Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting: The meeting was called to order at Hawkeye Community College, Waterloo, IA at 4:00 by chairman Mahdi Al-Kaisi. Initial discussion focused on the success of the Midwest Strip Tillage Expo co-sponsored by the NC1012 Committee earlier in the day. The expo attracted 500+ attendees, mostly from the four-state driftless region. Feedback from participants was positive and it was agreed to explore holding a similar program at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station in summer 2008. Dick Wolkowski agreed to explore feasibility of this. Mahdi will send a thank you letter to Hawkeye Community Collage president to thank him for allowing use of these excellent facilities for the tillage expo and meeting. MaryAnn Rozum, CSREES representative, joined the meeting by phone at 4:30. She provided the group with an overview of CSREES opportunities and programs and budget updates. Especially relevant to the committee are rising concerns about environmental damage associated with biofuel feedstock production and possible future grant programs to work in this area. Mahdi led discussion on future direction of our committee. The current NC1012 project runs through September 2008 and a new or revised project proposal must be prepared this fall. It was agreed that we have made progress in minimizing negative environmental impacts of agriculture in the driftless region and that there are still many challenges to address. Limiting the scope of the project to the driftless region has historically allowed the committee to focus on issues unique to this environment in the past, but it also limits that size of the committee to four states that encompass the driftless region. It was agreed that the scope of future NC1012 research and participation should be greater than the driftless region, but that alleviation of surface water quality and ground water quality problems caused by agriculture should remain the focus. A contemporary issue that requires immediate attention is the rapid development of the biofuel industry with minimal understanding of the environmental impacts that could result from expanding biofeedstock production. Meeting was adjourned at 6:15 and continued informally over dinner. The meeting was reconvened at 8:00 a.m., 1 Ausust. Ken Albrecht (current secretary) will serve as chair and Dick Wolkowski will serve as secretary for the coming year. The 2008 meeting will be held at the Agricultural Research Station in Lancaster, WI in the first or second week of July. Albrecht and Wolkowski will finalize the date. Dick Straub, administrative advisor, joined the meeting by phone at 8:20. Dick encouraged redefining our project to include understanding and alleviating environmental impacts of expanded biofeedstock production on agriculture lands. Increased corn acreage for grain ethanol production, that could replace alfalfa or pasture on marginal lands in the North Central Region, is an issue. Wisconsin leads a new $125 million DOE project to improve efficiency of conversion of cellulosic materials to ethanol. This is expected to provide financial incentive to remove crop residues from agricultural lands and increase risk of soil erosion and surface water quality degradation. Dick reviewed progress of Rapid Response Committee 506 and encouraged us to be aware of their efforts as we prepare our new NC-1012 project. Ken Albrecht will be in contact with Randy Fortenbery (chair of NC 506) and Ken Cassman (chair of the subcommittee exploring environmental impacts). State reports were presented from 9:00 to noon. Meeting was adjourned at noon.

Accomplishments: Objective 1. Quantify the change in crop sequences and animal production during the past 25 years within these regions to determine the appropriate conservation strategies for protecting soil and water quality. Title: Crop Rotation with Grain and Forage Legumes and N Fertilization for Corn Managed with Chisel-Plow Tillage. Continued evaluating a long-term rotation study at the Northeast Research Farm to assess effects of various cropping sequences on crop yield and the corn response to N fertilization. The rotations are continuous corn for grain or silage, continuous soybean, several corn-soybean sequences with one to three corn crops for every soybean crop, and corn-corn-oats/alfalfa. Alfalfa is under sown with oats, oats grain is harvested the 1st year and alfalfa is harvested the 2nd year. Tillage practices are chisel-plowing in the fall and field cultivation in spring. The N treatments are 0, 80, 160, and 240 lb N/acre applied only for corn (granulated urea incorporated in spring). Continuous corn has shown very large grain yield increases up to the 160 lb N/acre rate and small to moderate additional increases up to the 240-lb rate, and responses were not consistently different for grain or silage harvest. Yield of 1st-year corn after soybean or alfalfa has been higher than for continuous corn, even at N rates that maximized yield for each rotation, which can be explained by improved soil physical properties or