Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

1) Introduction  Bob Godfrey (host of the meeting) called to order the 2007 Cooperative Western Regional Research Project W-1173 and S-1023 Meeting at 8:30 a.m. a. Attendance was taken (listed at the end of the minutes) and self introductions were made. 2) Administrative reports a. Don Lay  Chair of the W-1173 group made some general introductory comments about the format of the meeting i. Format - Two presentations discussing overview of each group: S-1023 and W-1173 ii. Poster presentations b. Colin Kaltenbach made a few house keeping announcements i. Send reports to Don Lay ii. Report of meeting needs to be submitted within 60 days of the end of the meeting iii. Create 21 announcement  more to come next year 3) Summary 1  Presented by Bob Godfrey in place of Scott Willard who could not attend the meeting. Title: Heat Stress: State of the science, future perspectives. a. Gave general overview of W-1023 i. Slides  on heat stress in dairy cows 1. Overview/objectives of W-1023 2. Overview of administration 3. Mission statement a. Mostly reproduction and nutrition 4. Overview of objectives and discussed specific objectives a. Heat stress b. Cross ventilation c. Supplemental cooling d. Genetic components e. Heat tolerance GxE interaction 5. Planned studies a. Different technology b. Global warming c. Coat color d. Methods  digital pictures 6. Objective 2  reproduction 7. Objective 3  Nutrition 8. Heat stress discussion 9. Overall discussion 4) Summary 2  Presented by Don Lay a. Gave overview of Stress physiology past and present Title: Stress and Performance: State of the science, future perspectives. i. Generated extensive discussion among the group regarding difference in terminology and general measurements of stress. What is/are the best measurements of stress? ii. This was followed by general group discussion regarding-best/appropriate measurements of animal stress. The group discussed the possibility of conducting a review of all food animal stress (heat stress primarily) experiments and evaluate the data to see what is missing in the literature. Further discussion included developing a publication through the Journal of Animal Science regarding the minimum measurements that should be taken when trying to study and publish stress in animals based on the outcome of the above mentioned review paper. Several researchers were interested in potentially leading this effort. Further discussion followed indicating that this seems like a good idea but caution needs to be used when trying to dictate what measurements are best to access stress because of the array of different types of stress and the difficulty in defining stress. Concern was also expressed regarding the potential impact on producers  having to implement the recommendations from the standardized research guidelines and outputs to production operations. 1. General comments a. Needs to be biologically significant b. Measure production output c. Genetic/environment interaction d. Types of stress e. Develop a stress index  overall change rather than absolute values. f. Combination of physiology and behavior g. Standards i. Methods h. Suggested guidelines to standardize stress research in production animals. i. Minimal measures/standards of stress in animals in order to publish data related to stress. ii. Combination between physiological and behavioral measurements iii. Sample size iii. A discussion followed regarding the Journal of Animal Science and different types of communications that the Journal was considering. 5) Lunch 6) Poster session was held from 1:30  3:30 p.m. a. Two 1-hour sessions were held. The first hour session, ½ of the attendees stood by their poster and answered questions, then the second group stood by their posters from 2:30  3:30 p.m. and answered questions. b. The poster session was well received. 7) From 3:30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. collaborations were discussed and are listed at the end of the minutes. 8) 5:00 p.m. Adjourn August 6th, 2007 1) Meeting was called to order at 9:00 a.m. by Don Lay at UVI 2) W-1173 business meeting was held 3) Discussion a. Location and time of 2008 W-1173 meeting. i. It was decided to have the meeting in Colorado either on August 5th and 6th, 2008 or August 12th and 13th, 2008 ii. The structure of the next meeting in Colorado was discussed. 1. Topic area or review a. Discussed having two presentations regarding a topic area (heat, immunological, transport stress, etc.) or a review of the literature on stress. This will be structured/planned by the W-1173 chair and secretary and then voted on by the W-1173 group prior to the 2008 meeting. 2. Poster session a. The poster session was well received at the 2007 meeting but needs a little modification. The group suggested that we split into three poster presenting groups and allow more time for discussion. This will be structured/planned by the W-1173 chair and secretary and then voted on by the W-1173 group prior to the 2008 meeting. 3. Don Spiers was elected as secretary of W-1173 4. The W-1173 group voted to ask the S-1023 group to join the W-1173 group and meet jointly for the foreseeable future. The S-1023 members present accepted the invitation and indicated they would poll the rest of their members via email. 3) Meeting adjourned. Collaborations 1) Don Spires  Univ. of Missouri; Kentucky ARS  Glen Aiken and Jim Strickland; Long-term responses to fescue toxicosis and heat stress in beef cattle . This is a continuation project with ARS to identify long-term changes to these stressors Florida ARS  Sam Coleman, Chad Chase; Texas ARS  Jeff Carroll; Continued Analysis of physiological responses to heat stress for heat tolerant and heat sucsptiable breeds of cattle John Gaughan(Australia) has access to a bioelectrical impedence system that allows for determination of regional intra-and extra- cellular water. We will send a graduate student to Gaughan to calibrate this system for cattle and determine response to heat stress 2) Arizona  Collaborative cross-station plans; A.We will continue to work with Cornell University and the University of Hawaii to determine factors affecting evaporative heat loss in cattle; B.We will continue to work with Dr. Ann Parkhust at the University of Nebraska to analyze relationships between thermal heat load and production in lactating dairy cows. 3)Influence of weaning age on proinflammatory responses in beef calves. USDA-ARS, Lubbock; Univ. of Florida, Ona; USDA-ARS Brooksville Influence of Angus hair coat color on measures of heat tolerance and performance. Univ. of Florida, Ona; Univ. of Hawaii; Texas A$M, and Cornell Univ. 4)Tennessee Collaborations; Evaluation of different weaning methods on the health and well-being of beef cattle; - TN, FL will collaborate on analysis of plasma samples for acute phase proteins;- TN, CO will collaborate on examining immune response to foreign antigen (i.e.pig RBC, ovalbumin); - TN, CO may collaborate on plasma analysis of pCBG from hogs in response to marketing; - TN, TX-ARS will collaborate on a study examining effects of specific growth promotants on the performance and well-being of recently weaned pigs. 5)Don Lay; A) Effects of rubber mats in a dairy free stall barn on lameness; Collaborators: IN, D. Lay; S. Eicher; H. W. Cheng; J. Marchant; FL, J. Arthington; NE A. Parkhurst Objectives: Collect behavior and physiology data from dairy cows over two parities and identify those cows which remain sound and then become lame. Collaborators will analyze blood samples for acute phase proteins, hormones indicative of lameness. Dynamic statistical models will be used to characterize effects of physiology and behavior and parity on lameness in dairy cows. B) Effects of stress on Salmonella infection in swine; Collaborators: IN, D. Lay; MS, S. Willard; Objectives: Infect swine with Salmonella engineered to emit light and determine how Salmonella moves through the body and how it can infect pen mates. Swine will be infected with Salmonella, subjected to mixing stress, and infection will be followed using biophotonics. 6)Hongwei Xin, Iowa St. Univ.; Energetic, physiological and behavioral responses of laying hens to modified production conditions/practices Stations: IN, H.W. Cheng Objectives:A)Assess Performance of finishing laying hens to thermal comfort vs. air quality; B)Assess pain in chickens with different beak-trimming schemes; C) Measure energetic responses of laying hens subjected to different molting regimens or stocking densities/group sites under thermo neutral and heat challenging conditions) ARS Lubbock, TX and Univ. of Virgin Islands; Evaluate the effect of tick infestation on the immune function of Senepol cattle in the tropics. 8) Colorado State University and University of Tennessee; Evaluate the impact of marketing on stress hormones in swine. Colorado State University and Texas A&M;  Potential to evaluate trailer ventilation strategies to reduce heat stress in swine; Colorado State University and ARS  Lubbock, Texas;  Evaluate indicators of CMI in immune naive calves

