NRSP5: National Program for Controlling Virus Diseases of Temperate Fruit Tree Crops

(National Research Support Project Summary)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/08/2003] [01/28/2005] [08/17/2005] [05/09/2006] [06/21/2007] [06/06/2008]

Date of Annual Report: 12/08/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/31/2003 - 10/31/2003
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2002 - 10/01/2003

Participants

Cavalieri, Ralph (Cavalieri@wsu.edu) Washington State University, WAAESD;

Rowhani, Adib (akrowhani@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis, CA;

Woodson, Randy (woodson@purdue.edu) - Purdue, NCRA;

McManus, Patricia (psm@plantpath.wisc.edu) University of Wisconsin;

Hunter, Jim (jeh3@cornell.edu) - Cornell University, NERA;

Aldwinckle, Herb (hsa1@cornell.edu) - Cornell University;

Coston, D.C. (dcoston@okstate.edu) Oklahoma State University , SAAESD;

Scott, Simon (sscott@CLEMSON.EDU) Clemson University;

Eastwell, Ken (keastwell@wsu.edu) Washington State University, NRSP5;

Howell, W.E. (wehowell@wsu.edu) Washington State University, NRSP5;

Murray, Tim (plpchair@wsu.edu) Washington State University;

Linton, Art (alinton@wsu.edu) Washington State University;

Toohey, Mary (MToohey@agr.wa.gov) Washington State Department of Agriculture;

Guerra, Lauri (lguerra@mail.prosser.wsu.edu) Washington State Department of Agriculture;

Adams, Ken (ken@willowdrive.com) Northwest Nursery Improvement Institute;

Van Well, Pete (vanwell@vanwell.net) - Northwest Nursery Improvement Institute;

Brandt, Lynnell (lynnell@ewbrandt.com) - Northwest Nursery Improvement Institute.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Long-term funding: The focus of the morning session with industry representatives was securing long-range funding of NRSP5. There was discussion regarding the credibility problems that could arise if NRSP5 were largely funded by the tree fruit nursery industry that it serves. Hunter remarked that the credibility issue is a key reason why we should strive for a balance of federal and private support. Cavalieri suggested that the IR-4 funding model might be appropriate for NRSP5. IR-4 appears as a line item in the CSREES budget. It would require first obtaining authority and then gathering the political clout necessary to get it into the Farm Bill. Additional agencies must be engaged in the discussion about the future of NRSP5. The nurserymen present recognize and appreciate the importance of NRSP5, but gaining grower support might be difficult because, due to the success of NRSP5, growers do not perceive viruses as a great problem. Industry representatives stated their commitment to developing a plan but said they would need guidance in navigating the politics of presenting the cause to legislators. Cavalieri suggested that the Northwest Horticulture Council is knowledgeable of the process but he also emphasized that the effort needs to be national in scope.

Woodson indicated that North Central Directors would be supportive of the industry-driven effort although probably not to the extent of using their political capital to get federal funds for this project. The NC Directors already stated that NRSP5 should be supported by industry, not federal dollars. There was some discussion about whether we need to think more broadly about the mission of NRSP5, which in turn would open up new funding possibilities. Woodson mentioned, as an example, the National Disease Diagnostics Network, which is being established in the wake of 9/11 and is receiving new federal dollars.

Eastwell described fortunate developments in research funding. USDA-ARS funds became available to support a graduate student and a post-doctoral researcher to be located at the USDA-ARS lab in Wapato, WA. Eastwell will co-advise the graduate student on a project focused on the Cherry Leaf Roll Virus-vector relationship. The post-doc will improve diagnosis of little cherry disease. Both USDA-ARS positions are mandated to work closely with NRSP5.

Howell reviewed the process of material distribution by NRSP5. Most budwood is distributed to nurseries, and then researchers get it from nurseries. This is efficient and convenient for researchers, but it masks the importance of NRSP5 to land grant university researchers. Cavalieri suggested that users of NRSP5 could be charged considerably more than the current fees. There was general agreement that fees could be increased, but in doing so, one risks suitcase importation of virus-infected plant material.

Coston noted the significance of a journal article provided to committee members (Cembali et al., 2003, Crop Protection 22:1149-1156) that summarizes the economic impacts of NRSP5. In this paper, the total benefits for nurseries, growers, and consumers were estimated at $227.4 per year, which is more than 420 times the cost of the program. Coston said that this success story should be announced in the popular literature and cited by any group to support a case for NRSP5.

Current project renewal: Reviews from most regions were positive and supportive of renewal. However, the multistate research committee of the North Central Region suggested that NRSP5 primarily serves the nursery industry and not land grant researchers. They recommended that the project be considered for renewal but with funding in 2004 at the 2003 level and then substantially less funding in subsequent years. The renewal of funding for the next four years will proceed (January submission) as planned, notwithstanding the negative comments of the North Central committee. The group discussed a strategy in which we would keep the four-year budget flat but generate additional funds from other sources. This would signal the movement of NRSP5 away from formula funds.

Resolution: Aldwinckle moved that we keep the multistate research funds budget flat and then obtain the funds needed to cover yearly increases in costs from other sources. Seconded by Scott. Passed unanimously by the technical committee.

2004 meeting: The next meeting is tentatively set for May 20, 2004 in Davis, CA; Rowhani will look into facilities. In addition to California nurserymen, it would be desirable for some industry representatives from Oregon and Washington to attend as well, to get an overview of NRSP5 and its value to the tree fruit industry. This date may coincide with the meeting of WCC-20, whose members might have an interest in the goals of NRSP5.