reduced incidence of pests for corn in rotation. First-year corn after soybean usually has responded up to 160-lb N rate, but in a few years only to 80-lb or 240-lb rates. First-year corn after oats/alfalfa has been much less than for other 1st-year corn crops. Yields and yield responses to N of 2nd or 3d-year corn after soybean have been almost equal to results for continuous corn. Oats responded almost linearly up to the highest N rate used for the previous corn crop. Soybean yield has not been affected by N applied to the previous corn crop, but increased with the frequency of corn in the rotation. Objective 2. Evaluate strip tillage against other soil and water conservation tillage systems for these karst region goals of: erosion control, water quality, and crop production. Titl: Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on yield and soil carbon changes. This long-term tillage study was established at eight sites across the state of Iowa including one site in Northeast Iowa at Nashua in 2002. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the impact of five tillage systems including, no-tillage, strip-tillage, chisel plow, deep-tillage, and moldboard plow on corn and soybean yields and soil carbon dynamics with corn-corn-soybean and corn-soybean rotations. This study established as a long-term tillage study by dividing the state into five major regions according to soil formation and climate conditions in order evaluate the site specific effect of tillage systems on crop production and soil quality parameters. The Northeast Iowa site is highly related to objective 2 of this regional project of Non-glaciated soil formation. In addition to the yield and soil carbon evaluation of these sites, economical analysis will be conducted on crop response to different tillage systems. The soil carbon changes are evaluated on bi-yearly basis by taking soil samples for soil organic carbon change, bulk density, and microbial biomass of all tillage systems of the two crop rotations. Preliminary results of yield response and economic returns are summarized for the past three years. The results of the past 4 years showed that ST corn yield over-preformed NT by 10% and it has economical advantages over all tillage systems of 10-18% in the Karst region within the state. Title: Iowa Learning Farm: Field Scale research and demonstration of Conservation systems. This project was established in 2005 to conduct research and education on different conservation systems including strip-tillage system. The objective of this project is to promote and demonstrate conservation systems across the state including the Karsts soil formation area. The project includes large scale research plots of 5-10 sites in each of the five regions within the state. Within each region 0ne or two sites are selected to document in details data collection on soil and water quality. This project is jointly funded by IDALS, DNR, and NRCS. This project has been lead by team of faculty and Extension specialists from the Agronomy Department, Agriculture and Biosystem Engineering Department, Economic Department, and Sociology Department. The main goal of this project is to increase awareness and adoption of conservation systems by farmers as well as educating the general public about the water quality concerns and potential solution in the state. Over the past 3 years this program significant number of outreach activities across the state and presentation of preliminary findings have ee presented in state and national meetings. Title: Tillage and P-K Fertilizer Placement Methods for Corn-Soybean Rotations. A long-term tillage by P-K fertilizer placement study continued to be evaluated at five locations, with one at the Northeast Research Farm (NERF). Each trial evaluates tillage systems and P-K fertilizer placement methods for corn-soybean rotation in two separate trials, one for P and one for K, with three replications. The tillage systems are no-till and chisel-plow/disk with cornstalks chisel-plowed in the fall and field cultivated in spring whereas soybean residues only are field cultivated in spring. At the NERF site, the fertilizer placement methods are broadcast in the fall, deep bands combined with strip tillage in fall, and planter bands. Deep bands are applied at a 30-inch spacing and 5 to 7 inches deep with a toolbar equipped with coulters and knives that strip till the soil. A strip-tillage check also is included. Planter bands are applied about 2 inches below and besides the seeds with dry fertilizer attachments. At the other four sites treatments are similar, but the strip-tillage/deep-band treatment is not being evaluated since 2001. Fertilization rates are a check, annual rates applying about one-half or the full average maintenance needs for the rotation (28 lb P2O5/acre or 35 lb K2O/acre, 56 lb P2O5/acre or 70 lb K2O/acre), and the full rates applied once every 2 years before corn or soybean. Tillage seldom has influenced soybean yield, but corn yield has been lower for no-till for all fertilizer treatments (long-term average are 2 to 10 