SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: W181 : Modifying Milk Fat Composition for Improved Manufacturing Qualities and Consumer Acceptability
- Period Covered: 01/01/2001 to 12/01/2001
- Date of Report: 12/09/2002
- Annual Meeting Dates: 01/07/2002 to 01/08/2002
Participants
COOPERATING AGENCIES AND PRINCIPLE LEADERS: State Agricultural Experiment Stations CA University of California, Davis E. DePeters*, B. German FL University of Florida C. Staples* ID University of Idaho M. McGuire* IL University of Illinois J. Drackley* IA Iowa State University D. Beitz* KY University of Kentucky S. Franklin* MD University of Maryland R. Erdman*, B. Teter MN University of Minnesota D. Smith* NY Cornell University D. Barbano*, D. Bauman OH The Ohio State University M. Eastridge* SC Clemson University T. Jenkins* SD South Dakota State University D. Schingoethe*, R. Baer UT Utah State University T. Dhiman* VA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University J. Herbein*, S. Duncan * Voting members Administrative Advisor Administrative advisor R. Pardini USDA-CREES Representative H. Tyrrell Collaborators: California Dairy Research Foundation, CA J. O'Donnell Dairy Management Inc., IL R. Champion Ecole Nationale Supirliure Agronomique, France C. Bayourthe Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, France F. Enjalbert Elanco Animal Health, IN R. Ken McGoffey Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France Y. Chilliard Land O'Lakes, IA C. Luhman and Naomi Scott CSIRO, Australia J. Ashes University of Alberta, Canada J. Kennelly University of Laval, Quebec, Canada P. Chouinard University of Helsinki, Finland M. Giriinari Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, WI Kerry Kaylegian
http://www.ag.unr.edu/w181/Minutes/minutes2002.html
Accomplishments
Accomplishments and Impacts:
IMPACT STATEMENT
Dairy products are an important source of vital nutrients in the human diet. We have increased understanding of methods for improving the health index of dairy products, demonstrated health benefits of vaccenic acid, learned that products from these methods are acceptable to consumers, and increased the marketability of dairy products.
Objective 1: To identify and characterize important regulatory steps in fatty acid synthesis and
desaturation and their positional distribution on glycerol in milk fat.
In lactating dairy cows it was established that endogenous synthesis of milk fat CLA was possible. There was a 31% increase in milk fat CLA with abomasal infusion of trans-11 C18:1 fatty acid. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzyme was identified to be responsible for conversion of trans C18:1 to CLA in the mammary gland. It was shown that endogenous synthesis of CLA accounted for over 75% of the cis-9, trans-11 CLA found in milk.
Research completed at Cornell University showed that there are differences in dairy cows, probably based on genetics, in ability to either extract CLA or make CLA for deposition into milk fat. The rank order of cows based on CLA concentration in milk fat did not change whether cows were fed a diet to enhance CLA synthesis or a diet that was designed to keep CLA synthesis in the cow low. The researchers used a C14:0 to C14:1 ratio to determine desaturation indices because all C14:1 originates from the delta-9 desaturase.
It was found that the trans-10 cis-12 isomer of CLA reduces milk fat content and fat yield. Variation in trans 11 oleic acid may explain the trans 10, cis 12 effect on milk fat depression. Research completed at the Ohio State University suggests a dose response curve of lower milk fat yield with increasing concentrations of the trans 11, cis 12 isomer of CLA. Much of the decrease was due to a decrease in de novo synthesis. Several other isomers were involved, however, it is felt that the t10, c12 isomer is coordinating the change. When milk fat synthesis is decrease, it may lead to increased lipogenesis in adipose tissue.
Research completed at the University of Minnesota is studying the fatty acid concentration of milk from high and low producing herds in the state. Data is being collected. University of Minnesota is also interested in determining what effects flavors in milk and certain peptides in milk to determine if flavors or peptides can be fed or selected for.
Studies conducted at the University of Maryland were started to determine if concentrations trans isomers and CLA isomers in milk fat are correlated or independent. Ruminocentesis was used to determine concentrations of TVA and CLA in ruminal fluid and this was compared to milk concentrations. It was found that trnas, trans isomers may have been made during the processing of samples. There may actually be trans, trans isomers formed in the rumen, but it is not likely that they are absorbed.
Objective 2: To quantify modification of milk fat composition by manipulating the diet of
the cow.
Studies were conducted to determine the influence of feeding various fat sources on fatty acid composition of various breeds of dairy cows. It was found that milk from Jersey cows was more saturated than milk from Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Feeding supplemental fat reduced the fat globule size in milk.
An interesting aspect of CLA is its relationship to diet-induced milk fat depression. Recent research results from the Cornell University suggest that it is trans-10 C18:1 fatty acid that is responsible for milk fat depression.
Ann Fearon, Belfast University, presented Optimizing milk fat composition and an example of current technology practices. Dietary enhancement by feeding cows on pasture a supplement to increase unsaturated fatty acids allowed manufacturing and marketing of a naturally spreadable butter. Produced only in summer when animals are on pasture then stored. The primary criterion for increasing spreadability was increasing oleic acid content of milk fat.
