Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Report from Henry Tyrrell, representative of CSREES

Tyrrell provided an update on agricultural issues in Congress. He described the regional project system to us and reminded us that 25% of Hatch allocations are used to fund approved regional projects. Of these regional funds, greater than 90% are used for salaries. Approximate allocation toward disciplines is > 4X for human research, 4X for animal science research, 2X for plant science research, and X for social science research. Tyrrell announced to everyones chagrin that this meeting will be the last time he attends because of his impending retirement. He plans to move south of D.C.perhaps Florida or Alabama. Tyrrell announced that colleagues Bill Wagner and Dick Frahm also are retiring from CSREES and that Gary Cromwell of the University of Kentucky will fill in to about 25% of his time. The group had an extended discussion about future leadership in the CSREES, the NRI competitive grants program, and the land grant system.

Monday, January 6, 2003

Chair Bev Teter called the meeting to order at 8:25 a.m. Each attendee introduced herself or himself. Ron Pardini, our administrative advisor, gave us a genuine welcome to the University of Nevada. He expressed concern about the poor attendance, and some of the reasons such as late approval of the meeting were discussed. Pardini reminded us that our project expires in September of 2004. Therefore, we were encouraged to initiate discussions of objectives for the renewal project. He encouraged us to put more emphasis on impacts, what has been done, and why we work together. To meet our renewal deadline, we need to have a rewrite completed by March 2004, which is the scheduled meeting of the Western Regional Directors.

The minutes of the 2002 annual meeting were approved with minor changes in spelling.

Station Reports

Jeff Firkins (Clemson University): Objective 1

Firkins has been studying biohydrogenation in the rumen. Specifically, he has studied the reduction and isomerization of elaidic (and oleic acids) to monoenoic acids and stearic acid. Additionally, he and his colleagues have studied the biohydrogenation of linoleamide and its effects on linoleic acid concentration in duodenal contents of sheep. Other studies were a comparison of amide and calcium salt derivatives of linoleic acid on linoleic acid concentration in digesta, blood, and milk of Holstein cows.

Don Beitz (Iowa State University): Objective 2 and 3

Beitz and his colleagues have studied the response of cows that produce a more saturated fat and those that produce a more unsaturated fat to diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. They used fish oil and soy oil in roasted soybeans as the source of supplemental fat and studied the properties of butter prepared from the resulting different milks. The bottom line of their research is that natural variation and nutritional manipulation of fatty acid composition of bovine milk provides the possibility of selecting or causing cows to produce a more healthful milk that produces a more spreadable butter.

Cindie Luhman and Paul Porter (Land OLakes/Farmland): Objective 3

Luhman and Porter reported on research in which they were studying the effect of different dietary fats (proprietary protection) on fatty acid composition including the different trans fatty acids of milk and the spreadability of butter. They noted that spreadability of butter is not only dependent on the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in the milk fat but also dependent on the location of the unsaturated fatty acids on the glycerol moiety of the triacylglycerol. They also studied the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to estimate degree of unsaturation of milk fat quickly and accurately.

David Schingoethe and Amer Abughazaleh (South Dakota State University): Objective 2

Schingoethe and Abughazaleh determined that optimal concentrations of trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the rumen for maximal CLA in milk can be obtained with as little as 0.33% fish oil in a diet that contains supplemental extruded soybeans. Fish oil is thought to inhibit the ruminal hydrogenate of TVA to stearate. Also, TVA and CLA content was increased most when the supplemental fat in addition to the fish oil was rich in linoleic acid. The greater CLA because of fish oil is likely the result of increased supply of TVA at the mammary gland. In another study of cheese yield from Holstein and Brown Swiss milks, the Brown Swiss milk yielded greater amounts of cheese per milk volume. Also, curd formation required less time and the curd was firmer from the Brown Swiss milk.

Bev Teter (University of Maryland): Objective 2

Teter and her colleagues continued to study the transfer of dietary CLA and other trans fatty acids as calcium salts to the myriad of isomers of CLA in milk fat. They observed a significant milk fat depression (0.85%) when cows were fed daily 100/g of CLA as a calcium salt. Another focus has been to use mice as models for the metabolic effect of dietary CLA. They observed that trans 10, cis 12 CLA increases heat production and that the CLA seemed to increase the volume of peroxisomes and total lipid in liver.