bu/acre less for the five sites). However, in a few dry years corn yield was higher for no-till. Strip-tillage alone has not improved yield consistently compared with no-till. Fertilization with P or K has increased crop yield only when check plots tested Optimum or less (< 21 ppm Bray-1 P test or < 171 ppm K). The P placement methods have not affected yield consistently. However, corn yield responses to K sometimes were higher for the deep-band method compared with broadcast or planter-band methods, which was in addition to any small strip-tillage effect. Purdue University personnel (T.J. Vyn, G. Steinhardt and T.D. West) continued strip tillage research on sandy loam and clay loam soils, but not directly on karst topography because of funding and transportation constraints. Some of the research involved alternate planting dates, and alternate methods of fertilizer application (i.e. deep band versus broadcast application of P and K). Measurements varied by site, but included soil temperature, residue cover, plant populations, and corn or soybean yields. Strip-till corn resulted in over 50% residue cover, and grain corn yields after fall strip tillage were statistically similar to that after fall chisel plowing whether corn followed corn or soybean. Automatic guidance using RTK precision resulted in higher strip-till corn yields than a visual-guided strip-till planting system in 2006. We will continue research on comparisons of strip-tillage with chisel, moldboard plow, and single-pass spring cultivation options for both corn and soybean. We plan to continue to investigate the possible advantages of precise automatic guidance systems (RTK) for strip-till corn production in early April versus late April planting dates. Our P and K fertilizer banding research for strip tillage may continue if funding is received. Numerous extension presentations are likely. Objective 3. Develop and quantify the role of cover crops, living mulches, and alternative crops for mixed crop-livestock operations in MLRA 105. Title: Kura Clover Living Mulch Replaces Nitrogen Fertilizer for Corn Silage and Grain Production. Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the most significant input costs in conventional corn production, with N fertilizer prices closely tied to unstable energy costs. An experiment was conducted over 2 years and at two Wisconsin locations to determine if kura clover living mulch would meet some or all of the N fertilizer requirement of corn. Glyphosate resistant corn was no-till planted directly over a band-killed strip of kura clover, and glyphosate was used to suppress inter-row clover. Nitrogen treatments of 0, 22, 45, 67, and 90 kg N/ha were applied as side-dress and compared to a control treatment of killed kura clover with N rate of 90 kg/ha. Whole plant corn yield, harvested at 50% kernel milkline, as for silage, ranged from 17.3 to 19.4 Mg/ha in living mulch treatments with the only significant difference existing between the 0 and 90 kg N/ha fertilizer rates, however the yield was 15.0% greater in the control plots than in living mulch. Corn grain yield ranged from 10.2 to 11.7 Mg/ha in living mulch with significant differences between 0 kg N/ha and all other N fertilizer rates, but no differences among the remaining fertilizer rates. Corn grain yield was 11.4% greater in the control treatment than in living mulch treatments. Reduced silage and grain yields in living mulch compared to the control treatment are likely associated with an unusually cool spring and cooler soil temperature under the mulch. Lack of yield response to N fertilizer rates above 22 kg N/ha is evidence that kura clover living mulch satisfies nearly the entire N requirement of corn grown for silage or grain. Title: Cellulosic ethanol production with a living mulch: effect on nitrate leaching. Large-scale production of cellulosic ethanol from corn stover may become a reality soon. Complete stover harvest may maximize short-term economic gain but could cause serious losses of soil organic matter and increases in soil erosion. Growing corn in a kura clover living mulch may permit complete stover harvest with minimal erosion hazard while providing extra organic inputs to maintain soil organic matter. We hypothesized that the living mulch may also reduce nitrate leaching, a serious concern associated with conventional corn production. In the first year of a 2-yr experiment, nitrate concentrations under corn grown in kura clover living mulch were 20 to 50% of those under monoculture corn. Two possible causes for the reduction are 1) reduced annual drainage beneath the root zone due to water use by the living mulch outside of the short corn growing season and 2) lower N rates applied due to N fixation by the kura clover. Objective 4. Develop alternative forage based livestock management strategies for these karst areas and determine their impact on profitability; soil, water, and air quality; and nutrient balances. Title: Nutritive value and silage characteristics of kura clover-reed canarygrass mixtures and alfalfa. Kura clover -reed canarygrass (KRC) mixtures are much more persistent than alfalfa in Wisconsin. Our objective was to compare yield, nutritive value, and silage characteristics of KRC and alfalfa in late spring and early summer. First and second growth forage were sampled in four replicates near Arlington, WI. Alfalfa and KRC were harvested and ensiled four times, at one-week intervals, in both May and June. First growth KRC yielded 1.3 to 1.5 Mg/ha more dry matter than alfalfa over the four sample dates, while no differences were found in second growth. Neutral detergent fiber concentration increased each week of sampling and was greater in KRC (423 to 549 g/kg DM) than in alfalfa (300 to 407 g/kg DM). Averaged over the four harvests, pH was lower in alfalfa than in KRC silage in spring (4.41 vs. 4.66), but greater in early summer (4.87 vs. 4.56). Alfalfa silage from both spring and summer growth contained about 21% greater lactic acid than KRC. This finding indicates that both forages had good fermentation, but KRC silage apparently had lower buffering capacity than alfalfa silage. Yield and silage fermentation characteristics of KRC are comparable to alfalfa, but NDF concentrations are also greater. Objective 5. Model surface water quality impacts of current and alternative land management strategies. Title: Management Practices Impacts on P loss through Surface Runoff and Subsurface. Field rainfall simulations were conducted to study P loss with surface runoff and also evaluated P loss with subsurface tile drainage in a cropping and nutrient management experiment at the Northeast Research Farm. The systems are manure for both crops based on N removal (MNR), fall N-based manure (MNFC), spring N-based manure and no-till (MSNC), P-based manure for corn and P fertilizer for soybean (MPC), and P fertilizer for both crops (FP). The manure was injected while fertilizer P was spread in fall and incorporated in fall for corn or in spring for soybean. The N-based manure application increased surface (6 inches) soil P more than P-based fertilizer or manure applications, and also increased P in the 6 to 12 inchl layer. Soil P [Bray-1, Mehlich-3, Olsen, Fe-oxide impregnated paper (BAP), and total P] ranking (high to low) was MNR, MNFC or MSNC, and MPC or FP. Simulated rainfall was applied once in fall and spring. Runoff P loss (dissolved, BAP, and total P) ranking was MNR, MNFC, FP, MPC, and MSNC. High loss for FP was explained by fall rainfall immediately after application and before incorporation. However, the probability of fall or winter runoff events in Iowa is very small. Runoff P increased linearly with increasing soil P. Controlling erosion, runoff, and P rate are major factors for reducing P loss from corn and soybean fields. The yearly average P concentration in tile drainage was very low and unrelated to the treatments (< 1/2 oz/acre of P2O5 was lost), which agrees with no treatment effects on soil profile P below a 1-foot depth. Plots with soil-test P four times the optimum level for crops lost as little P as plots testing near optimum. Increased tile-draingae P was observed only at Bray-1 or Mehlich-3 values higher than about 80 ppm (6-inch depth). The tile drainage study will continue because prolonged N-based manure application will increase soil-test P further and may increase P loss. Title: Cupplant silage as a replacement for corn silage in growing beef cattle diets. Forage and grain crops utilized by the livestock industry are subject to failure under some environmental conditions. The objective of this trial was to investigate the potential for cupplant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) to fill gaps in livestock feed resource chains. Dietary treatments investigated were 0%, 30% and 60% cupplant silage replacing corn silage. Increasing the inclusion level of cupplant silage from 0 to 30% and 60% resulted in a decline in average daily gain (ADG) for weaned beef calves of 12% and 44%, respectively. However, with yearling beef cattle, no differences in ADG or gain efficiency were observed as cupplant silage level increased in diets. Diet dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibilities were reduced with increasing levels of cupplant silage. Our results show that cupplant silage can be utilized as an alternative forage source to replace a portion of the corn silage in beef calf rations, however it will reduce ADG. Impacts: Objective 1. Quantify the change in crop sequences and animal production during the past 25 years within these regions to determine the appropriate conservation strategies for protecting soil and water quality. Changes in crop rotation by introducing an extended rotation of small grains and alfalfa within traditional corn soybean rotation have shown significant economic and conservation benefits suited for the karst regions of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota to minimize reduce soil erosion and improve water quality. Objective 2. Evaluate strip tillage against other soil and water conservation tillage systems for these karst region goals of: erosion control, water