OBJECTIVE 1: Identify strategies for developing and monitoring appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being (NE, AZ): Using a nonlinear crossed random effects model with three-way treatment structure for detecting circadian patterns of hormones in heat stressed Holsteins. This study provides a four-parameter modified Gaussian model to describe the circadian patterns of serum prolactin concentrations in heat stressed Holsteins. The crossed and nested random effects have been introduced into the model to simultaneously model the period, cow, and event variations. Comparisons of three-way treatment effects over time and testing of the first-order carryover effects are incorporated with the model building process. We present a general approach to multilevel nonlinear mixed effects model building and advocate in detail a way to simplify the random effect terms and the fixed effect structures. The primary advantage of this procedure is that it can be used to fit nonlinear mixed-effects models with complex random- and fixed-effects structures. The mean level of serum prolactin concentration is 3.701 log (ng/ml). The time to maximum level of log-prolactin is 14.1, rate constant is 19.3 hr-1 and the range is 0.266 (log(ng/ml). Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) did not affect the serum prolactin concentration. However, environment and parity did. The range of serum prolactin concentration was significantly higher (0.883 log (ng/ml)) for nulliparous cow under solar hear stress. Examination of carry-over effects showed initial value of prolactin increased significantly to 4.068 log(ng/ml) after exposure to solar heat stress and tests of interaction showed serum prolactin concentration was significantly lower (2.963 log(ng/ml) ) for nulliparous cows in a thermoneutral environment. Impact: Acclimation to heat stress requires endocrine changes which in turn modify the animals metabolic process. This study provides a statistical method to evaluate the endocrine environment by assessing changes in serum prolactin over time (IN, FL, NE) Evaluating physiological and behavioral predictors of lameness induced by altered management practices in dairy heifers and cows Lameness scoring and incidence were evaluated for primiparous cows that were fed control diets, hypo-alimentation (limit fed) diets, and hyper-alimentation (stuffed) diets. Heifer treatments were pre-partum milking or controls with normal calving routine. Analysis revealed that cow and heifer (controls) was the greatest predictor of lameness, followed by back arch and speed. Impact: Some elements of the 5 point lameness scoring system are more predictive, while others are not informative. The two acute phase proteins measured, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin were not predictive of lameness. This study showed minimal effect of treatments, and that time in the herd was important to the onset of lameness for free-stall housing with concrete flooring. (NE, MARC) Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle Ten years of calving records were examined from Bos taurus, crossbred cows (mean of 182 cows/yr) to quantify effects of environmental conditions during the breeding season on pregnancy rate. Estimated breeding dates were determined by subtracting 283 d from the calving date. Relationships were determined between the proportion of cows bred from the beginning of the breeding season to d 21, d 42, and d 60 of the breeding season to corresponding environmental variables. Weather data were compiled from a weather station located approximately 20 km from the research site. Average daily temperature and relative humidity were used to calculate daily temperature-humidity index (THI). Daily averages for each environmental variable were averaged for each period. Minimum temperature (MNTP) and THI for the first 21 and 42 d of the breeding season were negatively associated (P < 0.001) with pregnancy rate. For the 0 to 21 d, 0 to 42 d, and 0 to 60 d breeding period, respective R2 for average temperatures were 0.32, 0.37, and 0.11, whereas R2 for MNTP were 0.45, 0.40, and 0.10 and R2 for THI were 0.38, 0.41, and 0.11, respectively, for the same breeding periods. The negative associations of temperature and THI with pregnancy rate are most pronounced during the first 21 d of the breeding season with a -3.79 and -2.06% change in pregnancy rate for each unit change in MNTP and THI, respectively. A combination of environmental variables increased R2 up to 0.67. In this analysis, windspeed was found to be positively associated with pregnancy rate in all equations and increased R2 in all breeding periods. Optimum MNTP for the 0 to 21-d, 0 to 42-d, and 0 to 60 d breeding periods were 12.6, 13.5, and 14.9 ºC, respectively. For the 0 to 60-d breeding period, optimum THI was 68.0 while the THI threshold, the calculated level at which cattle will adapt, was found to be 72.9. Impact: Reductions in pregnancy rate are likely when average MNTP and THI equal or exceed 16.7 ºC and 72.9, respectively, and for Bos taurus beef cows that are pasture bred during a 60-d spring-summer season. (HI, NY, AZ) Sweating rate of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments The HI, NY and AZ stations conducted research to evaluate the efficacy of the Vapometer (Delfin Technologies, Finland) versus modified portable calorimeter (developed by NY) on measuring sweating rates in Holstein cows. Ten cows were used in the study (4 in shade and 6 under the sun). Solar load was recorded to be 749W/m2 and the THI was 82.8 (danger zone). There was no difference in sweating rates or skin temperature under shade. Cows exposed to the sun had significantly higher sweating rates and the evaporative cooling was highest in the shaved surface (600 g/h-m2) than the unshaved (300 g/h-m2) when measured by the modified calorimeter. The Vapometer showed small increases in evaporative cooling between the shaved and unshaved surfaces. One possible reason for the difference between the two instruments is the absence of air movement and solar exposure when using the Vapometer. Impact: This study is the first step in developing a data base on sweating rate and cutaneous evaporation, and characterizing the effect of physical and optical properties of hair coat on stress indicators (sweating rate, skin and rectal temperatures and respiration rate) of dairy cows exposed to stressful hot environmental temperatures. (NY, HI): Thermal responses to Holstein dairy cows on pasture with high solar loads and high winds. The NY and HI station also studied the behavior and physiological responses of Holstein cows on pasture in Hawi, Hawaii. This district is unique in that it has high wind speed (>6m/s) and strong solar radiation (from 1100-1500h >800w/m2). Using the HOBO temperature logger held with anchors, we monitored the natural behavior of 10 cows (5 white and 5 black). Black cows had higher core body temperatures. Activities that reduced core body temperature for white cows were standing and grazing while that for black cows was only standing. Body temperatures for both hair coats increased when animals were lying. Cows stood with their tail facing to the wind >60% of the time and perpendicular to the wind about 22% of the time. Standing seems to be the major behavior at mid-day (>60% of the time vs. 20% of time for lying).Impact: Raising dairy cows on pastures instead of barns under high solar loads during the summer heat stress is possible without shade in areas where high prevailing winds occur otherwise shade should be provided. White cows are cooler under direct sunlight than black cows. (MO) A study was conducted to develop a model for fescue toxicosis using rats fed ground commercial diet, endophyte-infected tall fescue seed (E+), and endophyte-free fescue seed (E-) at thermoneutrality. A 2-hr restricted feed diet was used to more accurately see long term feed intake changes in a shorter amount of time. Impact: It is possible to develop a feed-restriction model for fescue toxicosis to evaluate potential treatments. It is very important to slowly acclimate the