After many years of service to NRSP5, this was the final meeting for Jim Hunter before his retirement. Eastwell and Howell expressed their appreciation for his hard work on behalf of NRSP5.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Mission statement: NRSP5 is a national program committed to minimize the adverse effects of viruses in orchards of the United States by providing virus-free propagation material of important temperate tree fruit varieties from domestic and foreign sources through traditional and innovative methods of virus testing and therapy, and by forging collaborative relationships with government agencies, universities and industry to help maintain U.S. agricultural productivity, market competitiveness, balance of trade, and a diverse, wholesome and affordable food supply. Accomplishments: Improved diagnostics: The causal agents of many virus diseases of pome and stone fruit trees have never been identified. Characteristics of woody plants made it very difficult for scientists to work on these virus and virus-like agents. However, with the advent of improved molecular techniques the nature of many of these disease agents is now being studied. Output: In the past year we believe that we have identified the causal agent of cherry rusty mottle disease for the first time as a member of the Foveavirus family. Other Foveaviruses were also associated with previously non-described diseases of decline of sweet cherry trees in two central Washington orchards. Portions of the genome from each of these Foveaviruses were sequenced and used to develop molecular tests (RT-PCR) for these viruses. Outcome: Molecular tests are being used to assist growers in identifying and roguing infected trees. Early recognition of diseased trees is essential to minimize the economic impact of these diseases. Output: In accordance with accepted international standards, it currently requires three crop years of observation to diagnose apple green crinkle disease. This delays the release of foreign apple varieties from quarantine and delays the response to growers facing crop losses to disease. Apple green crinkle disease is a disease for which the causal agent is unknown. Through the use of innovative virus elimination procedures and application of new molecular techniques, we have determined an apparent relationship between this disease and isolates of Apple stem pitting virus. Outcome: We have the ability to rapidly identify Apple stem pitting virus by several methods. Therefore, when identity of the apple green crinkle pathogen is confirmed to the satisfaction of the scientific community, the introduction of new apple varieties into U.S. production will be accelerated. Growers will have a more varied and desirable apple product line to offer U.S. and foreign consumers. Output: Over the last three years, we have worked with nurserymen and private and public plant propagation laboratories to improve the woody plants used for virus testing. Greenhouse tests that require virus indicator plants are conducted on one-year old Prunus, Malus and Pyrus seedlings. These seedlings are grafted with buds of the virus indicator selection and simultaneously chip budded with tissue of the candidate clone. This double budding is prone to failure if the indicator bud fails to grow (which happens fairly often when virus is present in the candidate variety); the test is wasted and often cannot be repeated until the following year. We have attacked this problem with two strategies: 1) sleeping eyes and 2) tissue culture propagation. Last year, as an experiment, a few of our indicators were budded onto seedlings in late summer in the nursery row. These seedlings were harvested, planted in the greenhouse, and then utilized for virus assays. These assays were successful. Based on this success most of the seedlings are now being budded in the nursery row to establish sleeping eye trees for this coming winters virus testing. Tissue culture is also being utilized in efforts to make the woody indicator program more efficient. In cooperation with Bill Proebsting at Oregon State University and Michael Remmick at North American Plants, three of our Prunus indicator clones were established and multiplied via tissue culture. These included Canindex1, Kwanzan, and Tilton. Outcomes: Since these vegetatively propagated and self-rooted indicator plants will not need double budding, only the candidate tissue will need to be grafted to these young trees. This increases the reliability and efficiency of diagnosis. Consequently, results of tests are obtained more rapidly and corrective measures can be implemented by the grower or nursery. Virus management activities: Output: Molecular characterization of the diversity of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus isolates from Prunus spp. has led to more reliable detection methods. Outcomes: In collaborative studies with Jim Nugent at Michigan State University and with nurserymen in Washington State, we are studying the possible relationship between several diseases of tree decline in plums and cherries to the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus. Output: We recently discovered Cherry leafroll virus in the cherry production regions of Washington. We helped develop educational fliers and booklets, made presentations, conducted field days, and visited suspect orchards in cooperation with an industry funded liaison technician and county pest board personnel. Outcome: NRSP5 scientists provided leadership for and participated in a Cherry leaf roll virus eradication program initiated in 2003 in Central Washington. Major cooperators in this effort are growers, the Washington State Tree Fruit Research Commission, chemical and packing house fieldmen, and Cooperative Extension Specialists in Washington and Oregon. Because of our efforts in delineating the extent of infection, two County pest boards have included this disease on control lists, and funded inspectors to aid in elimination of infected trees. Since this virus appears to be pollen-borne, we also lead efforts to verify that pollen sold by commercial pollen companies was tested for this virus prior to distribution. Output: NRSP5 personnel have been active participants on committees associated with the North American Plant Protection Organization and the National Plant Board in efforts to establish standards for reducing risk of transporting pests in shipments of deciduous fruit trees. Outcome: NRSP5 is having a direct impact on the development of standards for the safe movement of temperate fruit trees into and within the U.S. Variety distribution and acquisition: Output: Over 110 individuals, representing research, nursery and fruit production sectors of the stone and pome fruit industry, obtained virus-tested propagation material from NRSP5 this past year. A total of 20,331 buds of several hundred cultivars were harvested and shipped. This represents over 900 individual collections from trees in the NRSP5 working collection of non-proprietary varieties and from those proprietary selections that are housed in NRSP5 screenhouses. Individuals receiving the material included Land Grant University and federal research scientists, nurserymen, state certification personnel, private growers, and international scientists. The preponderance of the budwood went to nurseries and to state certification agencies for the production of registered mother trees. It is from these nurseries that growers and research scientists throughout the country subsequently obtain virus-tested trees for production and research purposes. Twenty new clones, representing new selections from USDA-ARS breeding programs, cider apples from the National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Malus, and a few older varieties were acquired for the non-proprietary (public) collection. An additional 73 foreign and 60 patented varieties were introduced to the program. The foreign clones were shipped from Australia, Brazil, Czech Republic, Italy, Korea, Latvia, New Zealand, Russia, and Spain. The sources of the patented clones included private nurseries, but most were submitted by breeding programs including those managed by land grant universities and by USDA-ARS. In addition to the acquisition of new clones, several cultivars were submitted for specific virus testing. Seventy-five were assayed by woody indicator plants and by laboratory procedures to qualify them for certification in the state of California or to help growers and researchers diagnosis disease problems. Outcomes: As a result of these efforts, researchers at Land Grant Universities are able to obtain virus-free propagation material, either directly or through nurseries. This abrogates the impact that viruses may have on research results including horticultural and agricultural traits. The diversity and quality of fruit tree varieties available to growers and to consumers was increased. Business plan: Output: The greater cost of the programs increased dependence on molecular assays to augment biological assays and the increased labor costs demands increased budgets to maintain the operation of the program at projected levels. In response to growing concerns about long-term funding of NRSPs, the process of exploring alternative funding strategies was initiated. Discussions have included tree fruit nurseries and growers in different regions of the U.S., representatives of state and national regulatory and research agencies as well as CSREES. Outcome: A modified budget plan was adopted to shift more financial responsibilities from MRF to individual sponsors of material entering the program. This strategy will sustain the program with level MRF funding for the next four years. A list of fiscal and infrastructure need reaching beyond FY2008 is being created with additional input from industry and government agencies that interact with NRSP5 and its mission. Concrete funding needs and strategies for procuring future funding are being prepared in anticipation of the annual meeting in May 2004. The Northwest Nursery Improvement Institute has created a committee to assist in enlisting industry and political input from all regions of the country.

Publications

Cembali, T, Folwell, RJ, Wandschneider, P, Eastwell, KC and Howell, W. 2003. Economic implications of a virus prevention program in deciduous tree fruits in the US. Crop Protection 22:1149-1156.