Research done at University of Utah compared breeds of dairy cattle for changes in fatty acids composition of milk fat. Data suggested that, if animals had been pastured, there would have been larger differences. When not pastured, animals had lower CLA concentrations in milk, but TVA concentrations were similar. Research on breed differences will also continue at the University of Arizona where Brown Swiss will be compared with Holstein cattle. There may be differences in these two breeds because Brown Swiss are thought to be less susceptible to milk fat depression.
Research competed at Iowa State University was completed to determine the diversity of fatty acid composition in cow distinct dairy herds. Differences in cows were seen that seemed to be related to stage of lactation, parity, and genetics. The idea was that, if milk could be segregated from certain animals, products enhanced in unsaturated fatty acids or CLA concentrations could be manufactured. ISU also tried using NIR indices as potential rapid checks for the unsaturation (via the atherogenic index of milk fat) but accuracy was not adequate for good estimation. FTIR may provide a better answer.
Objective 3: To characterize the effects of modified milk fats on physical, chemical,
manufacturing, and sensory properties of dairy products.
Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid referred to as tumor suppressor lipid. Milk is a major source of sphingomyelin in the human diet. Studies conducted at the University of Illinois showed that Sphingomyelin was more concentrated in Holstein milk fat than Jersey milk fat.
Consumer testing done at two sites in the United States by Land OLakes on pilot samples of spreadable butter. Consumers suggested that they liked the concept but were not willing to pay a premium for the product. Consumer testing completed by University of Kentucky, however, suggested that consumers would purchase a CLA enhanced products (milk and cheese) based on health claims. The CLA enhancement was accomplished by feeding fish oil.
COLLABORATIVE WORK
Linkages between researchers
1. Health aspects of vaccinic acid are being demonstrated by collaborations done with Dairy Management, Inc. (DMI) and University of Helsinki
2. University of Illinois and University of Reading, Dept. of Agriculture, UK.
3. Cornell University is collaborating with University of Helsinki, Finland; University Cagliari, Italy; INRA France; University of Laval, Canada; University of Illinois; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; University of Idaho; Natural lipids, Norway; ARS/USDA; ARO Israel; Purdue University, Land OLakes, Webster City, Iowa.
4. Utah State University and Western Dairy Center, Logan, Utah
5. Department of Dairy Science and Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
6. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa and Land O‘Lakes, Webster City, Iowa.
7. University of Belfast representative visited with W-181 group to share experiences with commercialization of fatty acid modified butters in Ireland.
IMPACT STATEMENT
Dairy products are an important source of vital nutrients in the human diet. We have increased understanding of methods for improving the health index of dairy products, demonstrated health benefits of vaccenic acid, learned that products from these methods are acceptable to consumers, and increased the marketability of dairy products.
Objective 1: To identify and characterize important regulatory steps in fatty acid synthesis and
desaturation and their positional distribution on glycerol in milk fat.
In lactating dairy cows it was established that endogenous synthesis of milk fat CLA was possible. There was a 31% increase in milk fat CLA with abomasal infusion of trans-11 C18:1 fatty acid. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzyme was identified to be responsible for conversion of trans C18:1 to CLA in the mammary gland. It was shown that endogenous synthesis of CLA accounted for over 75% of the cis-9, trans-11 CLA found in milk.
Research completed at Cornell University showed that there are differences in dairy cows, probably based on genetics, in ability to either extract CLA or make CLA for deposition into milk fat. The rank order of cows based on CLA concentration in milk fat did not change whether cows were fed a diet to enhance CLA synthesis or a diet that was designed to keep CLA synthesis in the cow low. The researchers used a C14:0 to C14:1 ratio to determine desaturation indices because all C14:1 originates from the delta-9 desaturase.
It was found that the trans-10 cis-12 isomer of CLA reduces milk fat content and fat yield. Variation in trans 11 oleic acid may explain the trans 10, cis 12 effect on milk fat depression. Research completed at the Ohio State University suggests a dose response curve of lower milk fat yield with increasing concentrations of the trans 11, cis 12 isomer of CLA. Much of the decrease was due to a decrease in de novo synthesis. Several other isomers were involved, however, it is felt that the t10, c12 isomer is coordinating the change. When milk fat synthesis is decrease, it may lead to increased lipogenesis in adipose tissue.
Research completed at the University of Minnesota is studying the fatty acid concentration of milk from high and low producing herds in the state. Data is being collected. University of Minnesota is also interested in determining what effects flavors in milk and certain peptides in milk to determine if flavors or peptides can be fed or selected for.
Studies conducted at the University of Maryland were started to determine if concentrations trans isomers and CLA isomers in milk fat are correlated or independent. Ruminocentesis was used to determine concentrations of TVA and CLA in ruminal fluid and this was compared to milk concentrations. It was found that trnas, trans isomers may have been made during the processing of samples. There may actually be trans, trans isomers formed in the rumen, but it is not likely that they are absorbed.
Objective 2: To quantify modification of milk fat composition by manipulating the diet of
the cow.