rats to a restricted feeding schedule, using a familiar diet instead of a novel one, and, in effect, placing only one stressor on the animal at one time. If the rats are not properly acclimated, they will fail to display the reduced feed intake symptoms of fescue toxicosis when placed on an E+ diet. (MO) A rat model for fescue toxicosis was used to evaluate the effect of endophyte toxins on hepatic gene expression under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Impact: Present findings suggest that rats respond to fescue toxicosis and heat stress by inducing CYP3A4 expression and suppressing hepatic antioxidant enzymes, genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and immune system function which could ultimately increase stress and damage to these animals under these conditions. (MO, FL, TX) A study was performed to determine the physiological response differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. Impact: Angus steers rectal temperature was 0.5°C higher than Romosinuano at thermoneutrality. Both breeds initially increased sweat rate more than 4-fold during heat stress, followed by reduction after 3 d. Angus had a higher sweat rate even after heat stress adaptation period. Romosinuano steers exhibit a lower level of heat loss than Angus steers during heat stress, while maintaining a lower core temperature. This suggests that lower metabolic heat production between these breeds is a key determinant of heat tolerance. (MO, KY) A study was designed to determine adaptation to heat stress in Angus cattle using both short- and long-term exposure routines. Impact: Steers stabilized faster to heat stress following adaptation. Sweat rate rapidly increased prior to rectal temperature and respiration rate with heat exposure, to suggest that sweat rate is the better indicator of short-term heat response and adaptation. However, sweat rate decreased in all animals after a few days, even though rectal temperature and respiration rate were still elevated. This suggests that reduction of sweat rate, and possibly water loss, is more important than reduction of body temperature during heat stress. (MO, FL) The goal of this study is to determine the changes in gene regulation in liver of cattle under long-term mild heat stress, and the effect of reduced feed intake associated heat stress on this expression. Impact: Reduced caloric intake does not account for many of the changes in genomic expression during heat stress. Some genes involved in oxidative stress were down-regulated, such as Metallothionein 1, 2, and 3 (80%) and glutathione peroxidase (40%), while glutathione S-transferase was up-regulated by heat stress (240%). Heat shock 70-kD protein 2 was up-regulated by 160%. A number of genes involved in immune functions were also differentially expressed under heat stress. (NY, AZ, HI) Joint research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Vapometer (Delfin Technologies, Finland) versus modified portable calorimeter (developed by Peter Hillman, NY) on measuring sweating rates in Holstein cows. Ten cows were used in the study (4 in shade and 6 under the sun). Solar load was recorded to be 749W/m2 and the THI was 82.8 (danger zone). Sweating rates were lowest when measured by the Vapometer, followed by the modified portable calorimeter at 0.2 m/s and highest at 1.0 m/s. Sweating rates were higher (2x) in shaved area vs. unshaved. Cows exposed to the sun had significantly higher sweating rates and the evaporative cooling was highest in the shaved surface (600 g/h-m2 vs 300 g/h-m2) when measured by the modified calorimeter. Smaller increases in evaporative cooling were recorded with the Vapometer. One possible reason for this difference is the shielded surface from solar exposure when using the Vapometer. (NY, HI) NY and HI station also studied the behavior and physiological responses of Holstein cows on pasture in Hawi, Hawaii. This district is unique in that it has high wind speed (>6m/s) and strong solar radiation (from 1100-1500h >800w/m2). Using the HOBO temperature logger held with anchors, we monitored the natural behavior of 10 cows (5 white and 5 black). Black cows had higher core body temperatures. Activities that reduced core body temperature for white cows were standing and grazing while that for black cows was only standing. Body temperatures for both hair coats increased when animals were lying. Cows stood with their tail facing to the wind >60% of the time and perpendicular to the wind about 22% of the time. Standing is the major behavior at mid-day (>60% of the time vs lying  20%). Impact: The studies suggested that hair coat was a major barrier to cooling and white hair coat reflected the solar load while black surface (skin) was most efficient for evaporative cooling. (NE) Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges. The adaptive capabilities of animals and livestock production systems have been emphasized in this report. Biometeorology has a key role in rational management to meet the challenges of thermal environments. While the focus is primarily on cattle in warm or hot climates, the importance of dynamic animal responses to environmental challenges applies to all species and climates. Methods used to mitigate environmental challenges focus on heat loss/heat production balance. Under cold stress, reduction of heat loss is the key. Under heat stress, reduction of heat load or increasing heat loss are the primary management tools, although heat-tolerant animals are also available. In general, livestock with health problems and the most productive animals (e.g., highest growth rate or milk production) are at greatest risk of heat stress, thereby requiring the most attention. Risk management, by considering perceived thermal challenges, then assessing the potential consequences and acting accordingly will reduce the impact of such challenges. Appropriate actions include: shade, sprinkling, air movement, or active cooling. Summarizing, the most important element of proactive environmental management to reduce risk is preparation: be informed, develop a strategic plan, observe and recognize animals in distress, and take appropriate tactical action. Impact: This literature review outlines the critical elements in the understanding the management of animals during a thermal challenge. (TX) Work is continuing on evaluating the efficacy of the placement of buttons in the vagina, ear canal, and subcutaneously in the neck on dairy cattle as a measure of core temperature. Trials under a range of conditions have been completed. Impact: Vaginal placement using CIDRs is preferable in female cattle. While ear canal and subcutaneous neck placement can give useful comparative data between treatments, short-term conditions that change skin temperature, such as spraying with water or exposure to solar radiation, can cause major fluctuations. (TX, FL, MO) A study was conducted to determine potential differences in the immunological response to an endotoxin challenge in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle. Impact: The results from this study indicated that different breeds of Bos taurus cattle respond differently to an endotoxin challenge and that the Romosinuano may be better equipped to cope with and recover from disease challenges. Further elucidation of the immunological differences between various breeds of cattle will be key in future endeavors to identify cattle with the greatest potential for maximum performance. (TX) A study was conducted to examine the relationships between cattle temperament and performance of feedlot heifers. Impact: Exit velocity has been reported to be a reliable indicator of cattle temperament. This study provided further information pertaining to the relationships among exit velocity, cortisol, and carcass characteristics of beef heifers in a feedlot. Understanding the effects of temperament on performance, health, and overall well-being will enable livestock producers to better manage their cattle. (MS, USDA-ARS-FL and USDA-ARS-TX) Using remote blood sampling devices, studies will address stress and immune responses in non-handled animals of various breed types within the management environment. Preliminary studies to evaluate remote blood sampling procedures have already been conducted (USDA-ARS-TX) and will be expanded to evaluate physiological responses to transportation stress via remote sampling this coming year. Impact: A more resolved understanding of the physiological responses of cattle to stress events will lead to improvements in the management of cattle for enhanced performance. (IN, MS) We evaluated