Renewal of Project

The group discussed the fact that our project requires renewal during early 2004. These items were put forth for consideration.
1. The renewal project should include a greater emphasis on extension of research to clientele. Thus, we need to include more extension people to join the group.
2. These emerging dairy issues were stated for consideration in the renewal:
‘ Increase manufacturing focus.
‘ Increase integration of nutrition and product quality.
‘ Consider spreadability of butter to price of the product.
‘ Emphasize cheese yieldthis quality of milk seems to be a stimulus for the selection of Jersey cows for milk production.
‘ Study factors that control cheese quality because inconsistency in quality of cheddar cheese remains a challenge.
‘ Continue to study factors that influence shelf life of dairy products.
3. Development of a symposium that integrates milk production practices with qualities of common dairy foods. Such a symposium could include topics related to:
‘ Nutrition of cow and milk fat composition.
‘ Production and value of whey and its products.
‘ Regulation of protein composition and concentration in milk.
‘ Mechanism of milk fat synthesis, including role of peroxisomes and mitochondria.
‘ Influence of dairy products on human health.
4. Are objectives of current project appropriate for renewal project. A consensus was that more emphases on studies in improve health-promoting properties of dairy foods should be developed.
5. Ron Pardini reminded us that the web site of should be used for electronic proposal writing.

Seminar by Ron Pardini

The group had the privilege to learn about the successful research program of Ron Pardini on the nutritional intervention with fat rich in omega-3 fatty acids for treatment of cancer. He has been studying the effect of different fatty acids on growth of a model cancer cell culture. One finding that seems very promising for adoption is the inhibition of cancer cell growth by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). He presented a testimonial of his neighbor friend that amazed all of us. The neighbor had a type of terminal cancer reversed by use of DHA supplements without the use of the usual chemotherapeutic protocol. He mentioned other testimonials of friends and relatives who died or are suffering from cancer who use(d) supplemental DHA or fish oil to slow growth of cancer. Many of us were left with the thoughts of reinitiating the practice of taking our cod liver oil supplement with breakfast for benefits to personal health.

Impacts of W-181 Research

The group initiated discussion of developing a list of impacts or findings from W-181 regional research. We request that each member of the regional project assist the writing team (Bev Teter, Tom Jenkins, and Don Beitz) in developing this list. Henry Tyrrell will send the previous five annual reports and minutes to the writing team for summarization. As a starter, these impacts were voiced:
1. Nutritional manipulation can impact CLA content of milk.
2. Nutritional manipulation can increase oleic acid content and decrease saturated fatty acid content of milk.
3. Fatty acid content of milk fat is regulated partly by genetic mechanisms.
4. Milk from cows of different breeds differ in CLA content.
5. Feeding fish oil at low dosages does not have negative effects on taste of dairy foods.
6. CLA-enriched butter has anticancer effects.
7. Diet can be manipulated to alter melting point and spreadability of butter.
8. FTIR spectroscopy may be a tool to relatively quickly estimate degree of unsaturation of milk fat.
9. Trans-vaccenic acid is a precursor of CLA.
10. Feeding CLA may have positive impact on cows in negative energy balance by causing milk fat depression.
11. Pasture feeding increases CLA content of milk.

W-181 Meeting at 2003 ADSA/ASAS

Tom Jenkins will coordinate a meeting time of W-181 members in Phoenix to continue discussion of the W-181 renewal.

2004 Meeting of W-181 Committee

The group selected Thursday January 8 (8 a.m.  5 p.m.) and Friday January 9 (8 a.m.  12 noon) as the meeting time for the 2004 annual meeting of the W-181 committee. Ron Pardini agreed to host the committee again in Reno, NV.

Committee Member Responsibilities

Don Beitz agreed to prepare the minutes of the 2003 meeting. Bev Teter will prepare the annual report. Sharon Franklin will be asked and has agreed to serve as secretary at the 2004 annual meeting. To each of you members, if you have not yet provided an annual report for 2003, please send the report to Bev Teter at your earliest convenience for inclusion in the 2003 annual report.

Objective 1. To identify and characterize important regulatory steps in fatty acid synthesis and desaturation and their positional distribution on glycerol in milk fat.