Studies were conducted to determine the influence of feeding various fat sources on fatty acid composition of various breeds of dairy cows. It was found that milk from Jersey cows was more saturated than milk from Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Feeding supplemental fat reduced the fat globule size in milk.
An interesting aspect of CLA is its relationship to diet-induced milk fat depression. Recent research results from the Cornell University suggest that it is trans-10 C18:1 fatty acid that is responsible for milk fat depression.
Ann Fearon, Belfast University, presented Optimizing milk fat composition and an example of current technology practices. Dietary enhancement by feeding cows on pasture a supplement to increase unsaturated fatty acids allowed manufacturing and marketing of a naturally spreadable butter. Produced only in summer when animals are on pasture then stored. The primary criterion for increasing spreadability was increasing oleic acid content of milk fat.
Research done at University of Utah compared breeds of dairy cattle for changes in fatty acids composition of milk fat. Data suggested that, if animals had been pastured, there would have been larger differences. When not pastured, animals had lower CLA concentrations in milk, but TVA concentrations were similar. Research on breed differences will also continue at the University of Arizona where Brown Swiss will be compared with Holstein cattle. There may be differences in these two breeds because Brown Swiss are thought to be less susceptible to milk fat depression.
Research competed at Iowa State University was completed to determine the diversity of fatty acid composition in cow distinct dairy herds. Differences in cows were seen that seemed to be related to stage of lactation, parity, and genetics. The idea was that, if milk could be segregated from certain animals, products enhanced in unsaturated fatty acids or CLA concentrations could be manufactured. ISU also tried using NIR indices as potential rapid checks for the unsaturation (via the atherogenic index of milk fat) but accuracy was not adequate for good estimation. FTIR may provide a better answer.
Objective 3: To characterize the effects of modified milk fats on physical, chemical,
manufacturing, and sensory properties of dairy products.
Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid referred to as tumor suppressor lipid. Milk is a major source of sphingomyelin in the human diet. Studies conducted at the University of Illinois showed that Sphingomyelin was more concentrated in Holstein milk fat than Jersey milk fat.
Consumer testing done at two sites in the United States by Land OLakes on pilot samples of spreadable butter. Consumers suggested that they liked the concept but were not willing to pay a premium for the product. Consumer testing completed by University of Kentucky, however, suggested that consumers would purchase a CLA enhanced products (milk and cheese) based on health claims. The CLA enhancement was accomplished by feeding fish oil.
COLLABORATIVE WORK
Linkages between researchers
1. Health aspects of vaccinic acid are being demonstrated by collaborations done with Dairy Management, Inc. (DMI) and University of Helsinki
2. University of Illinois and University of Reading, Dept. of Agriculture, UK.
3. Cornell University is collaborating with University of Helsinki, Finland; University Cagliari, Italy; INRA France; University of Laval, Canada; University of Illinois; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; University of Idaho; Natural lipids, Norway; ARS/USDA; ARO Israel; Purdue University, Land OLakes, Webster City, Iowa.
4. Utah State University and Western Dairy Center, Logan, Utah
5. Department of Dairy Science and Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
6. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa and Land O‘Lakes, Webster City, Iowa.
7. University of Belfast representative visited with W-181 group to share experiences with commercialization of fatty acid modified butters in Ireland.
Impacts
Publications
Publications:
Journal articles
1. Banni, S., E. Angioni, E. Murru, G. Carta, M.P. Melis, D.E. Bauman. Y. Dong and C. Ip. 2002. Vaccenic acid feeding increases tissue levels of conjugated linoleic acid and suppresses the development of premalignant lesions in the rat mammary cell. Nutr. Cancer (in press).
2. Banni, S., G. Carta, E. Angioni, E. Murru, P. Scanu, M.P. Melis, D.E. Bauman, S.M. Fischer and C. Ip. 2001. Distribution of conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites in different lipid fractions in the rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 42:1056-1061.
3. Bauman, D.E. and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome. Livestock Prod. Sci. 70:15-29.
4. Baumgard, L.H., J.K. Sangster and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. J. Nutr. 131:1764-1769.
5. Chouinard, P.Y., L. Corneau, W.R. Butler, Y. Chilliard, J.K. Drackley and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:680-690.
6. Corl, B.A., L.H. Baumgard, D.A. Dwyer, J.M. Griinari, B.S. Phillips and D.E. Bauman. 2001. The role of D9-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. J Nutr. Biochem. 12:622-630.
7. Griinari, J.M. and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Production of low fat milk by diet induced milk fat depression. Adv. Dairy Tech. 13:197-212.
8. Ip, C., Y. Dong, H.J. Thompson, D.E. Bauman and M. Ip. 2001. Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleic acid. Nutr. and Cancer. 39:233-238.
9. Mackle, T.R., J.K. Kay, M.J. Auldist, A.K.H. MacGibbon, B. Philpott, L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (submitted).
10. Matitashvili, E., L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2001. The effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) infusion on milk fat synthesis and expression of lipogenic enzymes in the mammary gland of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):310. (Abstr.).
11. Peterson, D.G., L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Short Communication: Milk fat response to low doses of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. (submitted).
