SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: W170 : Chemistry and Bioavailability of Waste Constituents in Soils
- Period Covered: 01/01/2001 to 12/01/2001
- Date of Report: 04/08/2002
- Annual Meeting Dates: 01/06/2002 to 01/07/2002
Participants
Ajwa, H.A. (haajwa@ucdavis.edu)- USDA-ARS (CA); Basta, Nick (bastan@okstate.edu)- Oklahoma State University (OK-AES); Elliot, H.A. (hae1@psu.edu)- The Pennsylvania State University (PA-AES); Evanylo, G. (gevanylo@vt.edu) Virginia Tech University (VA-AES); Hue, N.V. (nvhue@hawaii.edu)- University of Hawaii (HI-AES); Jacobs, L. (jacobsl@msu.edu) (MI-AES); Page, A.L. (albert.page@ucr) -University of California at Riverside (CA-AES); Pierzynski, G. M. (gmp@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University (KS-AES); Schwab, A.P. (pschwab@purdue.edu) - Purdue University (IN-AES); Sommers, Lee (lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu) - Admin Adviser; Sullivan, Dan (dan.sullivan@orst.edu) - Oregon State University (OR AES).
Committee chair, Nick Basta, called the meeting to order at 8:30 a.m. Dr. Hue welcomed us to Hawai‘i, and gave us instructions about the logistics of the meeting.
General Business
Lee Sommers presented a report from the Directors. He stressed that the trend for regional projects is for a web-based reporting system, as implemented by the Northeast. To help reduce paperwork, all reports and proposals eventually will be placed on their respective websites. Drafts will be placed there and available for editing online. Reporting will become form-driven and submitted electronically as the 422 Report. Once the report is submitted, an email will be sent to the regional committee listserver to allow the membership to review the report.
The committee meeting minutes must be condensed for submission, or a link submitted to the website connecting the user to the long version of the minutes.
USDA funding is flat for 2002. NRI funding is the same, and IFAS was not funded. It is possible that IFAS will be refunded in the upcoming Farm Bill
Bob Heil retired this past year, and Mike Harrington has replaced him in Fort Collins.
Nick Basta discussed the web presence of W170. Our current website (in the University of Washington server) appears to be completely inactive. We can and should utilize the web server available at the Western Regional site, but the Western Regional personnel will be unable to provide support. Our website needs enhancement because in its current state, it only contains the proposal and the latest reports.
The website should have all of our reasonable information to provide the public some understanding. We will not be able to reproduce all reports and publications, but summaries with links would be very appropriate. Lee Sommers indicated that guidelines have been issued for the development of electronic publications and should be used to tailor our approach to putting information on the website.
The big problem with our website is that it has been orphaned. Nick made an appeal to the committee to have someone volunteer to take over the site, develop it, and solicit materials from members to post. Schwab volunteered to take a look at it and would handle the responsibilities pending approval from his department head. Ajwa suggested we refer to the California Strawberry Commission as an excellent example of such an approach.
Gary Pierzynski presented an announcement for George O‘Connor. Dr. O‘Connor and Bob Bastian are organizing a conference in Florida on the "Application of Nonhazardous Wastes to Soils." It will be a 3-day conference in January, 2003 and could coincide with our regional meeting. We could meet before or after the conference. The consensus of the group was to meet in Florida (assuming that O‘Connor can pull it off) with Las Vegas as a possible backup.
Lee Wolf reminded the group that the executive committee, as outlined in the proposal, has five members: two co-chairs, a secretary, and two other members. The secretary and the two other members must be re-elected annually. Schwab was re-affirmed by the membership. Greg Evanylo and Hussein Ajwa were nominated and voted in.
Station Reports
Holding with the tradition of W-170, attendees presented oral station reports. The reports were given a 20-minute time limit, and all reports generated extended discussion.
Experiment Station Tour
N.V. Hue, our gracious host, arranged a tour of one of Hawai‘i‘s experiment stations. After a scenic drive, we were treated to a unique walk to view the ongoing experiments. We were educated on the culturing of tropical fruits, nuts, and other crops.
General Business
Lee Sommers presented a report from the Directors. He stressed that the trend for regional projects is for a web-based reporting system, as implemented by the Northeast. To help reduce paperwork, all reports and proposals eventually will be placed on their respective websites. Drafts will be placed there and available for editing online. Reporting will become form-driven and submitted electronically as the 422 Report. Once the report is submitted, an email will be sent to the regional committee listserver to allow the membership to review the report.
The committee meeting minutes must be condensed for submission, or a link submitted to the website connecting the user to the long version of the minutes.
USDA funding is flat for 2002. NRI funding is the same, and IFAS was not funded. It is possible that IFAS will be refunded in the upcoming Farm Bill
Bob Heil retired this past year, and Mike Harrington has replaced him in Fort Collins.