Several studies have indicated that the synthesis of short chain fatty acids is inhibited by diets and diet supplements that increase the amounts of trans monoenes and CLA fatty acids. Studies have been conducted in mice, rats, goats, and cows. Some studies are still in progress but in those that are finished, the abundances of mRNA for fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) enzymes were decreased under these conditions. Mechanisms of these changes are not yet known but there is evidence that at the cellular level they involve the SREBP family of transcription factors. In both cows and mice increased liver triglyceride and liver weight (mice) has been noted with consumption of CLA, especially the trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomer. Continuing studies are examining stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in liver and adipose. Another study in mice is examining the effect of trans-10, cis-12-CLA on the SCD activities in adipose tissue. Additional tissue culture studies are underway to determine CPT-1 mRNA and PPARa mRNA expression in response to trans-10, cis-12-CLA. Conversely, a study using adult post-prandial Wistar rats showed that trans-10, cis-12 CLA increased the lipogenic activities in perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues as well as increasing the plasma non-esterified fatty acids, and ketogenesis but decreased other plasma lipids. On the other hand, the cis-9, trans-11-CLA decreased plasma cholesterol. In this study CLA did not alter organ weight, protein content or protein synthesis rates in liver or intestine. Muscle protein synthesis was stimulated by the trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomer. It appears that there may be major species differences in CLA metabolism in mammals.

The French group has shown that the trans-10-18: 1 isomer was better related to the milk fat decrease in cows fed diets rich in cereals than the trans-10, cis-12 CLA.

Human subjects are being used to evaluate the metabolic rate and RQ during rest and exercise after ingestion of 10/12 CLA.

There have been several studies looking at the effects of CLA dietary supplementation or diet modifications on the desaturation index of milk fats by comparing the ratios of saturate to monounsaturate carbon number pairs. The results from different research groups have been mixed - some have seen effects while others have not. The variation among cows in content of CLA and CLA-desaturase index is 3 fold but over a 12-week period the index is maintained even when cows are shifted between diets.

A recent study of feeding cottonseed in conjunction with iron sulfate demonstrated that the intake of dry matter and milk yield decreased linearly with the addition of iron sulfate but it did lower plasma gossypol levels. Examination of the total fatty acids in triglycerides and the sn-2 fatty acids found small differences. Fatty acid composition of milk fat triglycerides and phospholipid did not differ greatly.

The most consistently observed and perhaps the most important observation for human health and nutrition is the observation that most of the CLA appearing in cows milk is made in the gland from the trans-11-18: 1, vaccenic acid, produced in the rumen. This fatty acid transfers readily to the mammary gland and is desaturated to the cis-9, trans-11 CLA that has been shown to be protective for mammary cancer in the mouse model. The trans-7, cis-9-CLA isomer is formed in the same manner. Vaccenic acid (trans-9-18: 1) has recently been shown to be protective for mammary tumors in a rat model when provided in a triglyceride. This may be due to the formation of the cis-9, trans-11 CLA as observed in cow milk. The apparent transfer of the preformed CLA from the rumen is of a smaller order of magnitude compared to that formed in the gland.



Objective 2. To quantify modification of milk fat composition by manipulating the diet of the cow.


Much of the effort during this period of the W-181 project has been devoted to defining the dietary conditions that lead to the desired production of milk fat of certain composition. This desired composition varied among research groups and was modified in several ways. Some groups were seeking to decrease saturated fatty acids or to increase polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some groups were interested in decreasing total milk fat and others worked to increase CLA or other fatty acids deemed important in human nutrition such as omega-3 isomers.

The diets have been modified using many different schemes. Some have included the addition of vegetable oils, fish oils, rumen protected salts, or high oil containing grains or combinations of these treatments. In addition there have been studies with pasture feeding both cows and steers to increase the CLA content of the milk or meat. Some studies have included post-rumen infusions to exclude rumen modification of the diet supplements.

It has been shown that diets high in concentrate and lower in forage lead to higher levels of trans (tFA) and CLA fatty acids. These diets also decrease milk fat. Buffering such diets alleviates the milk fat depression. Addition of oils to these diets increases the levels of tFA and CLA. The combination of a high linoleic fat source with fish oil leads to even higher levels of the tFA and CLA isomers. The form of the forage and method of lipid feeding have also been studied. It was found that feeding a soy oil/wheat mill mixture after milking lead to higher levels of CLA than when the soy oil/wheat mill mixture was part of the TMR. The type of forage has been shown to affect the production of trans-10-18: 1 fatty acid production. In the dairy goat is was observed that the of trans-10-18: 1 was higher in the milk when the goats were fed a corn silage-based diet as opposed to a diet which was alfalfa hay based. Pasture feeding cows leads to high levels of CLA but the addition of feed sources rich in linoleic acid does not increase the CLA levels beyond only pasture feeding.