12. Peterson, D.G., J.A. Kelsey and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Analysis of variation in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (submitted).
13. Ryder, J.W., C. P. Portocarrero, X.M. Song, L. Cui, M. Yu, T. Combatsiaris, D. Galuska, D.E. Bauman, D.M. Barbano, M.J. Charron, J.R. Zierath and K.L. Houseknecht. 2001. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid: Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes 50:1149-1157.
14. In vitro rumen fermentation and gas production: influence of yellow grease, tallow, corn oil and their potassium soaps. G. Getachew, E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, and S.J. Taylor. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 93: 1-15. 2001.
15. Fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk fat from lactating Holstein cows in response to supplemental canola oil. E.J. DePeters, J.B. German, S.J. Taylor, S.T. Essex, and H. Perez-Monti. J. Dairy Sci. 84:929-936.2001.
16. Increasing dietary levels of processed Pima cottonseed increase plasma gossypol but do not influence productive performance of lactating Holstein cows. J.G. Prieto, E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, J.E.P. Santos, J.W. Pareas, and S.J. Taylor. J. Dairy Sci. (accepted).
17. Mistry, D., E.J. DePeters and J.F. Medrano. 2002. Comparative composition of total and sn-2 fatty acids in bovine and ovine milk fat. Le Lait 82 (2) (In press).
18. Chouinard, P. Y., L. Corneau, W. R. Butler, Y. Chilliard, J. K. Drackley, and D. E. Bauman. 2001. Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:680-690.
19. Drackley, J. K., A. D. Beaulieu, and J. P. Elliott. 2001. Responses of milk fat composition to dietary fat or nonstructural carbohydrates in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1231-1237.
20. Baer, R. J., J. Ryali, D. J. Schingoethe, K. M. Kasperson, D. C. Donovan, A. R. Hippen, and S. T. Franklin. 2001. Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:345-353.
21. Maynard, L. J. and S. T. Franklin. 2001. Estimating the commercial potential of nutraceutical dairy products. Review of Ag. Econ. (Submitted).
22. Engle, T. E., V. Fellner, and J. W. Spears. 2001. Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in Holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2308-2313.
23. Fellner, V., L.E. Phillip, S. Sebastian, and E.S. Idziak. 2001. Effects of a bacterial inoculant and propionic acid on preservation of high-moisture ear corn and on rumen fermentation, digestion and growth performance of beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81:273-280.
24. Engle, T. E., J. W. Spears, V. Fellner, and J. Odle. 2000. Effects of soybean oil and dietary copper on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism in finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 2713-2721.
25. Fellner, V., L.E. Phillip, and H. Garino. 2000. Evaluation of the potential protein-sparing effects of sodium bicarbonate when added to grass silage for growing steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 80:131-136.
26. Palmquist, D.L. 2001. Ruminal and endogenous synthesis of CLA in cows. The Australian J. Dairy Tech. 56:134-137.
27. Timmons, J.S., W.P. Weiss, D.L. Pahnquist, and W.J. Harper. 2001. Relationships among dietary roasted soybeans, milk components, and spontaneous oxidized flavor of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2440-2449.
28. Baer, R. J, J. Ryali, D. J. Schingoethe, K. M. Kasperson, D. C. Donovan, A. R. Hippen, and S. T. Franklin. 2001. Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:345-353.
29. Ramaswamy, N., R. J. Baer, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. M. Kasperson, and L. A. Whitlock. 2001. Short communication: consumer evaluation of milk high in conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1607-1609.
30. Abu-Ghazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, and A. R. Hippen. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid and other beneficial fatty acids in milk fat from cows fed soybean meal, fish meal, or both. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1845-1850.
31. Ramaswamy, N., R. J. Baer, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. M. Kasperson, and L. A. Whitlock. 2001. Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2144-2151.
32. Loor, J. J. and Herbein, J. H. 2001. Alterations in blood plasma and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows in response to ruminal infusion of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture. Animal Research. 50(6): In Press.
33. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, R. R. Gimenez, J. L. Walters and R. Treacher. 2001. Efficacy of cellulase and xylanase enzyme application on forage prior to feeding for dairy cows. Submitted Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.
34. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, I. S. MacQueen, and R. L. Boman. Influence of corn processing and frequency of feeding on cow performance. Accepted J. Dairy Sci. 2001.
35. Dhiman, T. R., I. S. MacQueen, and N. D. Luchini. 2001. Milk yield response of dairy cows fed fat along with protein. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 90:169-184.
Abstracts:
1. Bauman, D.E. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid and milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. 1st International Conference on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), Elesund, Norway. pp. 24 (Abstr.).
2. Bauman, D.E., L.H. Baumgard, B.A. Corl, E. Matitashvili, D.G. Peterson, J.W. Perfield II and M.A. Madron. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lipid metabolism in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):193.
3. Baumgard, L.H., B.A. Corl., D.A. Dwyer and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on tissue response to homeostatic signals and plasma variables associated with lipid metabolism in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. (in press).