Nick Basta discussed the web presence of W170. Our current website (in the University of Washington server) appears to be completely inactive. We can and should utilize the web server available at the Western Regional site, but the Western Regional personnel will be unable to provide support. Our website needs enhancement because in its current state, it only contains the proposal and the latest reports.
The website should have all of our reasonable information to provide the public some understanding. We will not be able to reproduce all reports and publications, but summaries with links would be very appropriate. Lee Sommers indicated that guidelines have been issued for the development of electronic publications and should be used to tailor our approach to putting information on the website.
The big problem with our website is that it has been orphaned. Nick made an appeal to the committee to have someone volunteer to take over the site, develop it, and solicit materials from members to post. Schwab volunteered to take a look at it and would handle the responsibilities pending approval from his department head. Ajwa suggested we refer to the California Strawberry Commission as an excellent example of such an approach.
Gary Pierzynski presented an announcement for George O‘Connor. Dr. O‘Connor and Bob Bastian are organizing a conference in Florida on the "Application of Nonhazardous Wastes to Soils." It will be a 3-day conference in January, 2003 and could coincide with our regional meeting. We could meet before or after the conference. The consensus of the group was to meet in Florida (assuming that O‘Connor can pull it off) with Las Vegas as a possible backup.
Lee Wolf reminded the group that the executive committee, as outlined in the proposal, has five members: two co-chairs, a secretary, and two other members. The secretary and the two other members must be re-elected annually. Schwab was re-affirmed by the membership. Greg Evanylo and Hussein Ajwa were nominated and voted in.
Station Reports
Holding with the tradition of W-170, attendees presented oral station reports. The reports were given a 20-minute time limit, and all reports generated extended discussion.
Experiment Station Tour
N.V. Hue, our gracious host, arranged a tour of one of Hawai‘i‘s experiment stations. After a scenic drive, we were treated to a unique walk to view the ongoing experiments. We were educated on the culturing of tropical fruits, nuts, and other crops.
Accomplishments
Objective 1: Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils.
Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient Contents in Residuals and Residual-Amended Soils.
Studies were conducted to evaluate chemical components in drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) that reduce excessive soluble P in soil and reduce runoff P. Addition of WTR (50 Mg/ha) to box plots treated with poultry litter (16.7 Mg/ha) reduced runoff P by from 14.0 to 84.9 percent. Reductions in runoff P were correlated with amorphous Al (OK-AES). Bench studies where WTR treated was treated with P suggested solid octacalcium phosphate formation as the P adsorbing mechanism (CO-AES). A long term field experiment where alum WTR was added to soil with high soil test P showed soil test P decreased with time but these decrease may be due to leaching of P not WTR (MI-AES).
Nitrogen mineralization rates and subsequent N available to vegetables, roadside flowers, and turfgrass from a variety of stabilized composts were highly variable indicating the need for further testing to develop better estimates of compost N mineralization factors (VA-AES). About 50 animal manures (chicken, pig, and cattle) were analyzed for plant nutrient and trace element contents (HI-AES).
The effect of residuals on soil properties and/or soil quality was studied. The effectiveness of lime, yardwaste compost and other soil amendments on the revegetation potential of acid-S roadcuts was evaluated. With appropriate lime and compost additions, these sites have maintained greater than 90% vegetative cover for four growing seasons (VA-AES). Various combinations of flyash and cattle manure amendments to a Tivoli find sand significantly increased water retention at all three water potentials, and the treatment effect (mixture) was consistent across all three water potentials. The differences in water retention appear to be directly related to the amount of Tivoli sand in each mixture (KS-AES).
Planned research will focus on properties affecting nutrient content of biosolids and components that affect WTR performance. Biosolids processing will be studied to determine effects of centrifuging, lagooning, air-drying, and stockpiling on total and available nutrient content.
Task 2. Determination of Residual Trace Element Chemistries and Soil Quality Impacts.
A variety of trace element chemistries in a range of residuals was studied. Layered double hydroxides were investigated for their abilities to retain organic (pesticides) and inorganic (As, Se) pollutants (WY-AES). Work on reducing soil As (which is rather high in Hawaii due to past use of As-based pesticides) was continued with sunflower and local braken fern besides seashore paspalum grass. Competition between soil As and added phosphate or sulfate was also evaluated (HI-AES). FL-AES completed a modified risk assessment of biosolids-Mo in support of new numerical standards for Mo, in Part 503.
Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies.
Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient and Trace Element Bioavailabilities in Residual-Amended Field and Greenhouse Studies.
