, H., Ashdown, S. P., & Schoenfelder, K. 3D Body Scanning: Methods and Data Analysis Development for Quantifying Ease. 2005 International Textile and Apparel Association Proceedings. Petrova, A. & Ashdown, S.P. Analysis of Body Scan Data for Best Fit of Pants, International Textile and Apparel Association Conference Proceedings. November, 2004. Stone, J. F., Coffman, C. W., Imerman, P., Song, K. and Shelley, M. Glove Liner Wear Study, International Textile and Apparel Association Conference Proceedings. November, 2004. Sarkar, A.K., Ramkumar, S.S., Kanukuntla, S., and Dhandapani, R. (2006). UV characteristics of cotton and blended nonwovens [Abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council of America . Stone, J. F., Coffman, C. W., Imerman, P., Song, K. and Shelley, M. Glove Liner Wear Study, Midwest Rural Agricultural Safety and Health Forum Proceedings, Coralville, IA. October, 2004. Sung, Heewon and Slocum, Ann C. (2003). UV radiation exposure to body sites of golfers and effects of clothing. [Abstract] International Apparel and Textiles Association Proceedings, Monument, CO. [Online] at: www.ITAAonline.org/index2.html. Zhang, X. and Raheel, M. Predicting Pesticide Penetration in Woven Fabrics Used for Chemical Protective Clothing . Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 7. Montreux, Switzerland, May 21-24, 2003. Internet: Body Scanning for Apparel, http://www.bodyscan.human.cornell.edu Human Dimensioning Laboratory, University of Minnesota, College of Design, http://dha.cdes.umn.edu/outreach_center/Human_Dimensioning_Lab.html NC-170 Regional Research website Sizing and Fit of Apparel, Media coverage: Gardy, Rebecca, The Shape of Things to Come, American Demographics, July/August 2003. Winter, Metta. Engineering Textiles to Protect Workers from Toxic Chemicals, Human Ecology, 31(3): 18-21. May, 2004 Encyclopedia Entry LaBat, K. (2006). Human factors and apparel design, International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors . Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. Patents: S.S. Ramkumar, Method for Producing Chemical Protective Composite Substrate, US Patent Pending. (Response submitted in Summer 2007). S. S. Ramkumar, Development of Leather Based Ballistic Protection Composites Shield, US Patent # 6,862,971 (date of issue: March 8, 2005). S. S. Ramkumar, Method of Producing Chemical Protective Composite Substrate, (Patent Pending). Objective 2. To examine acceptance and barriers to acceptance of PPE products and practices. Publications: Non-Refereed Publications: Breen, N. Carpet Vacuuming & Cleaning, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, November 2002. Coffman, C. The Agricultural Health Study, Textiles & Apparel News 21 (3): 4. July, 2005. Coffman, C. Agricultural Health Websites, The Cutting Edge 1(1): 4. February, 2007. Coffman, C. Browsing Websites: EPA, Textiles & Apparel News 20 (5): 4. November, 2004. Coffman, C. CCA-Treatment of Wood Discontinued, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, April 2003. Coffman, C. Enclosed Cabs Reduce Pesticide Exposure, Textiles & Apparel News 22 (3): 4. September, 2006. Coffman, C. EPA Approves Glove Liners, Textiles & Apparel News 21 (2): 4. April, 2005. Coffman, C. Insect-repellent Apparel, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, September 2003. Coffman, C. Pesticide Safety Educational Materials, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, September 2003. Coffman, C. The Phthalate Question, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, June 2003. Coffman, C. Shelter from the Sun, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, June 2003. Coffman, C. Useful Resources on Pesticide Topics, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, February 2003. Coffman, Charlotte and Stone, Janis. Glove Liner Study, Textile & Apparel News, Cornell University, 19 (5): 4, November, 2003. Shaw, A. (2005). Chapter 4: Steps in selection of protective clothing materials, In: Scott, R.A. (Ed.), Textiles for protection. Cambridge , UK : Woodhead Publishing Limited. Stone, J. (2006). Family Pesticide Safety: Wear the Right Gloves, Pm-1662c, Chapter 10 in Laundry Areas, The House Handbook, Midwest Plan Service, MWPS-16. Stone, J. Consumer Choices: How to Complain and Get Results, Pm-716, Revised. Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, 2003. Stone, J. Consumer Choices: Understanding Apparel and Furnishings Textile, Pm-734 Revised. Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, 2003. Stone, J. Consumer Choices: Using Textile Labels, Pm-733 Revised. Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, 2003. Stone, J. Is it time to change your hat? Pm-1683 Revised. Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. July 2003. Stone, Janis F. Personal Safety in the Greenhouse. Iowa State University Extension, PAT-43, February 2007. Stone, J. and Kadolph. S. Facts about Fabric Flammability, NCR-174, Revised. Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. July 2003. Presentations: Refereed Presentations: Coffman, Charlotte W. Household dust Study: Pesticide Residues Found in Dust Samples Collected from New York Homes, Northeast Pesticide Safety Education and Certification Workshop, September 26, 2006, Mystic, CT. Coffman, C. Pesticide Residues and other Allergens in Homes. Poster Session, Association of Cornell Cooperative Extension Educators 2002 Conference, Ithaca, NY, October, 2002. Coffman, C. Reducing the Risk of Operator Contamination form Pesticides. Poster Session, Association of Cornell Cooperative Extension Educators 2002 Conference, Ithaca, NY, October,2002. Coffman, C. Reducing the Risk of Operator Contamination from Pesticides. Poster Session, Galaxy II Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, September 2003. Coffman, Charlotte W. Testing for PPE Resistance for Pesticide Penetration, Northeast Pesticide Safety Education and Certification Workshop, September 25, 2006, Mystic, CT. Coffman, Charlotte W. Understanding Tradeoffs between Engineering Controls to Reduce Pesticide Exposure and Use of PPE, Northeast Pesticide Safety Education and Certification Workshop, September 25, 2006, Mystic, CT. Coffman, Charlotte W., Stone, Janis F., Slocum, Ann, Landers, Andrew J., Schwab, Charles V., Olsen, Larry G. and Lee, Seungsin. Influence of Engineering Controls on Personal Protective Equipment Use, Fiber Society, Seoul , Korea , May 31-June 2, 2006 (poster) Coffman, C. Stone, J. F., Slocum, A., Landers, A., Schwab, C., and Olsen, L. Pesticide Applicators Use and Understanding of Personal Protective Equipment and Engineering Controls (Poster Session), Midwest Rural Agricultural Safety and Health Forum, Coralville, IA. October, 2004. Shaw, Anugrah and Ruchika Abbi, (2004), Online System for Selection of Clothing Materials for Pesticide Users, International Conference on High Performance Textiles and Apparel, Coimbatore, India Shaw, A. and Vankalaya G., Protective clothing for pesticide applicators: a comprehensive online system for data management, analysis and dissemination of information, 3rd European Conference on Protective Clothing and NOKOBETEF 8, Gdynia, Poland, May 2006 Invited Presentations: Coffman, Charlotte. (2004) Glove Study and Whats New in PPE for Greenhouse Pesticide Applicators, 2004 Greenhouse Update, Ithaca, NY. February 12. Coffman, C. Interpreting Personal Protective Equipment Label Statements, PPE: Selection, Use, and Maintenance, Can Engineering Controls Replace PPE, and Pesticide Residues in NY Coffman, Charlotte W. Personal Protective Equipment for Handling Pesticides, Pesticide Applicator Certification Orientation, May 15, 2007, Ithaca, NY. Coffman, C. Pesticide Residues in the Home, Pesticide Update, Fishkill, N.Y. March 2003. Coffman, C. PPE Statements on Pesticide Labels, Advanced Horticulture School, Rochester, NY, February, 2005. Coffman, C. PPE When Handling Pesticides, Pesticide Applicator Certification Orientation, Ithaca , NY . January 18, 2006. Coffman, Charlotte. (2004), Protecting Your Health When Applying Pesticides, Food Processing Sanitation and Pest Management, Rochester, NY. February 10. Coffman, C. Protective Clothing and Gear and Cornell Research Related to PPE, Advanced Horticulture School , Rochester , NY , January 31, 2006. Coffman, Charlotte W. Protective Clothing  What? When? Why?, Pesticide Applicator Training for Amish Farmers, July 18, 2007, Conewago Valley, NY. Homes. Greenhouse Workforce Training, Hamden, NY. December 2003. Coffman, Charlotte. (2004), Personal Protective Equipment When Handling Pesticides, Pesticide Applicator Certification Orientation, Ithaca, NY, January 14. Stone, J., Heer, R., Abbott, B. (2003) How shady is your t-shirt? Table Top Educational Exhibit. Theses and Dissertation: Sung, Heewon. Golfers: UV Exposure, Health Beliefs and Practices, and Intention to Adopt UV Protective Clothing. Unpublished Dissertation. Michigan State University, 2003. Abstracts and Proceedings: Coffman, C. Stone, J. F., Slocum, A., Landers, A., Schwab, C., and Olsen, L. Pesticide Applicators Use and Understanding of Personal Protective Equipment and Engineering Controls, Midwest Rural Agricultural Safety and Health Forum Proceedings, Coralville, IA. October, 2004. Extension Articles: Internet: Occupational Safety and Protective Clothing, http://txnc170.human.cornell.edu/ Personal Pesticide Protection, http://www.humec.cornell.edu/units/txa/extension/pest/ Objective 3. To develop performance specification for protective clothing materials. In Print Full Length Articles: Shaw, Anugrah and Ruchika Abbi, (2004) "Comparison of Gravimetric and Gas Chromatographic Methods for Assessing Performance of Textile Materials against Liquid Pesticides", International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol.10, No.3, 255-261 Shaw, A., Eva Cohen, Torsten Hinz, "Laboratory Test Methods to Measure Repellency, Retention and Penetration of Liquid Pesticides through Protective Clothing: Part II Comparison of Three Test Methods", Textile Research Journal, Vol. 74, No.8, 684-688 (2004) Refereed Presentations: Shaw, A. & Abbi, R. Comparison of Gravimetric & Gas Chromatographic Methods for Assessing Performance of Textile Materials against liquid Pesticides. 2nd European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC), Montreux, Switzerland, May 21-24, 2003. Shaw, A. and Pagadala, S. PPE for Pesticide Applicators: Performance of Protective Clothing Materials with Repellent Finishes, International Conference  Research and Standardization in the Field of Development and Use of Personal Protective Equipment, Cracow , Poland , September 2005 Shaw, A. and Pagadala P., (2006) Seam Efficiency of Protective Clothing for Pesticide Applicators, 2006 International Conference and Exhibition, American Association of Textile Chemist and Colorist, Atlanta, Nov 2006 Standards Developed: ISO 22608 Protective clothing  Protection against liquid chemicals Standards in Review: ASTM Standard WK 10555, New Protective clothing Performance specification for protective clothing for horticultural and agricultural pesticide workers, (in development) ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org. ISO Standard ISO/WD 27065, Protective clothing -- Performance requirements for work and protective clothing for horticultural and agricultural pesticide workers, (in development) ICS: 13.340.10, Stage: 20.20 (2006.06.28), TC/SC: TC94/SC 13