4. Baumgard, L.H., E. Matitashvili, B.A. Corl, D.A. Dwyer and D.E. Bauman. 2001. trans10, cis-12 CLA decreases lipogenic rates and expression of genes involved in milk lipid synthesis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (in press).
5. Baumgard, L.H., J.K. Sangster and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):193. (Abstr.).
6. Bernal-Santos, G., J.W. Perfield II, T.R. Overton and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during the transition period and early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):82. (Abstr.).
7. Corl, B.A., S.T. Butler, W.R. Butler and D.E. Bauman. 2001. The role of insulin in the modulation of milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):102. (Abstr.).
8. Kelsey, J.A., D.G, Peterson and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Analysis of the sources of variation in CLA production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):313. (Abstr.).
9. Matitashvili, E., D.G. Peterson, D.H. Beermann and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Distribution of delta-9 desaturase mRNA in bovine tissues: effect of physiological state and diet. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1): 311. (Abstr.).
10. Perfield II, J.W., G. Bernal-Santos, T.R. Overton and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected CLA in dairy cows during established lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):121. (Abstr.).
11. Douglas, G. N., J. Rehage, A. D. Beaulieu, A. O. Bahaa, and J. K. Drackley. 2001. Prepartum nutrition alters fatty acid composition in liver of peripartal dairy cows. FASEB J. 15:A961.
12. Beaulieu, A. D., and J. K. Drackley. 2001. Milk and meat samples obtained in Illinois contain variable amounts of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):267.
13. Beaulieu, A. D., J. K. Drackley, J. M. Lynch, and D. M. Barbano. 2001. Milk fat globule size is not affected by diet restriction or soy oil supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):312.
14. Chen, S., S. Zimmerman, E. Hammond, G. Freeman, D. Kelley, N. Scott, C. Luhman, and D. Beitz. 2001. Selection of cows producing fat of low- and high-atherogenicity and the properties of butter and cheese made from their milk. J. Dairy Sci., 84, Suppl. 1, J. Anim. Sci. 79, Suppl. 1, Poult. Sci. 80, Suppl. 1, Proc. 54th Annu. Recipr. Meat Conf., Vol II, 383.
15. Franklin, S. T., L. J. Maynard, and A. Pasley. 2001. Consumer evaluation of high-CLA dairy products produced from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1):382.
16. Turpeinen, A.M., M. Mutanen, A. Aro, I. Sabninen, D.L. Palmquist, and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Bioconversion of trans-1 1 18:1 to conjugated linoleic acid in. humans. FASEB J. 15:A 1090.
17. Palmquist, D.L., and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Dietary fish oil plus vegetable oil maximizes trans-18:1 and rumenic acids in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:310 (Suppl.1).
18. Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, R. J. Baer, N. Ramaswamy, and K. M. Kasperson. 2001. Difference in response of Holstein and Brown Swiss cows to diets containing fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1567 (Abstr.).
19. Abu-Ghazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and L. A. Whitlock. 2001. The feeding of fish oil as fish meal with linoleic acid sources enhances milk CLA content. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1): 352 (Abstr.).
20. Gonzalez, S., Duncan, S. E., Sumner, S. S., O‘Keefe, S. F., and Herbein, J. H. 2001. Evaluation of quality properties of butter and ice cream with a high content of linoleic acid and oleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):5.
21. Handegard, J. D., Carlson, D. B., Laubach, M. S., Schimek, D. E., Keller, W. L., Schroeder, J. W., Park, C. S., and Herbein, J. H. 2001. Influence of feeding canola seed on lactation performance and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in milk fat of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):353.
22. Dhiman, T. R., K. C. Olson, M. S. Zaman, I. S. MacQueen and R. L. Boman. 2001. Methane emissions from lactating dairy cows fed diets based on conserved forage and grain or pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):289.
23. Dhiman, T. R. 2001. Role of diet on conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and meat. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):241.
24. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, I. S. MacQueen and H. D. Radloff. 2001. Relative nutritive value of dried versus wet brewers grain for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):195.
25. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, D. Cornforth, K. C. Olson. 2001. Influence of diet on conjugated linoleic acid content of beef. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):159.
Proceedings and reports
1. Bauman, D.E., D.G. Peterson, B.A. Corl, L.H. Baumgard and J.W. Perfield II. 2001. Update on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Proc., Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 170-178.
2. Overton, T.R., G. Bernal-Santos, J.W. Perfield II, and D.E. Bauman. 2001. 2.Effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on metabolism and performance of transition dairy cows. Proc., Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 179-187.
3. Franklin, S. T. 2001. Healthy dairy products and CLA. Proc. Ky. Dairy Conf. 2001:25-27.
4. Franklin, S. T. and L. J. Maynard. Forthcoming 2001. Production and marketing of CLA dairy products: A new way to add value to milk. The Farmers Pride.
5. Agweb.com. July 9 - July 13, 2001. Does high CLA milk pay? (Report on research by L. J. Maynard and S. T. Franklin)
6. Maynard, L. J. and S. T. Franklin. June, 2001. Final report: Market development of a neutraceutical butter product. Report to Ky. Dept. Ag. Value-Added Grants Prog.