There has been a large number of studies in which calcium salts of fatty acids are fed in order to rumen protect the fatty acids. Calcium salts of palm fatty acids are used to increase milk fat production and polyunsaturated fatty acids are being investigated to improve fertility. Salts of both tFA and CLA have been fed to reduce milk fat and/or to increase the levels of CLA in the milk. It has been shown that the effects lasted during a 20-week study with no adverse effects on the cow well-being or subsequent pregnancy.

Studies examining the effect of supplemental fat types on the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows have be done using calcium salt products containing fish oils or polyunsaturated vegetable oils. Some of these studies are still in progress.

A number of our member groups have been using in vitro rumen fermentation to study modification of feed components. This is a technique, which allows more detailed study of the processes involved in rumen modification of feedstuffs. Products and intermediates can be isolated and studied and quantitative comparisons made since there is not a flow into or out of the fermentation vessel unless it is designed to be sampled. One study based on gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry has shown that incubation of 13C labeled Elaidic acid (trans-9-18: 1) for 48 hours resulted in the formation of all trans-18: 1 isomers from delta position 6 through 16. Furthermore 5 to 10% of the Elaidic acid was converted to cis-9- and cis-11-18: 1. If the starting fatty acid was oleic acid the range of trans isomers was also seen. It was also determined that oleamide and linoleamide was less biohydrogenated than the parent acids.

Publications
Full papers
Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., Loor J., Rouel J., Martin B., 2003. Trans and conjugated fatty acids in milks from cows and goats consuming pasture or receiving vegetable oil or seeds. Italian Journal of Animal Science, in press.

Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., Rouel J., Lamberet G., 2003. A review of nutritional and physiological factors affecting goat milk lipid synthesis and lipolysis. Journal of Dairy Science, in press.

Rimond B., Aubailly S., Chilliard Y., Dupont D., Pomihs D., Petit M., 2002. Combined effects of once-daily milking and feeding level in early lactation on production and enzyme activities of milk, and nutritional status, in Holstein cows. Animal Research, 51, 101-117.

Short papers (2-4 pages)

Chilliard Y., Chabosseau J.M., Rouel J., Capitan P., Gominard C., Gaborit P., Juanida P., Ferlay A., 2002. Interactions between forage nature and sunflower or linseed oil supplementation on goat milk fatty acids of interest for human nutrition. In: J.L. Durand, J.C. Emile, C. Huyghe and G. Lemaire (Editors), Multi-Function Grasslands : Proceedings of the 19. General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation. La Rochelle (FRA)., 2002 05 27-30, Grassland Science in Europe, 7, 548-549.

Dubroeucq H., Martin B., Ferlay A., Pradel Ph., Verdier-Metz I., Chilliard Y., Agabriel J., Coulon J.B., 2002. L‘alimentation des vaches peut modifier les caractiristiques sensorielles du lait. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants, 9, 351-354.

Ferlay A., Martin B., Pradel Ph., Capitan P., Coulon J.B., Chilliard Y., 2002. Effects of the nature of forages on cow milk fatty acids having a positive role on human health. In: J.L. Durand, J.C. Emile, C. Huyghe and G. Lemaire (Editors), Multi-Function Grasslands : Proceedings of the 19. General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation. La Rochelle (FRA)., 2002 05 27-30, Grassland Science in Europe, 7, 556-557.

Gaborit P., Raynal K., Lauret A., Chabosseau J.M., Rouel J., Chilliard Y., 2002. Flavour of goat milk and cheeses according to feeding: alfalfa hay or maize silage with oleic sunflower or linseed oil supplementation. In: J.L. Durand, J.C. Emile, C. Huyghe and G. Lemaire (Editors), Multi-Function Grasslands : Proceedings of the 19. General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation. La Rochelle (FRA)., 2002 05 27-30, Grassland Science in Europe, 7, 562-563.

Martin B., Ferlay A., Pradel Ph., Rock E., Grolier P., Dupont D., Gruffat D., Besle J.M., Chilliard Y., Coulon J.B., 2002. Variabiliti de la teneur des laits en constituants d‘intirjt nutritionnel selon la nature des fourrages consommis par les vaches laitihres. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants, 9, 347-350.

Rouel J., Gaborit P., Chabosseau J.M., Raynal K., Ferlay A., Lauret A., Chilliard Y., 2002. Effets de la nature du fourrage et de la supplimentation lipidique sur la composition en acides gras du lait et sur la qualiti sensorielle des produits laitiers caprins. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants, 9, 359-362.