Lime stabilized biosolids appeared to alleviate B deficiency in alfalfa but increased Mo uptake in all 3 years of study (uptake coefficients: ~ 2 to 10). At the highest biosolids application rate, alfalfa Cu/Mo ratio decreased to 2.0 in the first cutting of year 3 (PA-AES). The changes in uptake of Mo, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn by corn were examined for up to 15 years following cessation of biosolids applications. Bioavailability was unchanged (Mo) or significantly decreased (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) over the 15 year residual period (MWRDGC). The effectiveness of biosolids, phosphates, and limestone to reduce bioavailability (plant, gastrointestinal earthworms) in heavy metal contaminated soils was evaluated. Alkaline biosolids was the most effective treatment in reducing phytotoxicity and ecotoxicity measured using earthworm bioassay (OK-AES). The concentration of cadmium in leaf lettuce increased with increasing inputs of Cd from phosphorus and trace element fertilizers. The recovery of Cd in leaf lettuce, however, was less than 3% of the total Cd added (WA-AES).
Field-grown pineapple has been used as a test plant to study the N and P uptake from composted cow manure, and Ca and trace element uptake from basaltic rock dust (HI-AES). The variability in estimated plant available N from compost and manure did not significantly impact nitrate-N concentration in leachate as long as application rates were near agronomic N rates (VA-AES). Greenhouse studies of P-source (biosolids, manures, fertilizer) P bioavailability to a pasture grass (bahiagrass) was completed on two soils (FL-AES). Trace elements were shown to Inhibit B-Glucosaminidase, a key enzyme in N mineralization in soil, from 0 to 73% (IA-AES). Field studies in Michigan showed B-Glucosaminidase and Arylamidase enzyme show promise for predicting N mineralization in soil (MI-AES).
Task 2. Laboratory Studies and Soil Testing Approaches Involving the Evaluation of Residual Constituent Bioavailabilities.
Net N mineralized from yard trimmings in soil was correlated (R2 = 0.69 to 0.79) with total N, C:N, lignin, carbohydrate + hemicellulose concentrations in yard trimmings and 14 d CO2 evolution in soil (OR-AES). Several P rates from 0 to 1,000 mg P kg-1 from composted chicken manure, composted swine manure, and treble super phosphate were applied to 3 soils. Extraction with CaCl2, Mehlich 3, and modified Truog solutions were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after application to evaluate the change in soil-test P levels as a function of P applied (HI-AES).
The mean percent water extractable P (= [H2O-P8PT]4100) was significantly lower for 42 biosolids than for 13 livestock manures, primarily due to higher Al and Fe in biosolids (PA-AES).
Various combinations of flyash and cattle manure amendments to a Tivoli find sand were made in an attempt to increase available water holding capacity and to determined the effect on salinity. Increasing the proportion of flyash further produced smaller increases in salinity, but the magnitude of the increase was much less than when comparing 0% flyash to 5% flyash. The data indicate that salt tolerant species may be necessary with as little as 5% flyash in the mixture and increasing the proportion of flyash beyond 5% does not produce proportionately larger increases in salinity hazard (KS-AES).
Objective 3. Predict the long-term bioavailability of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended soils.
Task 1. Prediction of Nutrient Bioavailability in Long-Term Residual-Amended Soils.
After 7 years of continuous biosolids application, biosolids were 74 % as effective as fertilizer N in supplying available N for tall fescue production (OR-AES). CO-AES established a research site in 1977 in the Buffalo-Creek wildfire burn area in Jefferson County, CO where Denver Metro composted biosolids followed by seeding with an US Forest Service approved mixture was applied. Significant linear effect of biosolids on biomass production and plant canopy cover; however, production levels were smaller due to another unusually dry growing season.
Task 2. Evaluation of Time on Trace Element Chemistry / Organic Chemicals in Residual-amended Soils.
Long-term application sites were studied to determine biosolids effects on soils and crops. Biosolids increased soil As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, and Zn at one or more depth intervals, but not Ni or Se. Biosolids had no effect on plant tissue concentrations of any macro- or microelements (PA-AES). A Virginia Piedmont soil that received up to 210 Mg/ha biosolids in 1984 had Cu (260 mg/kg), Ni (28 mg/kg), Zn (260 mg/kg), and P (2500 mg/kg), but there was no evidence of transport beyond the tillage zone. Liming the soil to a pH of 6 ameliorated the phytotoxicity and limited Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn uptake by corn, radish and lettuce to below critical safe concentrations (VA-AES). FL-AES completed risk assessment of biosolids-Mo, including assessment of long-term fate of biosolids-Mo in high pH soil where Mo risk can be problematic. Based upon long-term application of biosolids to rangeland in Sierra Blanca, Texas, elemental ratios for Pb, Cr and Hg indicated these elements in the biosolids were insoluble and immobile and have not migrated. Elemental ratios, however, suggest that Zn and Cu have either leached into the soil or been transported away in runoff (TT).