7. Fellner, V, F.D. Sauer, and J.K.G. Kramer. 1999. Effect of ionophores on conjugated linoleic acid in ruminal cultures and in the milk of dairy cows. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. Eds. Yurawecz et al. AOAC Champaign, Ill.
8. Palmquist, D.L. 2001. Changing milk fat composition by diet manipulation and its impact on dairy products and human health. pp64-66. 24thCongress,Argentine Animal Production. Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
9. Neelam Kewalramani and Tilak R. Dhiman. 2001.Conjugated linoleic acid A milk fat for cancer prevention. Ind. Dairyman 53 (8):39-43.
10. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, D. Cornforth and K. C. Olson. 2001. Feeding strategies affect conjugated linoleic acid content and quality of beef. Proc. Western Section Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 52:87.
11. Dhiman, T. R. 2001. The utilization of low-fat soybean flour in the feeding of dairy cattle. Abstracts 92nd American Oil Chemists Soc. Annual Meeting and Expo. Minneapolis, May 13-16. Page S110.
Graduate student Thesis/dissertations
1. Gonzalez, S. 2001. Oxidation and textural characteristics of butter and ice cream with modified fatty acid profiles. M.S. Thesis. 84 pages.
2. Loor, J. J. 2001. Alterations in mammary gland synthesis and secretion of fatty acids in response to trans isomers of octadecenoic acid or conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Ph.D. Dissertation. 164 pages.
Book chapter
1. Bauman, D.E., B.A. Corl, L.H. Baumgard and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the dairy cow. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition 2001 (Eds. P.C. Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman), pp. 221-250. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.
Journal articles
1. Banni, S., E. Angioni, E. Murru, G. Carta, M.P. Melis, D.E. Bauman. Y. Dong and C. Ip. 2002. Vaccenic acid feeding increases tissue levels of conjugated linoleic acid and suppresses the development of premalignant lesions in the rat mammary cell. Nutr. Cancer (in press).
2. Banni, S., G. Carta, E. Angioni, E. Murru, P. Scanu, M.P. Melis, D.E. Bauman, S.M. Fischer and C. Ip. 2001. Distribution of conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites in different lipid fractions in the rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 42:1056-1061.
3. Bauman, D.E. and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome. Livestock Prod. Sci. 70:15-29.
4. Baumgard, L.H., J.K. Sangster and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. J. Nutr. 131:1764-1769.
5. Chouinard, P.Y., L. Corneau, W.R. Butler, Y. Chilliard, J.K. Drackley and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:680-690.
6. Corl, B.A., L.H. Baumgard, D.A. Dwyer, J.M. Griinari, B.S. Phillips and D.E. Bauman. 2001. The role of D9-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. J Nutr. Biochem. 12:622-630.
7. Griinari, J.M. and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Production of low fat milk by diet induced milk fat depression. Adv. Dairy Tech. 13:197-212.
8. Ip, C., Y. Dong, H.J. Thompson, D.E. Bauman and M. Ip. 2001. Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleic acid. Nutr. and Cancer. 39:233-238.
9. Mackle, T.R., J.K. Kay, M.J. Auldist, A.K.H. MacGibbon, B. Philpott, L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (submitted).
10. Matitashvili, E., L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2001. The effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) infusion on milk fat synthesis and expression of lipogenic enzymes in the mammary gland of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):310. (Abstr.).
11. Peterson, D.G., L.H. Baumgard and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Short Communication: Milk fat response to low doses of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. (submitted).
12. Peterson, D.G., J.A. Kelsey and D.E. Bauman. 2002. Analysis of variation in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (submitted).
13. Ryder, J.W., C. P. Portocarrero, X.M. Song, L. Cui, M. Yu, T. Combatsiaris, D. Galuska, D.E. Bauman, D.M. Barbano, M.J. Charron, J.R. Zierath and K.L. Houseknecht. 2001. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid: Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes 50:1149-1157.
14. In vitro rumen fermentation and gas production: influence of yellow grease, tallow, corn oil and their potassium soaps. G. Getachew, E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, and S.J. Taylor. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 93: 1-15. 2001.
15. Fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk fat from lactating Holstein cows in response to supplemental canola oil. E.J. DePeters, J.B. German, S.J. Taylor, S.T. Essex, and H. Perez-Monti. J. Dairy Sci. 84:929-936.2001.
16. Increasing dietary levels of processed Pima cottonseed increase plasma gossypol but do not influence productive performance of lactating Holstein cows. J.G. Prieto, E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, J.E.P. Santos, J.W. Pareas, and S.J. Taylor. J. Dairy Sci. (accepted).
17. Mistry, D., E.J. DePeters and J.F. Medrano. 2002. Comparative composition of total and sn-2 fatty acids in bovine and ovine milk fat. Le Lait 82 (2) (In press).
18. Chouinard, P. Y., L. Corneau, W. R. Butler, Y. Chilliard, J. K. Drackley, and D. E. Bauman. 2001. Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:680-690.
19. Drackley, J. K., A. D. Beaulieu, and J. P. Elliott. 2001. Responses of milk fat composition to dietary fat or nonstructural carbohydrates in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1231-1237.