quality, and crop production. Strip-tillage system is well accepted by producers in the karst region of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Studies in the karst region of these state demonstrated an economic and environmental advantage of strip-tillage over conventional tillage systems by a range of $20-35 per ha of economic return and cut in input cost of approximately $20 per ha. These benefits have significant impact on the rate of adoption of strip-tillage by framers and improve soil and water quality. In recent ST Expo held by the NC1012 committee in collaboration with the Hawkeye Community College in Waterloo, Iowa on July 31, 2007, over 50 farmers and agricultural professionals attended the event. Out of 500 attendees approximately 374 were farmers from over the Midwest. Stronger links between farmers and this regional research committee will be developed. Improved production methods for both animal and crop production systems will occur. Farmers have been increasingly adopting strip tillage in the karst region states. It is now estimated in Indiana that at least 25% of the crop area that is categorized as no-till (note that not all states survey tillage systems) is actually in a strip-till system. Objective 3. Develop and quantify the role of cover crops, living mulches, and alternative crops for mixed crop-livestock operations in MLRA 105. Corn grown in kura clover living mulch has produced yields of silage and grain similar to conventional management. Kura clover living mulch supplies all or most of the N required by corn, a savings of $75 per acre at current N prices, and provides permanent groundcover thereby reducing risk of soil erosion and nutrient runoff. Preliminary research suggests that the living mulch will reduce nitrate contamination of groundwater. Objective 4. Develop alternative forage based livestock management strategies for these karst areas and determine their impact on profitability; soil, water, and air quality; and nutrient balances. Unexpected and frequent winter damage to alfalfa in the North Central Region is a substantial risk faced by livestock producers. Cupplant, a native prairie plant that is prized for wildlife habitat and seed for birds, persists indefinitely and can be managed to produce high quality silage for beef or dairy cattle. Likewise, mixtures of reed canarygrass and kura clover survive indefinitely and can be managed to produce similar yields as alfalfa. Silage fermentation and milk production from reed canarygrass-kura clover mixtures are similar to alfalfa. Greater persistence of these two silage alternatives will minimize establishment frequency thereby reducing production costs and opportunities for soil erosion. Objective 5. Model surface water quality impacts of current and alternative land management strategies. Significant effort for modeling and simulating different tillage and nutrient management practices have been carried in the karst region states in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, which led to the development of nutrient management and erosion models, such as the P-index. Over the past few years tools and web-based models developed to simulate and determine the impact of different management using P-index approach in managing P application from manure and fertilizer sources. The P-index models have been adopted by different agencies in developing conservation plans and manure management plans in the karst region to reduce sediment and P load to water bodies.

Publications: Albrecht, K.A. 2006. Clover: Opportunities and potential in the North. In Proc. 40th NAAIC and 19th Trifolum Conference, 16-19 July, 2006, Bloomington, MN. Albrecht, K.A., F.E. Contreras-Govea, and R.E. Muck. 2006. Nutritive value and silage characteristics of kura clover-reed canarygrass mixtures and alfalfa. In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Albrecht, K.A., A. Sabalzagaray. 2006. Maize silage production in a kura clover living mulch. Grassland Science in Europe. 11: 59-61. Albrecht, K.A. and E.J. Bures. 2006. Kura clover rhizomes compensate for sparse initial stands. 2006. In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Al-Kaisi, M. and J. Grote. 2007. Cropping Systems Effects on Improving Soil Carbon Stocks of Exposed Subsoil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71: 1381-1388. Al-Kaisi, M. and D. Kwaw-Mensah. 2007. Effect of Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization on Corn N and P Uptake in a Corn-Soybean Rotation. Agron. J. (In-Press). Al-Kaisi, M., M. Licht, M. Hanna, M. Helmers, M. Duffy, and J. Comito. 2006. An interactive learning approach for promoting conservation systems in Iowa. Agronomy Abstract, Madison, WI. ASA Annual Conference, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 12-16. Al-Kaisi, M., J. Guzman, B. Larabee, and M. Licht. 2006. Topo and chrono-sequence effects of native and reconstructive parries on soil physical and biological activities. Agronomy Abstract, Madison, WI. ASA Annual Conference, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 12-16.