the imaging of light emitting bacteria through the gastro-intestinal tract of swine in relation to concentrations of emitting bacteria that were present. Pigs were inoculated orally with of Salmonella typhimurium transformed to emit light. Pigs were euthanized at 6 or 12 hours and sections of intestine were collected for imaging. Bacterial concentrations were high in the small intestine after a 6-hour incubation in the pig. After a 12-hour incubation, bacterial concentrations are high in the lower portion of the small intestine. Studies are currently evaluating the use of this model system in market weight pigs and co-mingling, transference models that mimic the production environment. Impact: Our study continues to support the use of biophotonic paradigms to improve bacterial pathogenicity models aimed at addressing pre-harvest food safety issues. (IA) Development and use of a GPS herd activity and well-being kit *GPS Hawk) to monitor cattle behavior on pasture. A low-cost GPS herd activity and well-being kit (GPS HAWK) was developed as an alternative to commercial GPS tracking collars. The operational goal of the GPS HAWK was to collect GPS location data at a user-specified frequency and store the data in a secure format. The GPS HAWK utilizes a Garmin 12-channel low-power GPS receiver powered by a 6V, 7.2 Ah sealed-lead acid battery housed in a shoulder-mounted aluminum enclosure. Operation of the GPS HAWK was commanded by a micro-controller based system equipped with six external sensor ports. Data were stored to compact flash media for retrieval. The locomotion behavior of multiple cows was monitored at 20-s intervals. The high-frequency sampling data were used to delineate grazing behavior of the cows on pasture including cumulative travel distance, travel velocity and acceleration. Impact: Locomotion behaviors of cattle could be useful to timely assessment and management of herd health or well-being. The GPS HAWK unit potentially provides a low-cost means to monitor the locomotion behavior along with physiological responses and environmental variables. (FL, TX) Temperature loggers inserted into blank CIDR devices were used to characterize the vaginal temperatures in Angus heifers of varying genotype and phenotype. Impact: These results provide important information relative to the tolerance of varying Angus cattle genotypes to the heat stress conditions of southern Florida. OBJECTIVE 2: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress. (AZ) Development and Validation of an Animal Susceptibility Model. An individual animals stress level is the summation of stresses from three areas: the environment, animal, and management. A model was developed to predict the susceptibility of an individual animal to heat stress. The model utilizes a hierarchal knowledge-based fuzzy inference system with 11 animal characteristics (color, sex, species, temperament, hair thickness, previous exposure, age, condition score, previous cases of pneumonia, previous other health issues, and current health) to predict susceptibility to heat stress and certainty of the prediction. The model was validated using data collected on 192 cattle over a 3-year period. Sixty-four heifers of four different breeds (Angus, Charolais, and two cross-breeds Marc I and Marc III) were assigned to one of eight outdoor pens in each of three years (2004, 2005, and 2006). The correlation of susceptibility to growth rate, condition score change, respiration rate, and panting score provided the basis for validation. Respiration rate and panting score were significantly higher in the higher categories of susceptibility than the lower categories of susceptibility. Recommendations for further studies include validating the model using a more varied group of animals. Impact: Precision animal management is a management scheme which would involve presorting animals to maximize product quality, minimize cost to the producer, and provide maximum animal comfort and well-being. This model attempts to combine the risk factors into a single animal susceptibility number. This number would allow producers to pre-sort their animals, allowing for the high-risk animals to be pen in a special area. This would allow for the economic use of shades, or other management strategies to be employed. (NE) Shade Material Evaluation Using a Cattle Response Model. Cattle produced in open feedlots are vulnerable to a variety of weather events; under certain conditions heat events can be especially detrimental. Shade structures are often considered as one method of reducing cattle stress. A variety of shading materials are available; selection of a suitable material is difficult without data that quantify effectiveness of the materials on stress reduction. A summer study was initiated using instrumented shade structures in conjunction with meteorological measurements to estimate relative effectiveness of various shade materials. The shade structures were 3.6 m by 6.0 m by 3.0 m high at the peak and 2.0 m high at the sides. Polyethylene shade cloth was used in three of the comparisons and consisted of 100%, 80%, and 50% effective shading. Additionally, one of the structures was fitted with a poly snow fence instead of shade cloth. Each shade structure contained a solar radiation meter to measure radiant energy received under the shade material. Additionally, meteorological data were collected as a non-shaded treatment and included temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Analyses of the collected data focused on a physiological model that predicts cattle respiration rate based on relative humidity, ambient temperature, solar radiation and wind speed. An associated heat stress index was used to determine the effectiveness of the shading options. Analyses of the data revealed that time spent in the highest stress category was reduced by all shade materials. Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05) existed between all shade materials (compared to no-shade) for hourly summaries during peak daylight hours. Impact: There are many factors that can influence the shade material to be used. These factors include cost, effectiveness, maintenance cost, durability, and potential for snow load. Several different materials were compared for their effectiveness. The 100 % shade material reduced the heat load the greatest. However, the snow fence reduced the heat load enough to eliminate all the estimated time spent in the emergency category. This might be sufficient to save cattle during an extreme event. (MN) Effects of familiarity and weight variation on stress associated with regrouping in growing pigs were assessed. Familiar pigs had minimal aggression and associated injuries, and spent more time eating at regrouping in comparison with unfamiliar pigs. Weight variation did not affect aggression at regrouping. Impact: Familiarity alleviated stress associated with regrouping so to improve welfare and performance. Pigs should be regrouped based on familiarity, not based on body weight. (TX) A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary energy on the immunological response of cattle to an endotoxin challenge. Impact: Results from this study indicated that source and level of dietary energy influence responses to an endotoxin challenge in beef steers. Understanding the associations between diet and immunity will undoubtedly enhance our ability to more effectively manage livestock. OBJECTIVE 3: Develop alternative management practices to reduce stress and improve animal well-being and performance. (IN, FL, NE) Effect of altered management practices in dairy heifers and cows Longitudinal lameness samples have all been collected and ready for acute phase protein analysis (FL). Some many culls after the first calving is not lameness per se, but related to tendon and joint problems related to concrete flooring, while most problems in the second lactation were hoof disease and injury and not specific to concrete housing. Impact: Rubber flooring can decrease culls that occur after first calving thereby increasing herd life expectancy. (TN) An experiment was performed to assess physiological measures of health and well-being in weaned pigs with or without subsequent transport, and to examine the role of pre-weaning weight on the outcome of the weaning and transport processes. The physiological measures used to measure the stress response to transport were similar among pigs regardless of body weight. However, the response to weaning was greater in light weight pigs. Specifically, the plasma concentration of porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (pCBG) was