20. Baer, R. J., J. Ryali, D. J. Schingoethe, K. M. Kasperson, D. C. Donovan, A. R. Hippen, and S. T. Franklin. 2001. Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:345-353.
21. Maynard, L. J. and S. T. Franklin. 2001. Estimating the commercial potential of nutraceutical dairy products. Review of Ag. Econ. (Submitted).
22. Engle, T. E., V. Fellner, and J. W. Spears. 2001. Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in Holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2308-2313.
23. Fellner, V., L.E. Phillip, S. Sebastian, and E.S. Idziak. 2001. Effects of a bacterial inoculant and propionic acid on preservation of high-moisture ear corn and on rumen fermentation, digestion and growth performance of beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81:273-280.
24. Engle, T. E., J. W. Spears, V. Fellner, and J. Odle. 2000. Effects of soybean oil and dietary copper on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism in finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 2713-2721.
25. Fellner, V., L.E. Phillip, and H. Garino. 2000. Evaluation of the potential protein-sparing effects of sodium bicarbonate when added to grass silage for growing steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 80:131-136.
26. Palmquist, D.L. 2001. Ruminal and endogenous synthesis of CLA in cows. The Australian J. Dairy Tech. 56:134-137.
27. Timmons, J.S., W.P. Weiss, D.L. Pahnquist, and W.J. Harper. 2001. Relationships among dietary roasted soybeans, milk components, and spontaneous oxidized flavor of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2440-2449.
28. Baer, R. J, J. Ryali, D. J. Schingoethe, K. M. Kasperson, D. C. Donovan, A. R. Hippen, and S. T. Franklin. 2001. Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:345-353.
29. Ramaswamy, N., R. J. Baer, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. M. Kasperson, and L. A. Whitlock. 2001. Short communication: consumer evaluation of milk high in conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1607-1609.
30. Abu-Ghazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, and A. R. Hippen. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid and other beneficial fatty acids in milk fat from cows fed soybean meal, fish meal, or both. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1845-1850.
31. Ramaswamy, N., R. J. Baer, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. M. Kasperson, and L. A. Whitlock. 2001. Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2144-2151.
32. Loor, J. J. and Herbein, J. H. 2001. Alterations in blood plasma and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows in response to ruminal infusion of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture. Animal Research. 50(6): In Press.
33. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, R. R. Gimenez, J. L. Walters and R. Treacher. 2001. Efficacy of cellulase and xylanase enzyme application on forage prior to feeding for dairy cows. Submitted Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.
34. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, I. S. MacQueen, and R. L. Boman. Influence of corn processing and frequency of feeding on cow performance. Accepted J. Dairy Sci. 2001.
35. Dhiman, T. R., I. S. MacQueen, and N. D. Luchini. 2001. Milk yield response of dairy cows fed fat along with protein. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 90:169-184.
Abstracts:
1. Bauman, D.E. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid and milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. 1st International Conference on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), Elesund, Norway. pp. 24 (Abstr.).
2. Bauman, D.E., L.H. Baumgard, B.A. Corl, E. Matitashvili, D.G. Peterson, J.W. Perfield II and M.A. Madron. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lipid metabolism in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):193.
3. Baumgard, L.H., B.A. Corl., D.A. Dwyer and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on tissue response to homeostatic signals and plasma variables associated with lipid metabolism in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. (in press).
4. Baumgard, L.H., E. Matitashvili, B.A. Corl, D.A. Dwyer and D.E. Bauman. 2001. trans10, cis-12 CLA decreases lipogenic rates and expression of genes involved in milk lipid synthesis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (in press).
5. Baumgard, L.H., J.K. Sangster and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):193. (Abstr.).
6. Bernal-Santos, G., J.W. Perfield II, T.R. Overton and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during the transition period and early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):82. (Abstr.).
7. Corl, B.A., S.T. Butler, W.R. Butler and D.E. Bauman. 2001. The role of insulin in the modulation of milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):102. (Abstr.).
8. Kelsey, J.A., D.G, Peterson and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Analysis of the sources of variation in CLA production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):313. (Abstr.).
9. Matitashvili, E., D.G. Peterson, D.H. Beermann and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Distribution of delta-9 desaturase mRNA in bovine tissues: effect of physiological state and diet. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1): 311. (Abstr.).
10. Perfield II, J.W., G. Bernal-Santos, T.R. Overton and D.E. Bauman. 2001. Effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected CLA in dairy cows during established lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):121. (Abstr.).
11. Douglas, G. N., J. Rehage, A. D. Beaulieu, A. O. Bahaa, and J. K. Drackley. 2001. Prepartum nutrition alters fatty acid composition in liver of peripartal dairy cows. FASEB J. 15:A961.
12. Beaulieu, A. D., and J. K. Drackley. 2001. Milk and meat samples obtained in Illinois contain variable amounts of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):267.
13. Beaulieu, A. D., J. K. Drackley, J. M. Lynch, and D. M. Barbano. 2001. Milk fat globule size is not affected by diet restriction or soy oil supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):312.