Impact Statements

As a result of NRSP5 efforts, researchers at Land Grant Universities are able to obtain virus-free propagation material, either directly or through nurseries. This abrogates the impact that viruses may have on research results including horticultural and agricultural traits.
The diversity and quality of fruit tree varieties available to growers and to consumers was increased. A recent study estimated that NRSP5 working in concert with industry and state certification programs to establish a virus-free network for temperate fruit trees would enrich the U.S. economy by $227 million per year in terms of greater productivity per unit of input (e.g. chemical and energy) and an abundant, affordable food supply.
A budget plan was adopted to shift more financial responsibilities from MRF to individual sponsors of material entering the program. A list of fiscal and infrastructure needs reaching beyond FY2008 is being created to provide a concrete target for procuring future funds to insure sustainability of the program. Because the program deals with perennial crops, a break in the continuity of funding would interrupt the availability of virus-free material to the American public many years.
The ability to detect the causal agent of apple green crinkle disease will eliminate one of the longest testing procedures required for the importation of Malus species from international sources. This will allow our growers to get new varieties into the marketplace faster and compete with fruit imported from international markets.
Improved diagnostics for Apple chlorotic leafspot virus is allowing us to address the premature tree decline in plum and cherry orchards of Michigan and the Pacific Northwest. Knowing the underlying cause of this disease allows extension specialists and researchers the provide recommendations that will reduce the economic of these diseases on family farming operations.
Availability of new tests to detect a range of Foveavirus that result in the production of unmarketable cherries provides new opportunities for growers to minimize the economic impact of these viruses by eliminating inoculum sources from their orchards. Each mature, bearing tree represents a significant capital investment to temperate fruit tree growers. Rapid diagnosis can help stem the spread of these viruses through the orchard
NRSP5 scientists provided leadership for a Cherry leaf roll virus eradication program initiated in 2003 in Washington. Major cooperators included growers, the Washington State Tree Fruit Research Commission, chemical and packing house fieldmen, and Extension Specialists in Washington and Oregon. Since this virus is pollen-borne, we also lead efforts to verify that pollen sold by commercial pollen companies was tested for this virus prior to distribution.

Date of Annual Report: 01/28/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/19/2004 - 05/20/2004
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2003 - 10/01/2004

Participants

Western Region:
Administrative Advisor: Ralph Cavalieri, WSU, Pullman, WA
Technical Representative: Adib Rowhani, University of California, Davis, CA;

North Central Region:
Administrative Advisor: W. Randy Woodson, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Technical Representative: Patricia McManus, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI;

Eastern Region:
Technical Representative: Herb Aldwinckle, Cornell University, Geneva, NY;

Southern Region:
Technical Representative: Simon Scott, Clemson University, Clemson, SC;

NRSP5 Administration:
Director: Ken Eastwell, NRSP5/WSU, IAREC, Prosser, WA
Manager: Bill Howell, NRSP5/WSU, IAREC, Prosser, WA;

Consultants:
Dan Thompson, Canadian Food Inspection Agency;

Washington State Department of Agriculture:
Lauri Guerra;

Regional Representatives/Stakeholders: (joined for the afternoon session)
Robert Woolley, representing CDFA-Industry Advisory Board, and Dave Wilson Nursery, Hickman, CA;
Bill Burchell, Burchell Nursery, Oakdale, CA;
John Ireland, Fowler Nursery, Newcastle, CA;
Debora Golino, Director, Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis, CA.;

NRSP5 committee members absent: Tom Bewick, Joe Foster, Curt Rom, Robert Seems, D.C. Coston.;

Chair: Dr. Patricia McManus;
Secretary: Dr. Herb Aldwinckle

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order at 8:15. Minutes of the 2003 meeting were approved unanimously.

Adib Rowhani was acknowledged for the great job of organizing the WCC-020 meeting and agricultural tour, and for making local arrangements for the NRSP5 meeting.

Eastwell reported the impact of the USDA-ARS research enhancement. With the addition of a Post-Doctoral position at USDA-ARS working with our project, we have made progress in developing diagnostics for several virus diseases of cherry. The primary subjects are those that have been difficult to detect and including the viruses that cause little cherry disease, and the viruses of the family Foveavirus.

It was reported by Woodson that the North East, South and Western Regions had approved the NRSP5 budget request at the 2004 funding level. The North Central region had recommended decreasing budgets of FY05 $200,000; FY06 $100,000; FY07 $0. The timeline for consideration of the budget request was discussed.

The guests joined the meeting.

Dr. Golino described the funding for FPS in detail for both the grape and tree fruit program.

The concept of a national network of virus-tested stock of perennial crops was presented. This would coordinate with local and regional agencies already doing some activities. The parallel in the research and service activities of many horticultural crops was discussed. It is evident that there is an opportunity to coordinate these activities in a very effective manner. The possibility of encompassing all horticultural crops was considered. It was generally agreed that a program that encompassed all horticultural crops would be difficult to coordinate early in the development of a clean stock network. There was already a natural alliance between fruit tree, nut trees and grapevines. It was unanimously decided to pursue a national program encompassing these latter commodities. The network would be structured such that additional crops could be added at later dates, providing additional funding was made available. Eastwell and Golino agreed to take the initial steps for developing a coordinated drive to establish such a network and to elicit Bewick's assistance at CSREES.