Task 3. Computer Simulations and Models of Residual Bioavailability
Uncomposted yard trimmings, laboratory incubation study: The model "Decomposition" (J. Gilmour) successfully predicted N availability from uncomposted yard trimmings (OR-AES). Future work will include predicting nitrogen availability from fresh and composted organic byproducts used in small-scale agriculture (field study vs. laboratory incubation vs. computer model).
Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient Contents in Residuals and Residual-Amended Soils.
Studies were conducted to evaluate chemical components in drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) that reduce excessive soluble P in soil and reduce runoff P. Addition of WTR (50 Mg/ha) to box plots treated with poultry litter (16.7 Mg/ha) reduced runoff P by from 14.0 to 84.9 percent. Reductions in runoff P were correlated with amorphous Al (OK-AES). Bench studies where WTR treated was treated with P suggested solid octacalcium phosphate formation as the P adsorbing mechanism (CO-AES). A long term field experiment where alum WTR was added to soil with high soil test P showed soil test P decreased with time but these decrease may be due to leaching of P not WTR (MI-AES).
Nitrogen mineralization rates and subsequent N available to vegetables, roadside flowers, and turfgrass from a variety of stabilized composts were highly variable indicating the need for further testing to develop better estimates of compost N mineralization factors (VA-AES). About 50 animal manures (chicken, pig, and cattle) were analyzed for plant nutrient and trace element contents (HI-AES).
The effect of residuals on soil properties and/or soil quality was studied. The effectiveness of lime, yardwaste compost and other soil amendments on the revegetation potential of acid-S roadcuts was evaluated. With appropriate lime and compost additions, these sites have maintained greater than 90% vegetative cover for four growing seasons (VA-AES). Various combinations of flyash and cattle manure amendments to a Tivoli find sand significantly increased water retention at all three water potentials, and the treatment effect (mixture) was consistent across all three water potentials. The differences in water retention appear to be directly related to the amount of Tivoli sand in each mixture (KS-AES).
Planned research will focus on properties affecting nutrient content of biosolids and components that affect WTR performance. Biosolids processing will be studied to determine effects of centrifuging, lagooning, air-drying, and stockpiling on total and available nutrient content.
Task 2. Determination of Residual Trace Element Chemistries and Soil Quality Impacts.
A variety of trace element chemistries in a range of residuals was studied. Layered double hydroxides were investigated for their abilities to retain organic (pesticides) and inorganic (As, Se) pollutants (WY-AES). Work on reducing soil As (which is rather high in Hawaii due to past use of As-based pesticides) was continued with sunflower and local braken fern besides seashore paspalum grass. Competition between soil As and added phosphate or sulfate was also evaluated (HI-AES). FL-AES completed a modified risk assessment of biosolids-Mo in support of new numerical standards for Mo, in Part 503.
Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies.
Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient and Trace Element Bioavailabilities in Residual-Amended Field and Greenhouse Studies.
Lime stabilized biosolids appeared to alleviate B deficiency in alfalfa but increased Mo uptake in all 3 years of study (uptake coefficients: ~ 2 to 10). At the highest biosolids application rate, alfalfa Cu/Mo ratio decreased to 2.0 in the first cutting of year 3 (PA-AES). The changes in uptake of Mo, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn by corn were examined for up to 15 years following cessation of biosolids applications. Bioavailability was unchanged (Mo) or significantly decreased (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) over the 15 year residual period (MWRDGC). The effectiveness of biosolids, phosphates, and limestone to reduce bioavailability (plant, gastrointestinal earthworms) in heavy metal contaminated soils was evaluated. Alkaline biosolids was the most effective treatment in reducing phytotoxicity and ecotoxicity measured using earthworm bioassay (OK-AES). The concentration of cadmium in leaf lettuce increased with increasing inputs of Cd from phosphorus and trace element fertilizers. The recovery of Cd in leaf lettuce, however, was less than 3% of the total Cd added (WA-AES).
Field-grown pineapple has been used as a test plant to study the N and P uptake from composted cow manure, and Ca and trace element uptake from basaltic rock dust (HI-AES). The variability in estimated plant available N from compost and manure did not significantly impact nitrate-N concentration in leachate as long as application rates were near agronomic N rates (VA-AES). Greenhouse studies of P-source (biosolids, manures, fertilizer) P bioavailability to a pasture grass (bahiagrass) was completed on two soils (FL-AES). Trace elements were shown to Inhibit B-Glucosaminidase, a key enzyme in N mineralization in soil, from 0 to 73% (IA-AES). Field studies in Michigan showed B-Glucosaminidase and Arylamidase enzyme show promise for predicting N mineralization in soil (MI-AES).
Task 2. Laboratory Studies and Soil Testing Approaches Involving the Evaluation of Residual Constituent Bioavailabilities.