Conferences
Chilliard Y., Bauchart D., 2002. Enrichissement du lait et de la viande en CLA. 4. Journies Francophones de Nutrition. Dijon (FRA), 2002 11 27-29. (Conference available on CD rom)

Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., Loor J., Rouel J., Martin B., 2002. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and trans fatty acids in milk from cows and goats grazing fresh pasture or supplemented with oils or oil seeds. Seminar Cheese ART02, Consortio Ricerca Filiera Lattiero-Casearia. Ragusa (ITA)., 2002 06 6-9. 18 pp.

Chilliard Y., Loor J., Ferlay A., 2002. Cows‘ feeding and milk CLA. Proc. International Workshop : Frontiers of lipid research/genetic aspects of lipid regulation. Utrecht (NL)., 2002 05 27-28. 14 pp.

Martin B., Cornu A., Kondjoyan N., Ferlay A., Verdier-Metz I., Pradel Ph., Rock E., Chilliard Y., Coulon J.B., Berdagui J.L., 2002. Comment reconnantre la nature des fourrages consommis par les vaches laitihres ? Approches analytiques en cours de diveloppement ` l‘INRA. Congrilait 26. World Dairy Congress. Paris (FRA)., 2002 09 24-27. 9 pp. (Conference and paper available on CD rom)

Abstracts
Arnal M.A., Jamin M., Ribeyre M.C., Mosoni L., Faulconnier Y., Chardigny J.M., Chilliard Y., Patureau Mirand., 2002. The trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid isomer stimulates protein synthesis in adult rat muscles. 2. Congress of the European Federation for the Science and Technology of Lipids. Strasbourg (FRA)., 2002 11 6-8.

Faulconnier Y., Arnal M.A., Patureau-Mirand P., Tourret M., Delavaud C., Chardigny J.M., Chilliard Y., 2002. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma metabolites and hormones in adult rat. 2. Congress of the European Federation for the Science and Technology of Lipids. Strasbourg (FRA)., 2002 11 6-8.

Ferlay A., Martin B., Pradel Ph., Chilliard Y., 2002. Effect of the nature of forages on lipolytic system in cow milk. Congrilait 26. World Dairy Congress. Paris (FRA)., 2002 09 24-27.

Ferlay A., Andrieu J.P., Pomies D., Martin-Rosset W., Chilliard Y., 2002. Effet de l‘ensilage enrubanni d‘herbe de demi-montagne sur la composition en acides gras d‘intirjt nutritionnel du lait de vache. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants, 9, 365.

Ferlay A., Verdier-Metz I., Pradel Ph., Martin B., Van der Horst H., Ballot N., Chilliard Y., 2002. Effets respectifs d‘une alimentation ` base d‘herbe et de la transformation fromaghre sur la composition en acides gras d‘intirjt nutritionnel de fromage de type Saint-Nectaire ou Cantal. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants, 9, 367.

Gaborit P., Raynal-Ljutovac K., Lauret A., Chabosseau J.M., Rouel J., Chilliard Y., 2002. Flavour of goat milk and cheeses according to feeding: alfalfa hay or maize silage with oleic sunflower or linseed oil supplementation. Congrilait 26. World Dairy Congress. Paris (FRA)., 2002 09 24-27.

Loor J., Ferlay A., Doreau M., Chilliard Y., 2002. Intestinal supply of trans10, cis12-18:2 lowers milk fat output in Holstein cows fed a high- or low-fiber diet with two levels of linseed oil. ADSA-ASAS, Annual Meeting. Quebec City, (CAN)., 2002 07 21-25. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, Suppl.1, 297.

Loor J., Ferlay A., Ollier A., Doreau M., Chilliard Y., 2002. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), trans fatty acids, and lipid content in milk from Holstein cows fed a high or low fiber diet with two levels of linseed oil. ADSA-ASAS, Annual Meeting. Quebec City, (CAN)., 2002 07 21-25. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, Suppl.1, 297.

Loor J., Ueda K., Ferlay A., Chilliard Y., Doreau M., 2002. Patterns of biohydrogenation and duodenal flow of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are altered by dietary fiber level and linseed oil in dairy cows. ADSA-ASAS Annual Meeting. Quebec (CAN)., 2002 07 21-25. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, Suppl.1, 314.

Malpuech-Brughre C., Beaufrhre B., Mensink R.P., Sebedio J.L., Arnal M.A., Faulconnier Y., Mosoni L., Chilliard Y., Patureau-Mirand P., Chardigny J.M., 2002. Effect of cis-9, trans-11 or trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with regards to food safety and body composition in overweight middle-aged europeans. Studies on mechanisms of action in rats. Conseil Scientifique International du CRNH d‘Auvergne. Clermont-Ferrand (FRA)., 2001 12 13-14.