The meeting was adjourned at 4:30

Accomplishments

BRIEF SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR THE PAST CALENDAR YEAR. NRSP5 Activities-2003 - 04 Improved diagnostics: Production of molecular and serological probes: The causal agents of many virus diseases of pome and stone fruit trees have never been identified. Characteristics of woody plants made it very difficult for scientists to work on these virus and virus-like agents. However, with the advent of improved molecular techniques, the nature of many of these disease agents is now being studied. In the past year, we identified the causal agents of cherry rusty mottle disease and a stem pitting disorder of Montmorency cherry trees as members of the Foveavirus family. Using sequence information developed in our project, an ELISA has been used to successfully identify the agent causing the Montmorency cherry stem pitting disorder, and this has been applied in the field to try to minimize the spread of this disease. The production of serological reagents for other Foveaviruses is in progress. We compared ELISA reagents and PCR reagents from several sources and established a reliable testing protocol for detection of a broad spectrum of Apple chlorotic leafspot virus isolates. Prior to 2001, certified fruit trees from US nurseries were permitted into Mexico on a provisional basis, that is, the shipment was allowed to pass but samples were taken at the port of entry for virus testing. In 2001, audit samples of Malus rootstock yielded positive results for Apple chlorotic leafspot virus; we confirmed that the test results from the Mexican laboratory were correct. In response to discovering virus in these earlier shipments, trees imported into Mexico in 2002/2003 were held at the border until spot checks could be completed. The delay resulted in 80% tree mortality. To avoid a repeat, we hosted a visit by Dr. Ramiro Gonzalez Garza and negotiated an appropriate validation procedure. We performed tests on samples of cherry and apple collected by Mexican officials from OR and CA nurseries, and we developed protocols for testing 5 viruses and phytoplasmas for apple and 10 for cherry. Dr. Garza visited our laboratories and examined our protocols and results in February 2004. We also conducted comparative tests with the Mexican laboratory. Because of these efforts, results of the certification programs (based on our protocols) are now accepted by the Mexican government and material from certification nurseries can again be shipped to Mexico with minimal delays at the international border. The Mexican market currently constitutes a significant percentage of the business conducted by US nurseries. In a cooperative project funded through USDA-ARS, we are looking at the development of reagents and techniques for the detection of the viruses associated with little cherry disease. To date, we have serological reagents for Little cherry virus-2, but the detection of Little cherry virus-1 has been problematic. The North American isolate(s) of the latter virus appears to be significantly different from the isolate reported in Europe. We have one USDA-ARS funded Post Doctoral scientist working on this project with Washington State University researchers. Apple green crinkle etiology: Apple green crinkle disease is another disease for which the causal agent is unknown. A complicating factor in studies with this disease is that all known infected plants contain three common viruses and possibly others. Separation of these various components in etiological studies is difficult. Over the past several years we have worked to separate the many viruses of this complex by propagating shoot-tips of diseased trees following heat treatment for various periods of time. Trees thus created were established in an orchard. Most trees are now bearing fruit which will allow us establish a correlation between virus-like agents present in the initial complex and the occurrence of green crinkle disease. Cherry stem pitting etiology: In a cooperative project with Dr. Jerry Uyemoto, USDA-ARS and Dr. Joe Grant, UC-Davis, Cooperative Extension, studies to determine the etiological agent that causes cherry stem pitting disease are underway. This disease has been recognized as serious problem in limited areas of California fruit production for several years, and now appears to occur in other States. Other research and virus management activities: Cherry leaf roll virus: A cherry leaf roll virus disease survey and eradication program conducted in partnership with the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Washington State Cooperative Extension, and Washington State University brought grower attention to this malady. Initiated in 2003, growers, fieldsmen, and crew foremen learned to identify the symptoms and to send samples to the WSU-ELISA lab for verification. Most, if not all, identified trees were removed before the 2004 growing season. A few newly infected trees were observed this spring in trees adjacent to previously diseased sites. However, observations this spring suggest that growers were highly successful in efforts to eliminate this virus from their orchards. We did field surveys in the central valley of California, supported by laboratory tests, to see if there had been any natural movement of the walnut isolates of Cherry leafroll virus into adjacent sweet cherry plantings. This work was conducted in cooperation with Dr. Jerry Uyemoto, USDA-ARS and Dr. Joe Grant, UC Cooperative Extension, Stockton, CA. Virus Effects: In research orchards that were established several years ago, we continue to evaluate the effect of latent apple viruses on fruit production and quality of 'Fuji' apple trees. Similarly, the effects of Peach latent mosaic viroid on one nectarine and five peach cultivars are being monitored. Standards for the movement of temperate fruit trees: NRSP5 personnel have been active participants on committees associated with the North American Plant Protection Organization and the National Plant Board in efforts to establish standards for reducing risk of transporting pests in shipments of deciduous fruit trees. Variety distribution and acquisition: NRSP5 was active again this year in distributing virus-tested budwood for research and for production of certified trees. During the past nine months, small lots totaling over 20,000 buds were sent to scientists, state certification agencies, nurseries, and growers. Other requested materials included pollen for breeding programs and healthy and diseased cuttings, fruit, leaves, etc. for studies on disease etiology, molecular identification of varieties, and propagation experiments. Seed, seedlings, and trees from virus-tested sources were also distributed when requested. Forty-five new selections were imported from foreign countries for virus testing and therapy at NRSP5 this past year, as were 66 proprietary and non-proprietary clones from domestic sources. Virus was detected in 15 percent of the imported pome fruit clones; most of those were from China. Selections from breeding programs in New Zealand were generally free of detectable virus. Six percent of the introduced stone fruit selections contained either PNRSV or Prune dwarf Ilarvirus (PDV). Program funding restructuring: An initiative to create a National Clean Plant Network was developed that would see the coalescence of several fruit tree, grapevine and nut tree programs into a system of facilities to enhance the production and distribution of virus-tested material throughout the U.S.A. This would result in a more efficient and robust system of distribution for virus-tested material, and its availability to the nursery industry. If adopted, this could serve as a model for other crops.

Publications

Impact Statements

The development of diagnostic tools for members of the Foveavirus family and viruses associated with little cherry disease dramatically accelerates the rate at which the underlying causes of many causes of cherry decline in orchards are resolved.
We are also better able to test for these pathogens in propagation material. This will avert possible introduction of these viruses into cherry production in the US.
We have had a direct impact on the international marketing of nursery trees produced at certified nurseries.
Rapid response to the appearance of cherry leaf roll virus in the Pacific Northwest greatly reduced the potential long term impact of cherry tree decline induced by this virus.
New and diverse selections of fruit trees have entered the country through NRSP5 for assessment by the nursery and fruit growing industries.

Date of Annual Report: 08/17/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/19/2005 - 05/19/2005
Period the Report Covers: 06/01/2004 - 05/01/2005

Participants

In attendance were:

Western Region Administrative Advisor:

Ralph Cavalieri, WSU, Pullman, WA;

Technical Representative:

Adib Rowhani, University of California, Davis, CA;

North Central Region Administrative Advisor:

Dave Hogg, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI;

Technical Representative:

Patricia McManus, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI;

Eastern Region Administrative Advisor:

Tom Burr, Cornell University, Geneva, NY;

Southern Region Technical Representative:

Simon Scott, Clemson University, Clemson, SC;

NRSP5 Administration

Director:

Ken Eastwell, NRSP5/WSU, IAREC, Prosser, WA;

Manager:

Bill Howell, NRSP5/WSU, IAREC, Prosser, WA;

Consultant:

Dan Thompson, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Sidney, BC;

USDA Representatives

Tom Bewick, USDA/CSREES/PAS, Washington, DC;

Joe Foster, USDA/APHIS/PPQ, Beltsville, MD;

Roy Mock, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD;

University Representatives

Tim Murray, Washington State University, Pullman, WA;

Zvezdana Pesic, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC;

Washington State Department of Agriculture

Lauri Guerra;

Other Participants

Roberto Michelutti, AAFC, Harrow, ON Canada;

Mary Horner, Hort. Research, New Zealand;

NRSP5 Committee members absent:

Herb Aldwinckle, D.C., Coston and C.R. Rom

Brief Summary of Minutes

Chair: Dr. Patricia McManus
Secretary: Dr. Adib Rowhani and Dr. Simon Scott

The meeting was called to order at 8:30 AM.