Al-Kaisi, M. and T. Fenton. 2006. Iowa carbon index development and potential use to evaluate soil carbon stocks. Agronomy Abstract, Madison, WI. ASA Annual Conference, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 12-16.

Allen, B.L., and A.P. Mallarino. 2006. Relationships between extractable soil phosphorus and phosphorus saturation after long-term fertilizer or manure application. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:454-463. Allen, B.L., A.P. Mallarino, J.G. Klatt, J.L. Baker, and M. Camara. 2006. Soil and surface runoff phosphorus relationships for five typical USA Midwest soils. J. Env. Qual. Am. J. 35:599-610. Armstrong, K.L., K.A. Albrecht, J.G. Lauer, and H. Riday. 2007. Intercropping corn with lablab bean, velvet bean, and scarlet runner bean for forage. Crop Sci. (in press). Armstrong, K. L. 2006. Intercropping climbing beans with corn for forage. M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Canepa, M., T.J. Vyn and A. Kline. 2006. Strip-Till Corn Response to Deep Banding Versus Broadcast Application of Phosphorus and Potassium. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meetings, Indianapolis, IN. Contreras-Govea, F.E., K.A. Albrecht, and R.E. Muck. 2006. Spring yield and silage characteristics of kura clover, winter wheat, and in mixtures. Agron. J. 98:781-787. Contreras-Govea, F.E. and K.A. Albrecht. 2006. Forage production and nutritive value of oat harvested in autumn and spring. Crop Sci. 26:2382-2386. Contreras-Govea, F.E., R.E. Muck, and K.A. Albrecht. 2006. Silage quality of corn-climbing bean mixtures. In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Gàl, A., T.J. Vyn, E. Michéli, E.J. Kladivko, and W.W. McFee. 2007. Soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation with long-term no-till versus moldboard plowing overestimated with tilled-zone sampling depths. Soil Tillage Research. In Press, Corrected Proof. Available on-line March 27,2007.

Grote, J. and M. Al-Kaisi. 2007. Topsoil Placement Effect on Soil Carbon Stock Improvement of Exposed Subsoil in Iowa. Soil and Water Cons. J. 62:86-93. Hall, M.H., R.B. Radhakrishna, K.J. Moore, A.J. Ciha, J.J. Volenec, C.C. Sheaffer, R.H. Leep, M.H. Weidenhoeft, S.K. Barnhart, K.A. Albrecht. 2006. Models to complement grasslands curricula. In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Janovicek, K. J., W. Deen, T. J. Vyn. 2006. Soybean response to zone tillage, twin-row planting, and row spacing. Agron. J. 98:800:807. Kammes, K., K. A. Albrecht, D. Combs. 2007. Changes in chemical composition and vertical distribution of kura clover-reed canarygrass swards relative to days of regrowth J. Dairy Sci. 90, Suppl. 1. Karlen, D.L., E.G. Hurley, S.S. Andrews, C.A. Cambardella, D.W. Meek, M.D. Duffy, and A.P. Mallarino. 2006. Crop rotation effects on soil quality at three northern corn/soybean belt locations. Agron. J. 98: 484-495.