14. Chen, S., S. Zimmerman, E. Hammond, G. Freeman, D. Kelley, N. Scott, C. Luhman, and D. Beitz. 2001. Selection of cows producing fat of low- and high-atherogenicity and the properties of butter and cheese made from their milk. J. Dairy Sci., 84, Suppl. 1, J. Anim. Sci. 79, Suppl. 1, Poult. Sci. 80, Suppl. 1, Proc. 54th Annu. Recipr. Meat Conf., Vol II, 383.
15. Franklin, S. T., L. J. Maynard, and A. Pasley. 2001. Consumer evaluation of high-CLA dairy products produced from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1):382.
16. Turpeinen, A.M., M. Mutanen, A. Aro, I. Sabninen, D.L. Palmquist, and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Bioconversion of trans-1 1 18:1 to conjugated linoleic acid in. humans. FASEB J. 15:A 1090.
17. Palmquist, D.L., and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Dietary fish oil plus vegetable oil maximizes trans-18:1 and rumenic acids in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:310 (Suppl.1).
18. Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, R. J. Baer, N. Ramaswamy, and K. M. Kasperson. 2001. Difference in response of Holstein and Brown Swiss cows to diets containing fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1567 (Abstr.).
19. Abu-Ghazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and L. A. Whitlock. 2001. The feeding of fish oil as fish meal with linoleic acid sources enhances milk CLA content. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1): 352 (Abstr.).
20. Gonzalez, S., Duncan, S. E., Sumner, S. S., O‘Keefe, S. F., and Herbein, J. H. 2001. Evaluation of quality properties of butter and ice cream with a high content of linoleic acid and oleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):5.
21. Handegard, J. D., Carlson, D. B., Laubach, M. S., Schimek, D. E., Keller, W. L., Schroeder, J. W., Park, C. S., and Herbein, J. H. 2001. Influence of feeding canola seed on lactation performance and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in milk fat of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):353.
22. Dhiman, T. R., K. C. Olson, M. S. Zaman, I. S. MacQueen and R. L. Boman. 2001. Methane emissions from lactating dairy cows fed diets based on conserved forage and grain or pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):289.
23. Dhiman, T. R. 2001. Role of diet on conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and meat. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):241.
24. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, I. S. MacQueen and H. D. Radloff. 2001. Relative nutritive value of dried versus wet brewers grain for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):195.
25. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, D. Cornforth, K. C. Olson. 2001. Influence of diet on conjugated linoleic acid content of beef. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):159.
Proceedings and reports
1. Bauman, D.E., D.G. Peterson, B.A. Corl, L.H. Baumgard and J.W. Perfield II. 2001. Update on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Proc., Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 170-178.
2. Overton, T.R., G. Bernal-Santos, J.W. Perfield II, and D.E. Bauman. 2001. 2.Effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on metabolism and performance of transition dairy cows. Proc., Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 179-187.
3. Franklin, S. T. 2001. Healthy dairy products and CLA. Proc. Ky. Dairy Conf. 2001:25-27.
4. Franklin, S. T. and L. J. Maynard. Forthcoming 2001. Production and marketing of CLA dairy products: A new way to add value to milk. The Farmers Pride.
5. Agweb.com. July 9 - July 13, 2001. Does high CLA milk pay? (Report on research by L. J. Maynard and S. T. Franklin)
6. Maynard, L. J. and S. T. Franklin. June, 2001. Final report: Market development of a neutraceutical butter product. Report to Ky. Dept. Ag. Value-Added Grants Prog.
7. Fellner, V, F.D. Sauer, and J.K.G. Kramer. 1999. Effect of ionophores on conjugated linoleic acid in ruminal cultures and in the milk of dairy cows. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. Eds. Yurawecz et al. AOAC Champaign, Ill.
8. Palmquist, D.L. 2001. Changing milk fat composition by diet manipulation and its impact on dairy products and human health. pp64-66. 24thCongress,Argentine Animal Production. Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
9. Neelam Kewalramani and Tilak R. Dhiman. 2001.Conjugated linoleic acid A milk fat for cancer prevention. Ind. Dairyman 53 (8):39-43.
10. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, D. Cornforth and K. C. Olson. 2001. Feeding strategies affect conjugated linoleic acid content and quality of beef. Proc. Western Section Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 52:87.
11. Dhiman, T. R. 2001. The utilization of low-fat soybean flour in the feeding of dairy cattle. Abstracts 92nd American Oil Chemists Soc. Annual Meeting and Expo. Minneapolis, May 13-16. Page S110.
Graduate student Thesis/dissertations
1. Gonzalez, S. 2001. Oxidation and textural characteristics of butter and ice cream with modified fatty acid profiles. M.S. Thesis. 84 pages.
2. Loor, J. J. 2001. Alterations in mammary gland synthesis and secretion of fatty acids in response to trans isomers of octadecenoic acid or conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Ph.D. Dissertation. 164 pages.
Book chapter
1. Bauman, D.E., B.A. Corl, L.H. Baumgard and J.M. Griinari. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the dairy cow. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition 2001 (Eds. P.C. Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman), pp. 221-250. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.