Minutes of the 2004 meeting were approved unanimously.

Zvezdana Pesic was acknowledged for her excellent job in organizing the WERA020 meeting and for making the arrangement for the NRSP5 meeting.

Eastwell started the meeting with some introductory comments and describing a framework for the "National Clean Plant Network". The purpose is to put a plan together to request federal funding for maintenance and expansion of existing foundation plantings of fruit trees and grapevines nationwide, with the possible addition of new programs for cane fruits in the future. He also emphasized the importance of establishing duplicate foundation blocks in different regions in case one becomes the target of a natural disaster or a harmful pathogen; examples include winter damage in Washington State, Plum pox virus in Pennsylvania and Pierce's Disease in California. The blocks in different regions would be able to service the needs of the regions more effectively. For example, blocks located in WA, PA or other northern locations cannot meet the needs of nurseries and the production industry in the southeast for a 'June-budded' tree.

Regarding budget, Eastwell indicated that at the proposed levels of HATCH funding and other support through services, NRSP5 can maintain basic operations until the Federal fiscal year starting in October 2007. Work already started will be completed but additional accessions cannot be accepted.

Bewick indicated that HATCH funding received a $100,000 increase from the House Budget and mentioned that the interest has shifted towards specialty crops (fruit, vegetables, ornamentals, tree nuts and floriculture). Nursery and floriculture alone have grown to be a $17B industry annually. Income from specialty crops in the United States is valued at $42B, which currently exceeds the $39.7B for commodities. Regarding the National Clean Plant Network, Bewick suggested including protocols to satisfy APHIS concerns in regards to pathogens in general and not only viruses (for example, include phytoplasma and fungi pathogens too). He also indicated that state departments of agriculture may be a source of funding.

Farm Bills are reviewed every 5 years and 2006 is the review year. Therefore, Bewick suggested that all documents for the National Clean Plant Network should be in place prior to this review period. Also, a meeting or phone conference between Deborah Golino (FPS Director), Eastwell and other interested parties (South Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, etc.) needs to occur to plan and organize for the request before end of this year. A concept paper is needed to help focus industry at organizational workshops before October, 2005. The request to modify the Farm Bill should be in Washington, D.C. by January 2006 and the expectation date to see the results is October 2006. The pros and cons of having the fund to be included in the Farm Bill as mandatory were also discussed. This will dictate that the money will come out of the General Fund. Bewick also emphasized that the document should be more general and not to focus only on viruses and to cover a broader range of crops (fruit trees, grapevine, ornamentals etc.). The Secretary of Agriculture and the undersecretaries and administrators will set priorities for the new Farm Bill and present them to the legislature.

Rowhani described the fee structure associated with Foundation Plant Services at U. California, Davis. Although NRSP5 recently doubled its virus testing and therapy fees, they are still about half those charged by FPS for grapevines. Concern was expressed by Eastwell that the fruit tree industry seems unwilling or unable to absorb increase virus-clearance costs. This would result in reduced participation in the program as fees increase. The net consequence of this non-participation is a many fold net increase in remuneration by the government for damage (example - plum pox virus control in Pennsylvania) after viruses are introduced.

Foster indicated that APHIS would welcome a national approach to certification and would like to designate approved sites for importation and pest risk analysis. He sees that funding of the National Clean Plant Network would greatly assist with those matters.

Discussion on the 2006 NRSP-005 meeting:
Location of next meeting undecided but probably ought to be in Prosser as there will be new members on the technical committee. WERA-020 will meet in Saanichton during the week of May 8, 2006. International Working Group on Fruit Tree Viruses is scheduled to meet 22-26 May, 2006. Thus, a suggested date for a meeting in Prosser was April 3, 2006.

Comments of Administrative Advisors:
Cavalieri: Annual impact statements are important. Cavalieri said that work of NRSP5 should be translated into cash value, jobs etc. Legislators are not particularly interested in academic activities, but focus more on increased $ value (estimated). There was discussion about temporary infusion of funds to allow the program to operate as normal until the end of this funding period. Eastwell estimated $450,000 would be required. WSU contributes about $100,000 per year to the program as in-kind contributions, not including Eastwell's salary.

Hogg: Offered to contact Daryl Lund, who served on the NRSP advisory committee last year, about extending NRSP5 funding for one more year. Foster mentioned that interagency personnel transfers can sometimes help alleviate work load problems induced by excessive duties or funding shortages.

Burr: Requested that New York and Cornell be included in the NCPN plants.

Committee composition:
New members: Dr. Herb Aldwinkle wishes to resign as the NRSP5 technical representative for the Northeast region. It was suggested that Dr. Marc Fuchs be invited to assume this role. It has been the practice of NRSP5 to rotate off advisors and it was suggested that Dr. Amy Iezzoni from Michigan State University be asked to replace Dr. Curt Rom from Arkansas. Eastwell will send out appropriate letters of thanks etc.

Budget approval:
The NRSP5 budget presented by Eastwell was approved without modification. The exit strategies (assuming no immediate change in funding) outlined by Eastwell and Howell were approved.

Meeting was adjourned at 4:30 PM.