directly related to body weight, and the free cortisol index (FCI) was inversely related to body weight, 24 h post-weaning. Impact: Lighter weight pigs have lower pCBG concentrations, and hence greater FCI, than do heavier pigs 24 h post-weaning. The stress response due to weaning is greater, especially in lighter weight pigs, than the stress associated with transport. (IN, FL, NE) Lameness scoring and incidence were evaluated for primiparous cows that were fed control diets, hypo-alimentation (limit fed) diets, and hyper-alimentation (stuffed) diets. Heifer treatments were pre-partum milking or controls with normal calving routine. Analysis revealed that cow and heifer (controls) was the greatest predictor of lameness, followed by back arch and speed. Impact: Some elements of the 5 point lameness scoring system are more predictive, while others are not informative. The two acute phase proteins measured, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin were not predictive of lameness. This study showed minimal effect of treatments, and that time in the herd was important to the onset of lameness for free-stall housing with concrete flooring. (IN, MS) We evaluated the imaging of light emitting bacteria through the gastro-intestinal tract of swine in relation to concentrations of emitting bacteria that were present. Pigs were inoculated orally with of Salmonella typhimurium transformed to emit light. Pigs were euthanized at 6 or 12 hours and sections of intestine were collected for imaging. Bacterial concentrations were high in the small intestine after a 6-hour incubation in the pig. After a 12-hour incubation, bacterial concentrations are high in the lower portion of the small intestine. Impact: Our study continues to support the use of biophotonic paradigms to improve bacterial pathogenicity models aimed at addressing pre-harvest food safety issues. (TX, FL) Work is continuing on a multi-year project in which three distinct genotypes of Angus cattle are being evaluated for heat and cold tolerance. One cold-weather trial has been completed and the results of the first hot-weather trial are not yet available. Impact: The results of the first cold-weather trial indicates that there is a difference in the genotypes ability to tolerate cold weather. (TX, AZ ?) Heat stress, dairy calves. Texass contribution is investigating alternative methods of reducing heat stress in dairy calves during the summer and cold stress in the calves during the winter in the Southern High Plains. Methods of making hutches more reflective during the summer and more insulated during the winter are being investigated. The need for shade for weaned calves is also being determined. Impact: A foil/double bubble/vinyl wrap made for the hutches appears to be most effective retrofit to hutches in reducing heat stress. (TX, KY) KY is seeking ways to improve ventilation in horse trailers, while TX is working with commercial livestock trailers. Wind tunnel and on truck trials have been conducted to model ventilation in punch-sided semi trailers, and a method on creating cross-ventilation in semi trailers by the use of side mounted scoops is being evaluated. Impact: Cross ventilation of punch-sided semi-trailers is useful in reducing weight loss and airborne contaminants, but additional trials are being conducted to determine its cost effectiveness in feedyards and at slaughter plants. (CO) One hundred twenty seven crossbred yearling steers (497 kg ± 34) were utilized to determine which bunk score yielded the greatest dry matter intake. Steers were randomly sorted into pens and placed into one of three groups. A 3 X 3 Latin square design was utilized. Each of the three groups were randomly allotted to an initial bunk score assignment and were rotated through each of the three bunk scores. The bunk score system utilized a numeric score based on the amount of daily orts from the previous days feeding; a score of 0 orts was a bunk devoid of all feed particles, a score of ½ was from trace-2.26 kg of orts and a score of 1 was 2.27-9.05 kg of orts. Impact: Results of this study suggest that bunk management strategy has a significant effect on DMI characteristics of feedlot steers. Feeding enough feed to last through the night and into the next feeding encouraged greater DMI. This increased intake could result in decreased days on feed, increased performance traits, and a decrease in morbidity as all cattle would have a greater access to a more complete diet. However, if producers were to implement a bunk management practice such as this, they would need to make sure that consistent feed delivery, bunk readings, and cattle management practices were in place. (CO) Equal numbers of British, Continental crossbred, and Brahman crossbred calf-fed steers (n = 420) were used to examine the effects of ractopamine supplementation and biological type on behavior during routine handling. Steers were blocked by BW within type and allocated to pens, resulting in 2 pens (10 cattle per pen) representing each block x type subclass. Pens within each block x type subclass then were randomly assigned to ractopamine supplementation treatments (0 or 200 mg"steer1"d1), which were administered during the final 28 d of the finishing period. At the time final BW were obtained (28 d after treatment initiation), a single, trained observer, blinded with respect to treatment designations, recorded subjective scores to characterize behavior of each animal. Scores included entry force score (degree of force required to load the animal into the chute); entry speed score (walk, trot, run); chute behavior score (calm, restless shifting, moderate struggling); and exit speed score (walk, trot, run). Impact: In the current study, exit speed score (a subjective assessment of nonrestrained behavior similar to flight speed) seemed effective for identifying temperament differences among biological cattle types. Exit speed score (walk, trot, gallop), a practical, subjective assessment of temperament, that does not require specialized equipment for measurement, could be a useful, low-cost tool for cattle producers who wish to evaluate cattle temperament during routine handling of animals in commercial beef operations. (MN) Effects of familiarity and weight variation on stress associated with regrouping in growing pigs were assessed. Familiar pigs had minimal aggression and associated injuries, and spent more time eating at regrouping in comparison with unfamiliar pigs. Weight variation did not affect aggression at regrouping. Impact: Familiarity alleviated stress associated with regrouping so to improve welfare and performance. Pigs should be regrouped based on familiarity, not based on body weight. (IA)Air Quality And Hen Health Status In Three Types Of Commercial Laying Hen Houses. Environmental conditions and bird health are important elements in assessment of animal welfare for laying hen housing systems, but limited information is available comparing different types of systems. Three types of laying hen houses  caged high-rise, caged manure-belt, and cage-free floor-raised  were monitored for temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, and atmospheric ammonia during winter and summer conditions in Iowa. During winter conditions, temperature and ammonia concentrations were maintained at a more comfortable level for the caged facilities. During summer conditions, temperature showed the least rise above ambient for the cage-free facilities, and ammonia was maintained at similar levels for all housing types. Assessment of hen health status revealed differences in pathogen frequency between housing systems for winter and summer, but not conclusively in favor of one system over another. The results of this observational study indicate that each system may offer benefits during specific weather conditions. Further monitoring to quantify the benefits of each system should be completed. Impact: Scientific data are needed to evaluate the advantages and limitation of various egg layer housing systems. Such information is essential toward developing an optional system that will maximize animal welfare and sustain or improve production efficiency. (FL, USDA-ARS, FL, USDA-ARS, TX, and MO) Characterization of the acute phase protein response in beef steers following endotoxin challenge has been completed. Impact: These efforts illustrate the inflammatory reaction to endotoxin exposure without other external confounding impacts. These data are essential to an improved understanding of the physiological implications of pathogenic stress in cattle.