Kim, B.W. and K.A. Albrecht. 2007. Yield and species composition of binary mixtures of kura clover with Kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass, and orchardgrass. Aust. Asian J. Anim. Sci. (in press). Lehmkuhler, J., M. Ramos, and K.A. Albrecht. 2007. Cupplant silage as a replacement for corn silage in beef cattle diets. Forage and Grazinglands (in press). Mallarino, A.P., and R. Borges. 2006. Phosphorus and potassium distribution in soil following long-term deep-band fertilization in different tillage systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:702-707. Mallarino, A.P. 2007. Increasing the frequency of corn in crop sequences: Grain yield and response to nitrogen - a research update. In The Integrated Crop Management Newsletter. IC-498 (1). Iowa State Univ. Extension. Mallarino, A.P. 2006. Changing potassium recommendations in Iowa and the Corn Belt. In Proceedings (CD-ROM). Fluid Fertilizer Foundation Forum. February 12-14, 2006. Scottsdale, AZ. Mallarino, A.P. 2006. Poultry manure: A valuable fertilizer source. p. 58-60. In Proceedings. Poultry industry symposium. Nov. 8, 2006. Ames, IA. Iowa State Univ. Extension and Iowa Egg Council. Mallarino, A.P., and E. Ortiz-Torres. 2006. A long-term look at crop rotation effects on corn yield and response to N fertilization. p.209-213. In The Integrated Crop Management Conf. Proceedings. Nov. 29-30, 2006. Ames, IA. Iowa State Univ. Extension. Mallarino, A.P., and K. Pecinovsky. 2006. Effect of four tillage systems and placement of phosphorus and potassium mixtures on grain yield in corn-soybean rotations and continuous corn. p. 41-43. In Annual progress reports-2005. Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm. ISRF05-13. Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/reports.html. Mallarino, A.P., and D.J. Wittry. 2006. Variable-rate application for phosphorus and potassium: impacts on yield and nutrient management. p.219-224. In The Integrated Crop Management Conf. Proceedings. Nov. 29-30, 2006. Ames, IA. Iowa State Univ. Extension. Mallarino, A.P., B. Havlovic, and J. Butler. 2006. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer placement for corn and soybeans managed with no-till and chisel-disk tillage. p. 27-28. In Annual progress reports-2005. Armstrong Research and Demonstration Farm. ISRF05-12. Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/reports.html. Mallarino, A.P., J.E. Sawyer, D. Kaiser, D. Ruiz-Diaz, D. Barker, D. Wittry, and B.L. Allen. 2006. Agronomic and environmentally sound utilization of nutrients in poultry manure. Overview of an ongoing project. In Agriculture and the Environment Conf. Proceedings [CD-ROM]. March 7, 2006. Iowa State Univ. Extension, Ames, IA. Mallarino, A.P., and K. Van Dee. 2006. Phosphorus and potassium management for corn and soybeans managed with no-till and chisel-plow tillage. p. 30-31. In Annual progress reports-2004. Northwest Research and Demonstration Farm. ISRF05-34. Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/reports.html. Mikolayunas, C., S. Eckerman, D. Thomas, K. Albrecht. 2006. Estimating pasture forage availability. p. 26-27. In Proc. 52nd Biennial Spooner Sheep Day, 26 Aug. 2006, Spooner, WI. Mikolayunas, C.M., D.L. Thomas, K.A. Albrecht, Y.M. Berger. 2006. Effect of supplementation and stage of lactation on performance of grazing dairy ewes. p. 267-268. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1)/J. Dairy Sci. 89(Suppl. 1). Mikolayunas, C.M., D.L. Thomas, K.A. Albrecht, Y.M. Berger. 2006. Effect of supplementation and stage of lactation on performance of grazing dairy ewes. SARE National Conference. 15-17 Aug. 2006, Oconomowoc, WI. On line: http://www.sare2006.org/posters.html. Omonode, R.A., T.J. Vyn, D.R. Smith, P. Hegymegi, and A. Gal. 2007. Soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from long-term tillage systems in continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations. Soil and Tillage Research, In Press, Corrected Proof, article available on-line Feb. 20, 2007. Omonode, R.A., A. Gàl, D.E. Stott, S.A. Abney, and T.J. Vyn. 2006. Intermittent Chisel Tillage Effects on Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Relative to Continuous No-Till and Chisel Plow Systems. 18th World Congress of Soil Science (July 9-15, 2006), Philadelphia, PA. Ramos, M.H., J.W. Lehmkuhler, S.C. Arp, and K.A. Albrecht. 2006. Investigating Silphium perfoliatum (cupplant) silage for growing cattle. p. 261-262. Anim. Sci. Vol. 84 (Suppl. 1)/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 89 (Suppl. 1). Riday, H., and K.A. Albrecht. 2007. Intercropping tropical vine legumes and maize for silage in temperate climates. J. Sustain. Agric. (in press). Russell, A.E., D.A. Laird, and A. P. Mallarino. 2006. Nitrogen fertilization and cropping system impacts on soil quality in Midwestern Mollisols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:249-255. Sawyer, J.E., and A.P. Mallarino. 2006. Applying fertilizer and lime to CRP land. 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