Accomplishments

NRSP-005 is the focal point of an effort to create and sustain a National Clean Plant Network that will support the maintenance and expansion of existing foundation plantings of fruit trees and grapevines nationwide, with the possible addition of new programs for cane fruits in the future. Duplicate foundation blocks in different regions of the U.S. should be created to provide protection in case one becomes the target of a natural disaster or ingress of a harmful pathogen. The blocks in different regions would be able to service the needs of the regions more effectively. Over 22,000 buds of virus tested fruit tree selections were distributed from the National Virus Tested Fruit Tree Program (NRSP5). Of these, 2,252 were from varieties imported from around the world; 3,832 were of proprietary varieties of domestic origin; and 16,081 were from non-proprietary varieties maintained in the NRSP5 Working Collection. Recipients of these distributions numbered 92 and represented scientists at Land Grant Universities and other universities, commercial nurseries, foreign scientists, private fruit growers and regulatory scientists. Nineteen of the recipients were foreign. The Land Grant University scientists represented 5 institutions in the west, north central and northeast regions of the country. A large amount of buds went to commercial nurseries that propagated trees for both sale to commercial fruit growers and for use in experimental trials by university and USDA-ARS scientists. The number of requests for budwood totaled 819. Clients represented 10 foreign countries and all regions of the United States. Over 1,400 buds of disease cultures were distributed for research and to verify testing procedures of certification programs. Included were 19 different viruses or virus-like agents; many of these were represented by multiple strains. In addition to the above budwood, 16 scientists received pollen, flowers, fruit and leaves for horticultural and molecular studies and virus-infected tissue for pathogen research. Four scientists received seed and seedlings necessary for their research, and four nurseries obtained virus-tested seed and seedlings for establishing stock for their certification programs. Thirty-five foreign varieties entered the U.S. through NRSP-005 this year. Foreign clones came from New Zealand, Italy, Australia, and South Africa. Five of these varieties contained known and common viruses, one contained an, as yet to be identified, virus, one nectarine was viroid infected, and one apple from New Zealand carried an unidentified phytoplasma. The virus screening program at NRSP-005 intercepted and prevented these known and unknown pathogens and their isolates from entry into the country. Fourteen new non-proprietary and 20 proprietary clones were submitted to NRSP-005 from domestic sources. Forty-four clones were submitted for thorough virus testing to qualify them for certification or to assist in plant disease diagnosis. The sources of this material were predominately from the west but several were also obtained from the North central and Northeast Regions. The non-proprietary selections comprised advanced selections from USDA-ARS breeding programs, ornamentals, rootstocks and a few commercial fruiting varieties. Studies on the etiology of apple green crinkle disease continue to advance. Most trees established via sub-threshold levels of heat therapy have now fruited. Only two of the trees have displayed symptoms. Eastwell continues analyzing these trees for the differential pathogen content of healthy-appearing versus diseased trees. This process will help to deduce the causal agent(s) of green crinkle disease. Studies were completed on the effect of Peach latent mosaic viroid on peach and nectarine. No deleterious effects were observed. A demonstration block has shown that 'Fuji' apple trees infected with the "latent viruses of apple" (Apple stem grooving virus, Apple stem pitting virus, and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus) have reduced vigor. The trees were less crop-efficient per unit of vigor. Cooperation continues with Eastwell's research program to determine the etiology of little cherry disease and a group of Fovea-like viruses (cherry twisted leaf, cherry rusty mottle, cherry necrotic rusty mottle, cherry green ring mottle, Montmorency stem pitting). An industry sponsored program was launched in Washington State to detect and remove cherry trees infected with Cherry leafroll virus. The survey was funded by industry and operated through the chemical and fruit packing houses to optimize the use of individuals that are frequently in the orchards. The survey was accompanied by an intense educational program to increase the awareness to viruses and their negative impact on production.

Publications

Joyce, P., Rodoni, B., Crosslin, J.M., Howell, W.E. and Eastwell, K.C. 2004. Detection of Pear blister canker viroid in pome fruit orchards across Australia. Acta Horticulturae 657:373-378.

Impact Statements

Material released from NRSP-005 is the heart of the national clean plant program that has a potential impact of $27M annually on the U.S. economy (Cembali et al. 2002. Crop Protection 22:1149).
Results from the effect of the apple latent viruses on ‘Fuji‘ apple production is helping to educate growers to the perils of virus infected plantings.
Foreign accessions released from quarantine through NRSP-005 can be evaluated for their suitability for production in the US. Current commercially important varieties are maintained at NRSP-5 for future release.
An effective post-entry quarantine facility encourages the safe movement of fruit tree varieties into and across the U.S.
Accelerated detection methods for agents such as that causing apple green crinkle disease will reduce the time that new accessions must reside in quarantine. To remain internationally competitive, U.S. producers must have rapid access to new varieties.
Cherry leafroll virus is a destructive virus of sweet cherry trees and has recently been detected in the Northwestern US fruit production areas. The extent of disease spread has been delineated and many infected trees removed. In response to this program, some County agencies also established and funded virus control programs.

Date of Annual Report: 05/09/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 04/04/2006 - 04/04/2006
Period the Report Covers: 03/01/2005 - 04/01/2006

Participants

Cavalieri, Ralph (Cavalieri@wsu.edu) WAAESD, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; McManus, Patricia (psm@plantpath.wisc.edu) Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Burr, Tom (tjb1@cornell.edu) NERA, Cornell University, Geneva, NY; Iezzoni, Amy (iezzoni@msu.edu) Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Thompson, Dan (Ca thompsonda@inspection.gc.ca) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Sidney, B.C.; Murray, Tim (plpchair@mail.wsu.edu) Washington State University, Pullman, WA; Wessels, Tom (TWessels@agr.wa.gov) Washington State Department of Agriculture, Program Manager, Plant Protection Division, Olympia, WA; Guerra, Lauri (lguerra@prosser.wsu.edu) Washington State Department of Agriculture, Plant pathology Project Coordinator, Prosser, WA; Eastwell, Ken (keastwell@wsu.edu) NRSP-5, Washington State University, Prosser, WA; Howell, Bill (wehowell@wsu.edu) NRSP-5, Washington State University, Prosser, WA; Stevens, Robert (stevensr@wsu.edu) Washington State University, Prosser, WA; Seymour, Lorraine (lseymour@wsu.edu) Washington State University, Prosser, WA.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

NRSP-005 is a national program committed to minimize the adverse effects of viruses in orchards of the United States by providing virus-free propagation material of important temperate tree fruit varieties from domestic and foreign sources through traditional and innovative methods of virus testing and therapy, and by forging collaborative relationships with government agencies, universities and industry to help maintain U.S. agricultural productivity, market competitiveness, balance of trade, and a diverse, wholesome and affordable food supply. Virus detection: A Shiro plum clone was discovered that is more sensitive to American plum line pattern virus than the standard clones used for years by NRSP-005 and other quarantine programs (USDA-APHIS, CFIA). The standard clone of Shiro plum is a marginal indicator for this virus in the greenhouse and often only a mild yellowing occurs on the leaf tip margin. There are currently no alternative testing procedures for this virus that have been validated. However, this new selection shows extensive venial net chlorosis and line patterns when inoculated with virus. This new virus indicator will continue to be evaluated by this and other programs for its utility as a greatly improved virus indicator plant. Virus sensitivity screening: NRSP-005 continues to evaluate the sensitivity of new potential cherry rootstocks for severe hypersensitive reactions to common viruses. Candidate clones 'VSL2' and 'LC52' are of Russian origin, and died in the presence of either of the two common pollen-transmitted cherry viruses. Sweet cherry trees on 'L2' rootstock from the same breeding program or on mazzard rootstock were tolerant of the viruses in this test. Distribution of virus-tested budwood: NRSP-005 provided over 500 virus-tested varieties to research and industry from July 1, 2005 to April 1, 2006. These included 25,000 buds of proprietary, non-proprietary and foreign clones bringing the total distribution over the past 20 years to 630,000 buds in response to 2,400 requests. In the past year, budwood was distributed to over 80 clients located throughout the country and internationally. They represent universities, nurseries, fruit growers and government regulatory agencies. Thousands of the virus-negative buds were provided to establish foundation material in certification programs for subsequent distribution to orchards throughout the country. Distribution from the virus collection: Beyond the distributions for fruit production, many other types of tissue were distributed to scientists for research purposes. Virus-infected fruit, leaves, seed, flowers, seedlings, pollen and trees were sent to scientists at land-grant universities and government regulatory and research agencies. New clone acquisitions: In the last season, 79 stone and pome fruit cultivars were submitted to NRSP-005 for virus testing and virus elimination. These numbers are significantly lower than in past years, likely as a result of the doubling of service fees charged for these services. The largest proportion of the introductions was from foreign sources. Varieties were submitted for testing only as part of the on-going qualification program for certification in California. Approximately one-third of the clones submitted to the program in the last two years were infected with virus, viroids, phytoplasma and/or Xylella.