Net N mineralized from yard trimmings in soil was correlated (R2 = 0.69 to 0.79) with total N, C:N, lignin, carbohydrate + hemicellulose concentrations in yard trimmings and 14 d CO2 evolution in soil (OR-AES). Several P rates from 0 to 1,000 mg P kg-1 from composted chicken manure, composted swine manure, and treble super phosphate were applied to 3 soils. Extraction with CaCl2, Mehlich 3, and modified Truog solutions were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after application to evaluate the change in soil-test P levels as a function of P applied (HI-AES).
The mean percent water extractable P (= [H2O-P8PT]4100) was significantly lower for 42 biosolids than for 13 livestock manures, primarily due to higher Al and Fe in biosolids (PA-AES).
Various combinations of flyash and cattle manure amendments to a Tivoli find sand were made in an attempt to increase available water holding capacity and to determined the effect on salinity. Increasing the proportion of flyash further produced smaller increases in salinity, but the magnitude of the increase was much less than when comparing 0% flyash to 5% flyash. The data indicate that salt tolerant species may be necessary with as little as 5% flyash in the mixture and increasing the proportion of flyash beyond 5% does not produce proportionately larger increases in salinity hazard (KS-AES).
Objective 3. Predict the long-term bioavailability of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended soils.
Task 1. Prediction of Nutrient Bioavailability in Long-Term Residual-Amended Soils.
After 7 years of continuous biosolids application, biosolids were 74 % as effective as fertilizer N in supplying available N for tall fescue production (OR-AES). CO-AES established a research site in 1977 in the Buffalo-Creek wildfire burn area in Jefferson County, CO where Denver Metro composted biosolids followed by seeding with an US Forest Service approved mixture was applied. Significant linear effect of biosolids on biomass production and plant canopy cover; however, production levels were smaller due to another unusually dry growing season.
Task 2. Evaluation of Time on Trace Element Chemistry / Organic Chemicals in Residual-amended Soils.
Long-term application sites were studied to determine biosolids effects on soils and crops. Biosolids increased soil As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, and Zn at one or more depth intervals, but not Ni or Se. Biosolids had no effect on plant tissue concentrations of any macro- or microelements (PA-AES). A Virginia Piedmont soil that received up to 210 Mg/ha biosolids in 1984 had Cu (260 mg/kg), Ni (28 mg/kg), Zn (260 mg/kg), and P (2500 mg/kg), but there was no evidence of transport beyond the tillage zone. Liming the soil to a pH of 6 ameliorated the phytotoxicity and limited Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn uptake by corn, radish and lettuce to below critical safe concentrations (VA-AES). FL-AES completed risk assessment of biosolids-Mo, including assessment of long-term fate of biosolids-Mo in high pH soil where Mo risk can be problematic. Based upon long-term application of biosolids to rangeland in Sierra Blanca, Texas, elemental ratios for Pb, Cr and Hg indicated these elements in the biosolids were insoluble and immobile and have not migrated. Elemental ratios, however, suggest that Zn and Cu have either leached into the soil or been transported away in runoff (TT).
Task 3. Computer Simulations and Models of Residual Bioavailability
Uncomposted yard trimmings, laboratory incubation study: The model "Decomposition" (J. Gilmour) successfully predicted N availability from uncomposted yard trimmings (OR-AES). Future work will include predicting nitrogen availability from fresh and composted organic byproducts used in small-scale agriculture (field study vs. laboratory incubation vs. computer model).
Impacts
- Objective 1:Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils. Objective 2:Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. Objective 3: Predict the long-term bioavailability of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended soils.
Publications
Meyer, V.F., E.F. Redente, K.A. Barbarick, and R. Brobst. 2001. Biosolids application affect runoff water quality following forest fire. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1528-1532.
Barbarick, K.A. and J.A. Ippolito. 2001. Wheat grain and soil changes following termination of sewage biosolids application. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin. TB01-1.
Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A. O‘Connor, H. Nguyen, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson, and N.A. Katowitz. 2001. Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida.I Macrominerals, crude protein, and in vitro digestibility. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2189-2209.
Tiffany,M.E.,et al. 2001. Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Microminerals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2211-2226.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and R.H. Dowdy. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to corn. J. Environ. Qual. 30:140-146.
Lu, Peng, and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Biosolids effects on P retention and release in some sandy FL soils. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1059-1063.
Anjos, J.T., D. Sarkar, and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Extractable-P in biosolids and biosolids-amended soils: an incubation study. Revista de Estudos Ambientais (Environ. Studies J.) 2 (2-3):68-76.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
Sarkar, D. and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Using the Pi soil test to estimate available P in biosolids-amended soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 32:2049-2063.
Sarkar, D. and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Estimating available Mo in a biosolids-amended soil using iron oxide impregnated filter paper. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 32:2033-2048.