Refereed Journal Articles Galindo-Gonzalez, S., J.D. Arthington, J.V. Yelich, G.R. Hansen, G.C. Lamb, and A. De Vries. 2007. Effects of cow parity on voluntary hay intake and performance responses to early weaning of beef calves. Livest. Sci. 110:148-153. Dos Santos, A., J.D. Anderson, R.C. Vann and S.T. Willard. 2007. Live animal ultrasound information as a decision tool in replacement beef heifer programs. J. Appl. Agric. Econ. (Accepted  In Revision). Eicher, S.D., M.M. Shutz, S.T. Willard, S. Bowers, S. Gandy and K. Graves. 2007. Pre-partum milking and parlor habituation in primiparous Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Research 74 (4): 413-417. Lammoglia, M.A., M.M. Zeitoun, R.D. Randel, and S.T. Willard. 2007. Effects of removal of the ovary containing the largest follicle on subsequent follicular activity and function of the remaining ovary in Brahman cows. J. Anim. Vet. Advances 6(2): 158-163. Moulton, K., F. Lovell, E. Williams, P. Ryan, D. Lay, D. Jansen and S. Willard. 2006. Use of glycerol as an optical clearing agent for enhancing photonic transference and detection of Salmonella typhimurium through porcine skin. J. Biomed. Optics 11(5): 054027-1 to 054027-8. Schmidt, S.J., S.D. Bowers, T. Dickerson, B.S. Gandy, F. Holholm, K.B. Graves, J. White, R.C. Vann and S.T. Willard. 2006. Gestational, periparturient and preweaning growth traits of Holstein versus Gir x Holstein F1 crossbred dairy calves born to Holstein dams. Tropical Animal Health and Production 38: 249-260. Carroll, J.A., M.A. Walker, S.M. Hartsfield, N.K. Green, N.H. McArthur and T.H. Welsh, Jr. 2007. Visual documentation of ovine pituitary gland development with Magnetic Resonance Imaging following Zeranol treatment. Laboratory Animal 41(1):120-127. Carroll, J.A., N.H. McArthur and T.H. Welsh, Jr. 2007. In vitro and in vivo temporal aspects of ACTH secretion: Stimulatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 54:714. Adcock, R.J., H.G. Kattesh, M.P. Roberts, J.A. Carroll and A.M. Saxton. 2007. Temporal relationships between plasma cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), and the free cortisol index (FCI) in pigs in response to adrenal stimulation or suppression. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress 10(3):305-310. Kojima, C.J., J.A. Carroll, R.L. Matteri, K.J. Touchette and G.L. Allee. 2007. Effects of weaning and piglet size on neuroendocrine regulators of feed intake. Journal of Animal Science (Accepted) Dorton, K. L., T. E. Engle, R. M. Enns, and J. J. Wagner. 2007. Effects of trace mineral supplementation, source, and growth implants on immune response of growing and finishing feedlot steers. 23:29-35 Fulwider, W. K., T. Grandin, D. J. Garrick, T. E. Engle, W. D. Lamm, N. L. Dalsted, and B. E. Rollin. 2007. Influence of free-stall base on tarsal joint lesions and hygiene in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 3559-3566. Baszczak, J. A., T. Grandin, S. L. Gruber, T. E. Engle, W. J. Platter, S. B. Laudert, A. L. Schroeder, and J. D. Tatum. 2006. Effects of ractopamine supplementation on behavior of British, Continental, and Brahman crossbred steers during routine handling. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 3410-3414. Dorton, K. L., T. E. Engle, and R. M. Enns. 2006. Effects of trace mineral supplementation and source, 30 days post-weaning and 28 days post receiving, on performance and health of feeder cattle. Asian-Aust. Anim. Sci. 19:1450-1454. Iacono, C. M., T. H. Friend, H. Keen, T. Martin, and P. Krawczel. 2007. Effects of density and water availability on the behavior, physiology, and weight loss of slaughter horses during transport. J. Equine Vet. Sci. (In press). Archer, G. S., T. H. Friend, D. Caldwell, P. D. Krawczel, C. M. Iacono, H. Keen and T. Martin. 2007. The impact of feeding several components of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on transported lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology (In press). Iacono, C. M., T. H. Friend, R. D. Johnson, P. D. Krawczel and G. S. Archer. 2007. A preliminary study on the utilization of an onboard watering system by horses during commercial transport. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 105:227-231. Krawczel, P. D., T. H. Friend, D. J. Caldwell, G. Archer and K. Ameiss. 2007. Effects of continuous versus intermittent transport on plasma constituents and antibody response of lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 85:468-476. Archer, G. S., T. H. Friend, D. Caldwell, K. Ameiss and P. D. Krawczel. 2007. Effect of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on exercise and transport stress in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 85:225-232. Friend, T. H., H. A. Keen, C. M. Iacono. 2006. Activity of unrestrained horses during on-truck rest stops. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 26:573-577. Nevill, C. H. and T. H. Friend. 2006. A preliminary study on the effects of limited access to an exercise pen on stereotypic pacing in circus tigers. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 101:355-361. Martin, T. I., T. H. Friend, J. L. Williams and G. S. Archer. 2006. Predictors of success in an undergraduate animal behavior course. NACTA Journal. Sept:51-56. Krawczel, P. D., T. H. Friend and R. Johnson. 2006. A note on the preference of naïve horses for different water bowls. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 100:309-313. Brown-Brandl, T. M., J. A. Nienaber, R. A. Eigenberg, T. L. Mader, J. L. Morrow, and J. W. Dailey. 2006. Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds. Livestock Science 105:19-26. Brown-Brandl, T. M., R. A. Eigenberg, and J. A. Nienaber. 2006. Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers. Livestock Science 105:57-68.Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl and J.A. Nienaber. Development of a livestock weather safety monitor for feedlot cattle. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (Accepted)Nienaber, J. A. and G. L. Hahn. Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges. International Journal of Biometeorology. (Accepted - published on-line) Adcock, R. J., H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, J. A. Carroll, A. M. Saxton, and C. J. Kojima. 2007. Temporal relationships between plasma cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), and free cortisol index (FCI) in pigs in response to adrenal stimulation or suppression. Stress. 10(3):305-10. Doherty, T. J., H. G. Kattesh, R. J. Adcock, M. G. Welborn, A. M. Saxton, J. L. Morrow, and J. W. Dailey. 2007. Effects of a concentrated lidocaine solution on the acute phase stress response to dehorning in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. In Press. Settivari, R.S., J.N. Spain, M.R. Ellersiech, J.C. Byatt, R.J. Collier and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Relationship between thermal status and productivity in heat stressed dairy cows administered recombinant bovine somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1265-1280. Burgos, R., L.J. Odens, R.J. Collier, L.H. Baumgard and M.J. VanBaale.2007. Evaluation of different cooling systems in lactating heat stressed dairy cows in a semi-arid environment. (Accepted) Prof. Anim. Sci. Bhusari, S., Z. Liu, L. B. Hearne, D. E. Spiers, W. R. Lamberson and E. Antoniou. 2007. Expression Profiling of Heat Stress Effects on Mice Fed Ergot Alkaloids. Vol. 95 (1): 89- 97. Toxicological Sciences. Settivari, R.S., J.N. Spain, M.R, Ellersieck, J.C. Byatt, R.J. Collier, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Relationship of thermal status to productivity in heat-stressed dairy cows given recombinant bovine somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 1265-1280. Settivari, R.S., S. Bhusari, T. Evans, P.A. Eichen, L.B. Hearne, E. Antoniou, and D.E. Spiers. 2006. Genomic analysis of the impact of fescue toxicosis on hepatic function. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 1279-1294. Amundson, J. L., T. L. Mader, R. J. Rasby, and Q. S. Hu. 2006. Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84:3415-3420. Brown-Brandl, T. M., J. A. Nienaber, R. A. Eigenberg, T. L. Mader, J. L. Morrow, and J. W. Dailey. 2006. Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds. Livestock Science 105:19-26. Abstracts Arthington, J.D., X. Qiu, R.F. Cooke, D.B. Araujo, C.C. Chase, and S.W. Coleman. 2007. Effects of pre-shipping management on measures of performance and inflammation in beef calves entering a receiving feedlot. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):610. Cooke, R.F., D.B. Araujo, G.L. Stokka, and J.D. Arthington. 2007. Characterization of the acute phase protein response following vaccination and weaning in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):613. Arthington, J.D., D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase, D.O. Rae, J.L. Griffin, and S.W. Coleman. 2007. Comparison of Florida-born, embryo-derived Angus calves sourced from Kansas and Florida herds on measures of performance, disposition, and body temperature from birth to weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 2):3. Cooke, R.F., C.R. Staples, X. Qui, and J.D. Arthington. 2006. Effects of supplement type and feeding frequency on performance and physiological responses of yearling Brahman- crossbred steers. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):222. William, P.N., J.A. Carroll, T.H. Welsh, Jr. and J.C. Laurenz. 2007. Temporal pattern of the stress hormone and cytokine response in pigs following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):13 (Abstract #33). Reuter, R.R., J.A. Carroll, J.W. Dailey, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.G. Riley, D.E. Spiers, R.L. Weaber and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Development of an automatic, indwelling rectal temperature probe for cattle research. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):12 (Abstract #28). OGorman, C.W., E. Gonzales, M.D. Eaton, K.A. Collard, M. Reyna, J.C. Laurenz, R.L. Stanko, D.H. Keisler, J.A. Carroll and M.R. Garcia. 2007. Fetal exposure to maternal stress influences leptin receptor gene expression during development and age at puberty in gilts. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):13 (Abstract #32). Carroll, J.A., C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.G. Riley, D.E. Spiers, J.W. Dailey and R.R. Reuter. 2007. Angus and Romosinuano steers exhibit differential acute phase responses following an endotoxin challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):26 (Abstract #72). Mateo, R.D., S.E. Dowd, J. A. Carroll and S. W. Kim. 2007. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to gestation and lactation diets on the expression of immune related genes in white blood cells of lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):99 (Abstract #179). Carroll, J.A. 2007. Bi-directional communication: Growth and immunity in domestic animals. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):3 (Abstract #7). William, P.N., J.A. Carroll, J.W. Dailey, T.H. Welsh, Jr. and J.C. Laurenz. 2007. Effect of maternal stress on the stress hormone and growth response of pigs to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):87 (Abstract #M266). Monson, D.A., J.A. Carroll, R.D. Mateo and S.W. Kim. 2007. Effect of feeding fermented soybean meal on plasma concentration of cortisol in LPS-challenged nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):148 (Abstract #87). Reuter, R.R., J.A. Carroll, M.S. Brown, N.E. Forsberg, Y-Q. Wang, R. Mock, J.D. Chapman and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Effect of an article sweetener and yeast product combination on immune function measurements, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):370 (Abstract #402). Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, J.A. Carroll, D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.H. Keisler, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Evaluation of physiological differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos Taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):466 (Abstract #W9). Reuter, R.R., J.D. Dailey, J.A. Carroll, M.S. Brown and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Relationships among exit velocity, cortisol, and carcass characteristics of beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):665 (Abstract #932). Reuter, R.R., J.A. Carroll, and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Source and level of dietary energy influence responses to an endotoxin challenge in beef steers. Proceedings, Plains Nutrition Council, Texas A&M University Publication No. AREC 07-20, p. 106. Dailey, J.D., F.M. Mitloehner and J.A. Carroll. 2007. Quantifying animal behavior: Why methods are important. Proceedings of the 41st International Congress of the ISAE, p. 192. Friend, T. H., N. M. Giguere and P. D. Krawczel. 2007. Cross ventilation in commercial livestock trailers shows promise for improving comfort, reducing weight loss and reducing environmental contaminants. J. Animal Science 85, Suppl 1, p. 362. Carter, B. H., T. H. Friend, M. A. Tomaszewski, J. R. Fisher, G. M. Bingham. 2007. Using ear canal temperature to predict vaginal temperature. J. Animal Science 85, Suppl 1, p. 232. Bingham, G. M., T. H. Friend, G. E. Carstens, P. A. Lancaster. 2007. The relationship between residual feed intake and feeding behavior in growing heifers. J. Animal Science 85, Suppl 1, p. 363. Friend, T. H. 2007. Research on the transportation of horses. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the AATA, April 23-25, San Diego, CA. Gebremedhin, K.G., Hillman, P.E., Lee, C. N. and Collier, R. J. 2007. Sweating rates of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments. ASABE Meeting, Minneapolis, MN paper 074083. Lee, C.N. and Hillman, P.E. 2007. Thermal responses of Holstein dairy cows on pastures with high solar loads and winds. ASABE-Dairy Housing VI Conference. Minneapolis, MN paper #13. Zimbleman, R. B., J. Muumba, L. H. Hernandez, J. B. Wheelock, G. Shwartz, M. D. OBrien, L. H. Baumgard, and R. J. Collier. 2007. Effect of encapsulated niacin on resistance to acute thermal stress in Lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: Suppl 1. p.230. Rhoads, M. L., R. P. Rhoads, S. R. Sanders, S. H. Carroll, W. J. Weber, B. A. Crooker, R. J. Collier, M. J. VanBaale, and L. H. Baumgard. 2007. Effects of heat stress on production, lipid metabolism and somatotropin variables in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci 90: Suppl 1. p.230. Rhoads, M. L., J. B. Wheelock, L. L. Hernandez, R. P. Rhoads and R. J. Collier.2007.Expression of ghrelin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) in the reproductive tissues of Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci 90: Supple 1. p.447. Collier, R. J., R. P. Rhoads and L. H. Baumgard. 2007. What we have learned about the genes involved in the Response to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 90: Suppl 1. P.624. OBrien, M.D., J. B. Wheelock, J. La Noce, M.L. Rhoads, M. J. VanBaale, R. J. Collier and L. H. Baumgard.2007. Effects of heat stress vs. underfeeding on milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 90: Suppl.1. p. 58 Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee and R.J. Collier. 2007. Sweating rate of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments. Proc. ASABE Mtg. Minneapolis, Minn. Paper #. 074083 Settivari, R. S., T. Evans, E. Antoniou, M. Sutovsky, P. Sutovsky, and D.E. Spiers 2007. Effect of fescue toxicosis and acute heat stress on hepatic oxidative activities. The Toxicologist, 96 (1). p. 36. Spain, J.N. and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Feeding programs that meet the challenges of heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 623. Raney, S., P.A. Eichen, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Development of a feed-restriction model to identify factors responsible for fescue toxicosis-induced reduction in food intake. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 464. Scharf, B., L. E. Wax, D. H. Keisler, and D. E. Spiers. 2007. Adaptation of Angus steers to long- term heat stress in the