Publications

A book chapter has been prepared for publication in 2006 by Guerra and Eastwell describing phytoplasma diseases of temperate fruit crops and their detection.

Impact Statements

As a result of the virus testing and elimination program of NRSP-005, 79 new cultivars will be available to U.S. nurseries and producers that are free of known viruses.
Since 40% of clones submitted to NRSP-005 are infected with at least one virus-like agent, the distribution of 25,000 virus tested buds that will in turn be increased for subsequent tree production for planting in orchards represents a significant reduction in the virus-load imposed on U.S. fruit tree production.
Our virus sensitivity screening program has made the industry aware of two rootstocks that, if they had been commercialized and introduced into the U.S., would have resulted in significant premature tree death as a result of their hypersensitive reaction to common viruses.
Distribution of reference virus-infected material to research scientists facilitates the advancement in virus identification and detection, ultimately leading to better disease management possibilities.

Date of Annual Report: 06/21/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/09/2007 - 05/10/2007
Period the Report Covers: 05/01/2006 - 06/01/2007

Participants

Cavalieri, R. (Cavalieri@wsu.edu) - Washington State University, Pullman, WA, WAAESD;
Moore, R. (reubenm@mafes.msstate.edu) - Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, SAAESD;
Rowhani, Adib (akrowhani@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis, CA;
McManus, Patricia (psm@plantpath.wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI;
Scott, Simon (sscott@CLEMSON.EDU) - Clemson University;
Eastwell, K. (keastwell@wsu.edu) - Washington State University, NRSP5;
Howell, W.E. (wehowell@wsu.edu) - Washington State University, NRSP5;
Thompson, D. (thompsonda@inspection.gc.ca) - Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Sidney, BC;
Wessels, T. (TWessels@agr.wa.gov) - Plant Protection Division, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Olympia, WA;
Fuchs, M. (mf13@cornell.edu) - Cornell University, Geneva, NY;
Licha, M. (Margarita.F.Licha@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA-APHIS-PPQ-PSPI, Beltsville, MD;
Dardick, C. (Chris.Dardick@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV;
Draper, M. (mdraper@CSREES.USDA.GOV) - USDA, CSREESPAS (Sitting in for Tom Bewick);
Bandla, M. (Murali.Bandla@aphis.usda.gov ) - USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Beltsville MD;
Foster, J. (Joseph.A.Foster@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Beltsville MD;

Brief Summary of Minutes

The NRSP-005 annual meeting was held at USDA-APHIS Headquarters, Riverdale, MD on May 9-10, 2007. Howell presented a report on the activities of NRSP during the past 12 months. He provided numbers of accessions handled by the project both domestic and foreign. He showed the new growth chambers that were designed and built to replace the existing chambers that were shut down because of electrical deficiencies and safety concerns. Howell referred to the role of NRSP-005 in saving breeding material held at Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center (SWMREC) that would have been destroyed because of the detection of Plum pox virus in Michigan. NRSP-005 hosted visitors from USDA, APHIS-PPQ and Post-Entry Quarantine Plant Health & Environment Lab with MAF Biosecurity, New Zealand.

The imminent loss of NRSP-005 funding was discussed as this will have a significant impact on the fruit industry. There is no alternative to the heat therapy and testing service that NRSP-005 provides. The project has a world-wide reputation for excellence, and although programs that attempt to emulate it have been established in many locations, few have succeeded. Currently the facility at Saanichton, BC is the only comparable facility in North America and the Western Hemisphere. Interruption of the program because of lost funding would mean that the skills that allow the program to function would be lost. Restarting such a program would be at best exceedingly difficult. It might well be impossible, as the current program is based on 50 years of accumulated knowledge and expertise.

Bandla opened discussions on the National Clean Plant Network (NCPN) and the implications of this proposal for, and the impact of NCPN on operations at NRSP-005 and other virus testing programs. Quarantine 37 is supposed to block deficiencies in the current regulations for the import of foreign material. The current status of this was outlined in the presentation at the NCPN workshop "Q37 Plants for Planting (P4P) revisions; RNQP status" by Bill Alley, PPQ, APHIS.

There was extended discussion on where NRSP-005 is at the moment. Unless new permanent funding is obtained, the NRSP-005 will cease to function in 12 months. The financial reserves of the project are already being tapped. USDA-APHIS contracted with NRSP-005 to complete some work during the past year and a similar contract may be in place for next year. Suggestions were made that there needs to be an "advertising" campaign to garner support from Land Gant Universities (major beneficiaries of the project); the industry; and others.

Eastwell presented research achievements for the year improving detection methods for several fruit tree viruses.

The meeting will be held next year in Prosser; the suggested time would be during the first two weeks of April, 2008.