O‘Connor, G. A., R.B. Brobst, R.L. Chaney, R.L. Kincaid, L.R. McDowell, G.M. Pierzynski, A. Rubin, and G.G. Van Riper. 2001. A modified risk assessment to establish molybdenum standards for the land applications of biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1490-1507.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids molybdenum to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
Acosta-Martinez, V. and M.A. Tabatabai. 2001. Arylamidase activity of soils: effect of trace elements and relationships to soil properties and activities of amidohydrolases. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33:17-23.
O‘Connor, G.A., R.B. Brobst, R.L. Chaney, R.L. Kincaid, L.R. McDowell, G.M. Pierzynski, A. Rubin, and G. G. VanRiper. 2001. Molybdenum standards for the land application of biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1490-1507.
Hettiarachchi, G.M., G.M. Pierzynski, and M.D. Ransom. 2001. In-situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1214-1221.
Pearson, M.S., K. Maenpaa, G.M. Pierzynski, and M.J. Lydy. 2000. Effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium to earthworms. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1611-1617.
Vance, G.F. and G.M. Pierzynski. 2001. Bioavailability and fate of trace elements in long-term residual amended soil studies. P. 3-19. I.K. Iskander and M.B. Kirkham (ed.), Bioavailability, Fluxes and Transfer of Trace Elements in Soils and Soil Components. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Knox, A.S., J. Seaman, G.M. Pierzynski, and D.C. Adriano. 2000. Chemophytostabilization of metals in contaminated soils. p. 811-836. In D.L. Wise et al. (eds). Bioremediation of contaminated soils, Mercel Dekker Inc., NY.
Jacobs, L.W. and A.S. Go. 2001. Michigan State University Nutrient Management (MSUNM) microcomputer program, Windows version. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
Jacobs, L.W. and D.S. McCreary. 2001. Utilizing Biosolids on agricultural land. Exten. Bull. E-2781 Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 32 p.
Jacobs, L.W. and D.S. McCreary. 2001. Applying Biosolids to land in Michigan. Exten. Bull. E-2780, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 8 p.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and R.H. Dowdy. 2001. Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Corn, Journal of Environmental Quality 30:140-146.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Soybean Grain, Journal of Environmental Quality 30:1653-1658.
Basta, N.T., R. Gradwohl, K.L. Snethen, and J.L. Schroder. 2001. Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1222-1230.
Basta, N.T., R.R. Rodriguez, and S.W. Casteel. 2001. Bioavailability and risk of arsenic exposure by the soil ingestion pathway. In W.T. Frankenberger (ed.) Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Condor, J.M., R.P. Lanno, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1231-1237.
Dayton, E.A. and N.T. Basta. 2001. Characterization of drinking water treatment residuals for use as a soil substitute. Water Environ. Res. 73:52-57.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
Zhang, H., T.H. Dao, N.T. Basta, E.A. Dayton, and T.C. Daniel. 2001. Remediation techniques for manure nutrient loaded soils. The National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management, Wash., DC.
Sullivan, D.M. and R.O. Miller. 2001. Compost quality attributes, measurements and variability. p. 95-120. In: P.J. Stofella and B.A. Kahn (eds.). Compost utilization in horticultural cropping systems. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.
Bary, A.I., D.M. Sullivan, S.C. Fransen, and C.G. Cogger. 2001. Supercow: a liquid manure applicator for small-plot research. Agron. J. 93:1344-1345.
Cogger, C.G., A.I. Bary, S.C. Fransen, and D.M. Sullivan. 2001. Seven years of biosolids vs. inorganic nitrogen applications to tall fescue. J. Environ. Qual 30:2188-2194.
Zartman, R.E, R.H. Ramsey, and A. Huang. 2001. Variability of total and dissolved elements in Lubbock, Texas playa lakes. J. Soil Water Cons. 56(3):262-265
Bendfeldt,E. S., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 2001. Quality of amended mine soils after sixteen years. SSSAJ 65:1736-1744.
Bulluck, L.R. III, M. Brosius, G.K. Evanylo, and J.B. Ristaino. 2002. Organic and synthetic fertilizer amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional Farms. Applied Soil Ecology: (In Press).
Pierson, S.T., M.L. Cabrera, G.K. Evanylo, H.A. Kuykendall, C.S. Hoveland, M.A. McCann, and L.T. West. 2001. Phosphorus and ammonium concentrations in surface runoff from grasslands fertilized with broiler litter. J. Environ. Qual.30:1784-1789.
Pierson, S.T., M.L. Cabrera, G.K. Evanylo, P.D. Schroeder, D.E. Radcliffe, H.A. Kuykendall, V.W. Benson, J.R. Williams, C.S. Hoveland, and M.A. McCann. 2001. Phosphorus losses from grasslands fertilized with broiler litter: EPIC simulations. J. Environ. Qual.30:1790-1795.