Ueda K., Ferlay A., Loor J., Chilliard Y., Doreau M., 2002. Effect of linseed oil supplementation to different forage/concentrate ratio diets on ruminal digestion in dairy cows. ADSA-ASAS Annual Meeting. Quebec (CAN)., 2002 07 21-25. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, Suppl.1, 314.

Faulconnier Y., Arnal M.A., Flichet J., Patureau-Mirand P., Chardigny J.M., Chilliard Y., 2001. Influence de l‘ingestion de deux isomhres du CLA sur le mitabolisme du tissu adipeux chez le rat adulte. In: Proc. AFERO, AFN, SNDLF Congress "Nutrition et Obisiti 2001". Paris (FRA)., 2001 11 29-30, p. 53

Related References Published during this Interval

Baumgard, L.H., C.E. Moore and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Potential application of conjugated linoleic acids in nutrient partitioning. Proc. Southwest Nutr. Conf. 127-141, Tucson, AZ. Available at
http://animal.cals.arizona.edu/SWNMC/2002/Baumgard_Moore_Bauman2002.pdf

Peterson, D.G., E.A. Matitashvili, D.E. Bauman. 2002. Diet-induced milk fat depression is characterized by increased milk fat content of t10, c12 CLA and corresponding reductions in mammary tissue expression of lipogenic genes. The FASEB J. 16:A232. (Abstr.).

Bauman, D.E. and J.M. Griinari. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acids and the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Abstracts of the 93rd AOCS Annual Meeting, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL (Abstr. S1).

Arola, A., J. Kraft, V. Toivonen, P. Perajoki, K. Nurmela, D.E. Bauman and J.M. Griinari. 2002. Milk fat depression is associated with a previously unidentified change in CLA profile in bovine milk fat. Abstracts of the 93rd AOCS Annual Meeting, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL (Abstr. S1).

Chouinard, P.Y. and D.E. Bauman. 2002. The effects of diet on milk CLA content and resultant changes in milk composition. Abstracts of the 93rd AOCS Annual Meeting, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL (Abstr. S5).

Corl, B.A., L.H. Baumgard, J.M. Griinari, P. Delmonte, K.M. Morehouse, M.P. Yurawecz and D.E. Bauman. 2002. trans-7, cis-9 CLA is endogenously synthesized by a D9-desaturase in lactating dairy cows. Abstracts of the 93rd AOCS Annual Meeting, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL (Abstr. S5-S6).

Yurawecz, M.P. Delmonte, A. Kataoka, K.M. Morehouse, B. Corl, L. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Determination of conjugated octadecadienoic fatty acid methyl esters by silver-ion HPLC using relative retention volumes. Abstracts of the 93rd AOCS Annual Meeting, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL (Abstr. S6).

Michaud, A.L., B.A. Corl, D.E. Bauman and J.T. Brenna. 2002. Acetonitrile chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the identification of trans and conjugated fatty acid methyl ester isomers in milk fat. ASMS (Abstr).

Baumgard, L.H., B.A. Corl, D.A. Dwyer and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on tissue response to homeostatic signals and plasma variables associated with lipid metabolism in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1285-1293.

Bauman, D.E. 2002. The origin of CLA. NIH Workshop: Perspectives on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Available at:
http://ods.od.nih.gov/news/conferences/cla/bauman_new_presentation.pdf. May 15-16, Bethesda, MD.

Baumgard, L.H. and D.E. Bauman. 2002. NIH Workshop: Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and mammary lipid metabolism. Perspectives on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Available at:
http://ods.od.nih.gov/news/conferences/cla/baumgard_new_presentation.pdf May 15-16, Bethesda, MD.

Peterson, D.G., L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Short Communication: Milk fat response to low doses of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 85:1764-1766.

Corl, B.A., L.H. Baumgard, J.M. Griinari, P. Delmonte, K.M. Morehouse, M.P. Yurawecz and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Lactating dairy cows endogenously synthesize trans-7, cis-9 CLA. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):57-58. (Abstr.).

Peterson, D.G., L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Dose-dependent reduction in milk fat secretion with abomasal infusion of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and comparison to diet-induced milk fat depression. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):176. (Abstr.).

Kay, J.K., T.R. Mackle, M.J. Auldist, N.A. Thomson and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Endogenous synthesis of cis﷓9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in pasture-fed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):176. (Abstr.).