eld using controlled heat challenge. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 466. Scharf, B., L. E. Wax, J. A. Carroll, D. G. Riley, C. C. Chase Jr., S. W. Coleman, D. H. Keisler, and D. E. Spiers, 2007. Evaluation of physiological differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 466. Spain, J.N., L. Parsons, R. Crawford, C. Brown, and D. E. Spiers. 2007. Thermal status for different breeds of dairy cattle exposed to summer heat stress in a grazing environment. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 540. Antoniou, E., E., J. Robertson, and D. Spiers. 2007. Gene Regulation in liver of cattle exposed to heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 625. Kirch, B.H., G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. The influence of temperature variation upon vascular dynamics in cattle as measured by Doppler-image ultrasonography. In A.J. Popay and E.R. Thom (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 13 (pp. 391-393). Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association. Eichen, P.A., S.L. Raney, G.E. Rottinghaus, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Development of a feed- intake model for evaluation of toxins associated with endophyte-infected fescue. In A.J. Popay and E.R. Thom (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 13 (pp. 403-405). Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association. Wax, L.E., G.E. Rottinghaus, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Development of a bovine model to evaluate administration routines for endophyte-infected tall fescue. In A.J. Popay and E.R. Thom (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 13 (pp. 407-409). Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association. Lin,X, M. Zhou, A. M. Parkhurst, B. C. Pollard, R. J. Collier, 2007. Using Segmented Models to Evaluate Measures of Thermal Stress in Holstein Cows , Paper presented at Proc. 19th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Zhou, M., A..M. Parkhurst, B.C. Pollard, R.J. Collier, 2007. Using a nonlinear crossed random effects model with three-way treatment structure for detecting circadian patterns of hormones in heat stressed Holsteins Paper presented at Proc. 18th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Willard, S.T., M. C. Vinson and R.W. Godfrey. 2006. Digital infrared thermal imaging of the eye as correlated to rectal and vaginal temperature measurements in the ewe. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 434 (Abstr. # 583)  ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Vann, R.C., R.D. Randel, T.H. Welsh, S.T. Willard, J.A. Carroll, M.S. Brown and T.E. Lawrence. 2006. Influence of breed type and temperament on feedlot growth and carcass characteristics of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 396 (Abstr. # 468)  ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Dos Santos, A.R., S.T. Willard, R.C. Vann and B. Macoon. 2006. Relationships between endocrine status, temperament, growth and carcass traits in replacement beef heifers supplemented with dietary fat. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 56 (Abstr. #M154)  ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Willard, S., P. Ryan, D. Sykes, M. Crenshaw, R. Vann, R. Randel, T. Welsh, S. Bowers, M. Jones and A. Chromiak. 2006. Effectiveness of ocular thermography for the determination of body temperature in livestock: A multi-species analysis. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 354 (Abstr. # E172)  ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Curley, K.O., J. Lyons, M.S. Brown, T.E. Lawrence, J.A. Carroll, R.C. Vann, S.T. Willard, T.H. Welsh and R.D. Randel. 2006. Influence of breed type and temperament on anatomic and endocrinologic parameters of the bovine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 353 (Abstr. # W170)  ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Moulton, E. Williams, P. Ryan, D. Moore, S. Kim, D. Lay and S. Willard. 2006. Detection of photonic emissions with varying concentrations of Salmonella typhimurium-lux through porcine intestinal tissue: A comparison of two photonic imaging systems. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 349 (Abstr. # W156)  ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Ryan, P.L., Crouch J., Moulton K., Willard S.T., Christiansen D.L., Bennett, W.A., LeBlanc M,M. 2006. Evaluation of pathogen progression during experimentally-induced placentitis in the late gestation mare and ewe using lux-modified Escherichia coli and bioluminescence imaging technology. Proceedings 22nd Annual Alltech Symposium, Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry, Lexington, KY. Book Chapters Carroll, J.A. and N.E. Forsberg. 2007. Influence of Stress and Nutrition on Cattle Immunity. In: K.C. Olson and L.C. Hollis (eds) Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Elsevier Saunders, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 105-149. Friend, T. H. 2007. Transportation of Horses. In: N. E. Robinson. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. 6th edition. Saunders, New York. (In press). Conference Proceedings Green, A.R., I. Wesley, D.W. Trampel, and H. Xin. 2007. Air quality and hen health status in three types of commercial laying hen houses. Technical Paper # 074119. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St Joseph, MI: ASABE Brown-Brandl, T. M. and D. D. Jones. 2007. Development and Validation of an Animal Susceptibility Model. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper #074081 ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Eigenberg, R. A., T. M. Brown-Brandl, and J. A. Nienaber. 2007. Shade Material Evaluation Using a Cattle Response Model. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper #074082 ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Nienaber, J. A., G. L. Hahn, T. M. Brown-Brandl, and R. A. Eigenberg. 2007. Summer Heat Waves -- Extreme Years. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper #074084 ASABE, St. Joseph, MI Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, and R.J. Collier. 2007. Sweating rate of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments. ASABE Annual International Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, ASAE Paper No. 074083. Lee, C.N. and P.E. Hillman. 2007. Thermal responses of Holstein dairy cows on pastures with high solar loads and high winds. Sixth International Dairy Housing Conference Proceeding. 16-18 June. Minneapolis, MN, ASABE publication No. 701P0507e. Parker, K. R., R. C. Vann, S. T. Willard, R. D. Randel and T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2007. Relationship of plasma immunoglobin G levels to temperament, physiological stress, and growth performance. ASAS National Meeting  San Antonio, TX. McGee, M., A. Kouba, S. Bowers, R. Meek, B.L. Elliot, C. 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Evaluating nonlinear crossed random effects models for comparing temperature of eating pigs under different thermal environments, Proc. 18th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS Theses Davis, J.D. 2006. Remote characterization of locomotion, grazing and drinking behavior in beef cattle using GPS and ruminant temperature dynamics. A PhD dissertation, Iowa State University Parks Library, Ames, Iowa 50011. Sachin Bushari: (Ph.D., Animal Sciences) graduated in Fall 2006; Effects of fescue toxicosis and heat stress on murine hepatic gene expressioN.