Stewart, B.R., W.L. Daniels, L.W. Zelazny, and M.L. Jackson. 2001. Evaluation of leachates from coal refuse blended with fly ash at different rates. J. Env. Qual. 30:1382-1391.
Kuo, S. 2001. Factors to consider in managing cover crop residue. PNW sustainable Agriculture 12:5-7.
Kuo, S., B. Huang, and R. Bembenek. 2001. Effects of winter cover crops on soil nitrogen availability, corn yield, and nitrate leaching. The Scientific World Journal 1(S2):22-29.
Vance, G.F. and G.M. Pierzynski. 2001. Chapter 1 "Bioavailability and Fate of Trace Elements in Residual-Amended Soil Studies" In: I.K. Iskandar and M.B. Kirkham (eds.) Trace Elements in Soils: Bioavailability, Flux, and Transfer. CRC Publishers Inc., Boca Raton, FL. pp. 1-17. (Invited).
You, Y., G.F, Vance and H. Zhao. 2001. Selenium adsorption on Mg-Al and Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxides. Applied Clay Science 20:13-25.
You, Y., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2001. Removal of arsenite from aqueous solutions by anionic clays. Environmental Technology Vol. 22: 11 pp.
Vance, G.F. and K.L. Panter. 2001. Backyard composting: Simple small-scale methods. Agricultural Experiment Station Research Publication B-974R. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 8 pp.
Young, J.A., G.F. Vance, L.C. Munn, B.M. Christensen, and M.S. Schaad. 2001. Identification of potential alternative crops using a geographic information system in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin B-1109. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 19 pp.
Vance, G.F. 2001. Selenium Chemistry in Agriculture. Infography, Fields of Knowledge, Vershire, Vermont. http://www.infographyu.com/content/195132980679.html
Barbarick, K.A. and J.A. Ippolito. 2001. Wheat grain and soil changes following termination of sewage biosolids application. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin. TB01-1.
Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A. O‘Connor, H. Nguyen, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson, and N.A. Katowitz. 2001. Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida.I Macrominerals, crude protein, and in vitro digestibility. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2189-2209.
Tiffany,M.E.,et al. 2001. Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Microminerals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2211-2226.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and R.H. Dowdy. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to corn. J. Environ. Qual. 30:140-146.
Lu, Peng, and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Biosolids effects on P retention and release in some sandy FL soils. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1059-1063.
Anjos, J.T., D. Sarkar, and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Extractable-P in biosolids and biosolids-amended soils: an incubation study. Revista de Estudos Ambientais (Environ. Studies J.) 2 (2-3):68-76.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
Sarkar, D. and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Using the Pi soil test to estimate available P in biosolids-amended soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 32:2049-2063.
Sarkar, D. and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Estimating available Mo in a biosolids-amended soil using iron oxide impregnated filter paper. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 32:2033-2048.
O‘Connor, G. A., R.B. Brobst, R.L. Chaney, R.L. Kincaid, L.R. McDowell, G.M. Pierzynski, A. Rubin, and G.G. Van Riper. 2001. A modified risk assessment to establish molybdenum standards for the land applications of biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1490-1507.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids molybdenum to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
Acosta-Martinez, V. and M.A. Tabatabai. 2001. Arylamidase activity of soils: effect of trace elements and relationships to soil properties and activities of amidohydrolases. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33:17-23.
O‘Connor, G.A., R.B. Brobst, R.L. Chaney, R.L. Kincaid, L.R. McDowell, G.M. Pierzynski, A. Rubin, and G. G. VanRiper. 2001. Molybdenum standards for the land application of biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1490-1507.
Hettiarachchi, G.M., G.M. Pierzynski, and M.D. Ransom. 2001. In-situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1214-1221.
Pearson, M.S., K. Maenpaa, G.M. Pierzynski, and M.J. Lydy. 2000. Effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium to earthworms. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1611-1617.
Vance, G.F. and G.M. Pierzynski. 2001. Bioavailability and fate of trace elements in long-term residual amended soil studies. P. 3-19. I.K. Iskander and M.B. Kirkham (ed.), Bioavailability, Fluxes and Transfer of Trace Elements in Soils and Soil Components. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Knox, A.S., J. Seaman, G.M. Pierzynski, and D.C. Adriano. 2000. Chemophytostabilization of metals in contaminated soils. p. 811-836. In D.L. Wise et al. (eds). Bioremediation of contaminated soils, Mercel Dekker Inc., NY.
Jacobs, L.W. and A.S. Go. 2001. Michigan State University Nutrient Management (MSUNM) microcomputer program, Windows version. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
Jacobs, L.W. and D.S. McCreary. 2001. Utilizing Biosolids on agricultural land. Exten. Bull. E-2781 Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 32 p.