Perfield II, J.W., G. Bernal-Santos, T.R. Overton and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Fatty acid changes in milk fat from Holstein cows fed rumen-protected CLA during the transition period. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):177. (Abstr.).

Peterson, D.G., C.M. Luhman, J.A. Kelsey and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Variability in atherogenic and thrombogenic potential of milk fat of standard and elevated cis-9, trans-11 CLA content. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):288. (Abstr.).

Kelsey, J.A., B.A. Corl, R.C. Collier and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Effect of breed, parity and stage of lactation on milk fat content of CLA in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):298-299. (Abstr.).

Kay, J.K., T.R. Mackle, M.J. Auldist, N.A. Thomson and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Endogenous synthesis and enhancement of conjugated linoleic acid in pasture-fed cows. New Zealand Soc. Anim. Prod. 62:12-15.

Banni, S., E. Angioni, E. Murru, G. Carta, M.P. Melis, D.E. Bauman, Y. Dong and C. Ip. 2002. Vaccenic acid feeding increases tissue levels of conjugated linoleic acid and suppresses the development of premalignant lesions in the rat mammary gland. Nutr. and Cancer 41:91-97.

Corl, B.A., L.H. Baumgard, J.M. Griinari, P. Delmonte, K.M. Morehouse, M.P. Yurawecz and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Trans-7, cis-9 CLA is synthesized endogenously by D9-desaturase in dairy cows. Lipids 37:681-688.

Baumgard, L.H., E. Matitashvili, B.A. Corl, D.A. Dwyer and D.E. Bauman. 2002. trans﷓10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid decreases lipogenic rates and expression of genes involved in milk lipid synthesis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2155-2163.

Peterson, D.G., J.A, Kelsey and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Analysis of variation in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2164-2172.

Perfield II, J.W., G. Bernal-Santos, T.R. Overton and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows during established lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2609-2617.

Bauman, D.E. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and milk fat: A good news story. Proc. Arizona Dairy Prod. Conf., Tempe, AZ. pp. 47-52.

Peterson, D.G., E.A. Matitashvili and D.E. Bauman. 2003. The inhibitory effect of t10, c12 CLA on lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1. Exp. Biol. 2003:681.6. (Abstr).

Mackle, T.R., J.K. Kay, M.J. Auldist, A.K.H. MacGibbon, B.A. Philpott, L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2003. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:644-652.

Bauman, D.E. and J.M. Griinari. 2003. Nutritional Regulation of milk fat synthesis. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 23:203-227.

Gomez, F.E., D.E. Bauman, J.M. Ntambi and B.G. Fox. 2003. Effects of sterculic acid on stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. BBRC300:316-326.

Bauman, D.E., B.A. Corl and D.G. Peterson. 2003. The biology of conjugated linoleic acids in ruminants. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. II, (Eds. J.L. Sebedio, W.W. Christie, R.O. Adlof) AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. Pages 146-173..

Bauman, D.E., B.A, Corl, and D.G. Peterson. 2003. The role of D9-desaturase and endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acids in ruminants. AOCS.

Santos, J.E.P., M. Villasenor, E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, and B.C. Baldwin, Jr. 2002. Type of cottonseed and level of gossypol in diets of lactating dairy cows: Effects on lactation performance and plasma gossypol. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 1491-1501.

McCaughey, K, E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, J. Santos, J. Pareas, and S. Taylor. 2002. Effect of iron sulfate supplementation of the diet on plasma gossypol concentration and productivity of lactating Holstein cows fed cracked Pima cottonseed. J. Dairy Sci. 85 (Suppl. 1): 233.

Juchem, S.O., J.E.P. Santos, R. Chebel, R.L.A. Cerri, E.J. DePeters, K.N. Galvao, and S.J. Taylor. 2002. Effect of fat sources differing in fatty acid profile on lactational and reproductive performance of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85 (Suppl. 1):315.

Publications related to regional project:
Articles:
Baumgard, L. H., E. Matitashvili, B. A. Corl, D. A. Dwyer and D. E. Bauman. 2002. trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreases mRNA expression of key mammary lipogenic enzymes in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2155-2163.

Corl, B. A., L. H. Baumgard, J. M. Griinari, P. Delmonte, K. M. Morehouse, M. P. Yurawecz and D. E. Bauman. 2002. trans-7, cis-9 conjugated linoleic acid is endogenously synthesized by D9-desaturase in dairy cows. Lipids 37:681-688.