Jacobs, L.W. and D.S. McCreary. 2001. Applying Biosolids to land in Michigan. Exten. Bull. E-2780, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 8 p.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and R.H. Dowdy. 2001. Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Corn, Journal of Environmental Quality 30:140-146.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Soybean Grain, Journal of Environmental Quality 30:1653-1658.
Basta, N.T., R. Gradwohl, K.L. Snethen, and J.L. Schroder. 2001. Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1222-1230.
Basta, N.T., R.R. Rodriguez, and S.W. Casteel. 2001. Bioavailability and risk of arsenic exposure by the soil ingestion pathway. In W.T. Frankenberger (ed.) Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Condor, J.M., R.P. Lanno, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1231-1237.
Dayton, E.A. and N.T. Basta. 2001. Characterization of drinking water treatment residuals for use as a soil substitute. Water Environ. Res. 73:52-57.
O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
Zhang, H., T.H. Dao, N.T. Basta, E.A. Dayton, and T.C. Daniel. 2001. Remediation techniques for manure nutrient loaded soils. The National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management, Wash., DC.
Sullivan, D.M. and R.O. Miller. 2001. Compost quality attributes, measurements and variability. p. 95-120. In: P.J. Stofella and B.A. Kahn (eds.). Compost utilization in horticultural cropping systems. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.
Bary, A.I., D.M. Sullivan, S.C. Fransen, and C.G. Cogger. 2001. Supercow: a liquid manure applicator for small-plot research. Agron. J. 93:1344-1345.
Cogger, C.G., A.I. Bary, S.C. Fransen, and D.M. Sullivan. 2001. Seven years of biosolids vs. inorganic nitrogen applications to tall fescue. J. Environ. Qual 30:2188-2194.
Zartman, R.E, R.H. Ramsey, and A. Huang. 2001. Variability of total and dissolved elements in Lubbock, Texas playa lakes. J. Soil Water Cons. 56(3):262-265
Bendfeldt,E. S., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 2001. Quality of amended mine soils after sixteen years. SSSAJ 65:1736-1744.
Bulluck, L.R. III, M. Brosius, G.K. Evanylo, and J.B. Ristaino. 2002. Organic and synthetic fertilizer amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional Farms. Applied Soil Ecology: (In Press).
Pierson, S.T., M.L. Cabrera, G.K. Evanylo, H.A. Kuykendall, C.S. Hoveland, M.A. McCann, and L.T. West. 2001. Phosphorus and ammonium concentrations in surface runoff from grasslands fertilized with broiler litter. J. Environ. Qual.30:1784-1789.
Pierson, S.T., M.L. Cabrera, G.K. Evanylo, P.D. Schroeder, D.E. Radcliffe, H.A. Kuykendall, V.W. Benson, J.R. Williams, C.S. Hoveland, and M.A. McCann. 2001. Phosphorus losses from grasslands fertilized with broiler litter: EPIC simulations. J. Environ. Qual.30:1790-1795.
Stewart, B.R., W.L. Daniels, L.W. Zelazny, and M.L. Jackson. 2001. Evaluation of leachates from coal refuse blended with fly ash at different rates. J. Env. Qual. 30:1382-1391.
Kuo, S. 2001. Factors to consider in managing cover crop residue. PNW sustainable Agriculture 12:5-7.
Kuo, S., B. Huang, and R. Bembenek. 2001. Effects of winter cover crops on soil nitrogen availability, corn yield, and nitrate leaching. The Scientific World Journal 1(S2):22-29.
Vance, G.F. and G.M. Pierzynski. 2001. Chapter 1 "Bioavailability and Fate of Trace Elements in Residual-Amended Soil Studies" In: I.K. Iskandar and M.B. Kirkham (eds.) Trace Elements in Soils: Bioavailability, Flux, and Transfer. CRC Publishers Inc., Boca Raton, FL. pp. 1-17. (Invited).
You, Y., G.F, Vance and H. Zhao. 2001. Selenium adsorption on Mg-Al and Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxides. Applied Clay Science 20:13-25.
You, Y., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2001. Removal of arsenite from aqueous solutions by anionic clays. Environmental Technology Vol. 22: 11 pp.
Vance, G.F. and K.L. Panter. 2001. Backyard composting: Simple small-scale methods. Agricultural Experiment Station Research Publication B-974R. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 8 pp.
Young, J.A., G.F. Vance, L.C. Munn, B.M. Christensen, and M.S. Schaad. 2001. Identification of potential alternative crops using a geographic information system in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin B-1109. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 19 pp.
Vance, G.F. 2001. Selenium Chemistry in Agriculture. Infography, Fields of Knowledge, Vershire, Vermont. http://www.infographyu.com/content/195132980679.html