Peterson, D. G., L. H. Baumgard and D. E. Bauman. 2002. Short Communication: Milk Fat Response to Low Doses of trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 85:1764-1766.

Baumgard, L. H., B. A. Corl, D. A. Dwyer and D. E. Bauman. 2002. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid metabolism of lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1285-1293.

Conference proceedings:
Baumgard, L. H. 2002. Managed Milk Fat Depression. Proc. U. of Ariz. Prod. Conf. pp 41-46.

Baumgard, L. H., C. E. Moore and D. E. Bauman. 2002. Potential application of conjugated linoleic acids in nutrient partitioning. Proc. Southwest Nutr. Conf. pp 127-141. http://animal.cals.arizona.edu/SWNMC/2002/Baumgard_Moore_Bauman2002.pdf

Abstracts:
Baumgard, L. H.* and D. E. Bauman. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and mammary lipid metabolism. Perspectives on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Current Status and Future Directions. National Institute of Health, CLA Workshop. Pg 12. http://ods.od.nih.gov/news/conferences/cla.pdf

Corl*, B. A., L.H. Baumgard, J.M. Griinari, P. Delmonte, K.M. Morehouse, M.P. Yurawecz and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Lactating dairy cows endogenously synthesize trans-7, cis-9 CLA. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 85:57-58.

Peterson*, D. G., L. H. Baumgard and D. E. Bauman. 2002. Dose-Dependent Reduction in Milk Fat Secretion with Abomasal Infusion of trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Comparison to Diet-Induced Milk Fat Depression. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 85:176.

Corl*, B. A., L. H. Baumgard, J.M. Griinari, P. Delmonte, K.M. Morehouse, M.P. Yurawecz, and D.E. Bauman. 2002. trans-7, cis-9 CLA is endogenously synthesized by delta-9 desaturase in lactating dairy cows. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Supplement 1:S5

Delmonte*, P., M. P. Yurawecz, A. Kataoka, K. M. Morehouse, B. Corl, L. Baumgard and D. E. Bauman. 2002. Determination of Conjugated Octadecadienoic Fatty Acid (CLA) Methyl Esters by Silver Ion HPLC Using Relative Retention Volumes. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Supplement 1. S6.

Publications (Journal articles)
Loor, J. J., J. H. Herbein, and C. E. Polan. 2002. Trans 18:1 and 18:2 isomers in blood plasma and milk fat of grazing cows fed grain supplement containing solvent-extracted or mechanically-extracted soybean meal. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1197-1207.

Loor, J. J., J. H. Herbein, and T. C. Jenkins. 2002. Nutrient digestion, biohydrogenation, and fatty acid profiles in blood plasma and milk fat from lactating Holstein cows fed canola oil or canolamide. Anim. Feed Sci. & Tech. 97:65-82.

Loor, J. J., X. Lin, and J. H. Herbein. 2002. Dietary trans-vaccenic acid (trans-11-18:1) increases concentration of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid) in tissues of lactating mice and their suckling pups. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 42:85-99.

Loor, J. J., L. E. Quinlan, A. Bandara, and J. H. Herbein. 2002. Distribution of trans-11-18:1 and cis9,trans11-conjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid) in blood plasma lipid fractions and secretion in milk fat of Jersey cows fed canola or soybean oil. Anim. Res. 51:119-134.

Publications (Abstracts)
Viswanadha, S., W. A. Wark, and J. H. Herbein. 2002. Dietary t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid alters adipose tissue fatty acid profile in adult mice fed trans-vaccenic acid. FASEB J. 16(4):A633.

Shafer, B. D., F. W. Thye, J. H. Herbein, S. E. Duncan, and C. P. Earthman. 2002. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in human plasma reflect intake of dairy products with enhanced c9,t11-CLA or t10,c12-CLA content. FASEB J. 16(4):A635.

Viswanadha, S., W. A. Wark, J. J. Loor, and J. H. Herbein. 2002. Alterations in tissue weights and carcass composition of growing mice fed diets containing 0, 0.15, or 0.30% t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid. FASEB J. 16(4):A1025.

Carlson, D. B., M. S. Laubach, W. L. Keller, J. W. Schroeder, J. H. Herbein, and C. S. Park. 2002. Effect of sunflower seed inclusion on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Supplement 1):196.

Akins, M., S. E. Duncan, K. M. Waterman, and J. H. Herbein. 2002. Effects of high conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on yogurt quality. Institute of Food Technologists, Anaheim, CA, June 2002.