Meeting adjourned at Noon, May 10 followed by a tour of the Beltsville facilities with Foster and Bandla.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

1. Nearly 12,000 virus-tested buds of 414 varieties were distributed to scientists and industry clients in all areas of the country. 2. The vast majority of the buds are provided to nurseries in certification programs for subsequent multiplication and production of virus certified trees for orchards throughout the USA. These certified trees are also necessary for research scientists to conduct valid studies in the absence of variable virus influences. 3. NRSP-005 received 223 stone and pome fruit varieties for virus testing and therapy. Nearly 40% of these were infected with viruses or viroids. 4. Over 500 buds from diseased standards were also sent to 8 scientists for research purposes, as was other tissues from infected and healthy trees. 5. Engaged in contract services with USDA-APHIS to provide field testing and heat therapy to support plant protection and quarantine programs of the US. 6. MSU's peach breeding program is located within the quarantine region established after the recent discovery of plum pox virus (PPV or Sharka) in southwestern Michigan. After consultation with APHIS, MSU developed a plan to submit advanced selections to NRSP-005. After being assayed for PPV and other common and detrimental viruses, NRSP-005 will send budwood of lines that tested free of virus to MSU to re-establish its breeding program outside of the quarantine area. 7. With a special grant from the fruit tree nurseries in the Pacific Northwest and with the assistance from WSU-Prosser's trade craftsmen, new chambers were designed and built. The new design improves the efficiency of the virus-elimination process through heat therapy. 8. Associated research improved molecular diagnosis of the viruses associated with little cherry disease. The poor response of current detection methods to Little cherry virus 1 isolates has raised concern about the ability of quarantine and/or certification programs to reliably detect this virus. The molecular and serological assays will help in this effort. 9. Polyclonal antibodies were developed that react with a broad range of the Foveaviruses associated with disease in sweet cherry. This group of viruses cause several important economic diseases of sweet cherry that move naturally in orchards.

Publications

Joyce, P.A., F.E. Constable, J. Crosslin, K. Eastwell, W.E. Howell, and B.C. Rodini. 2006. Characterisation of Pear blister canker viroid isolates from Australian pome fruit orchards. Australasian Plant Pathology. 35:465-471. Guerra, L.J. and K.C. Eastwell. 2006. Phytoplasmas in deciduous fruit and nut trees. IN: Molecular characterization of plant phytoplasma, Chapter 6. Harrison, N.A, G.O. Rao, and C. Marcone, eds. Studium Press, pp. 93-136

Impact Statements

The recognition of NRSP-005 standards by USDA-APHIS allowed MSU to rescue their multiyear investment in the Universitys peach breeding program.
NRSP-005 is the center of expertise within the US that provides field testing and heat therapy for the importation of fruit tree genetic resources for industry or research.
The annual release of virus tested fruit tree propagation material from NRSP-005 provides the foundation for the annual distribution of several million healthy trees for commercial and research purposes, thus reducing annual losses caused by virus diseases.
Improvements in the heat therapy process accelerate access by US producers and breeders to new cultivars from foreign countries.
Continued research and development of virus detection methods improves the speed with which new introductions become available to the US industry. New method development and their use by NRSP-005 enhances program performance and international acceptance of its standards.

Date of Annual Report: 06/06/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 04/22/2008 - 04/22/2008
Period the Report Covers: 07/01/2007 - 06/01/2008

Participants

Ralph Cavalieri, (cavalieri@wsu.edu), Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, WAAESD;
Adib Rowhani, (akrowhani@ucdavis.edu), Univ. of California, Davis, CA;
Marc Linit, (linit@missouri.edu), Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO, NCAESD;
Patricia McManus, (psm@plantpath.wisc.edu) Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI;
Reuben Moore, (reubenm@mafes.msstate.edu), Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS, SAAESD;
Simon Scott, (sscott@clemson.edu), Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC;
Ken Eastwell, (keastwell@wsu.edu), Washington State Univ., Prosser, WA, NRSP5;
Bill Howell, (wehowell@wsu.edu), Washington State Univ., Prosser, WA, NRSP5;
Margarita Licha, (Margarita.F.Licha@aphis.usda.gov), USDA/APHIS/PPQ/PSPI, Beltsville, MD;
Lauri Guerra, (lguerra@prosser.wsu.edu), Plant Protection Division, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Prosser, WA

NRSP5 Committee members absent: Tom Bewick (tbewick@csrees.usda.gov), Tom Burr (tjb1@cornell.edu), Marc Fuchs (mf13@cornell.edu), Amy Iezzoni (iezzoni@msu.edu), and Curt Rom.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The NRSP-005 annual meeting was held at Washington State University, Prosser on April 22, 2008.

The meeting convened at 8:30 am.

In attendance were:

Western Region

Administrative Advisor: Ralph Cavalieri, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA

Technical Representative: Adib Rowhani, Univ. of California, Davis, CA

North Central Region

Administrative Advisor: Marc Linit, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO

Technical Representative: Patricia McManus, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

Southern Region

Administrative Advisor: Reuben Moore, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Technical Representative: Simon Scott, Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC

NRSP5 Administration

Director: Ken Eastwell, NRSP5/Washington State Univ., Prosser, WA

Manager: Bill Howell, NRSP5/ Washington State Univ., Prosser, WA

USDA Representatives

Margarita Licha, USDA/APHIS/PPQ/PSPI, Beltsville, MD

State Departments of Agriculture

Lauri Guerra, Plant Protection Division, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Prosser, WA

NRSP5 Committee members absent: Tom Bewick, Tom Burr, Marc Fuchs, Amy Iezzoni and Curt Rom.

Simon Scott was appointed Chair, and Patty McManus was appointed Secretary.

Minutes of the 2007 meeting were previously approved by e-mail vote of technical representatives of the committee.

Ken Eastwell reminded those in attendance that this is the last year in which NRSP-005 is currently authorized. A request for an extension was submitted that is dependent on the outcome of the Farm Bill, which contains language to approve the National Clean Plant Network (NCPN). If funding becomes available through the NCPN in a timely manner, the requested extension of NRSP funding will be withdrawn.

Service activities of NRSP-5. Bill Howell reviewed activities, including those that directly benefited Land Grant Universities, for the period of July 1, 2007 through April 18, 2008. There were five main activities summarized in a handout:

1. Rescuing the Michigan State University peach breeding program after the discovery of Plum Pox Virus at an MSU research station.

2. Assisting USDA-APHIS-PPQ by providing thermal therapy to virus-infected clones.

3. Redesigning the virus therapy chambers at the Prosser station to improve efficiency of thermal therapy.

4. Distribution of over 17,700 virus-tested buds to researchers and industry.

5. Virus testing and therapy of 185 new acquisitions of stone and pome fruit cultivars from nine foreign countries and eight U.S. states.

Research activities of NRSP-5. Ken Eastwell reviewed activities. The current system relies heavily on woody indicator plants in the greenhouse that are expensive to produce and maintain. A goal of the research program has been to develop lab-based methods that could be used to reduce the size of the greenhouse woody indexing component of the program. Four areas towards accomplishing this goal were reported:

1. Evaluation of solid phase extraction processes for isolating pathogen RNA from fruit tree samples.

2. Improved serological assays for viruses that cause little cherry disease. Little cherry virus 1 causes mild symptoms on indicators and can easily be overlooked. The research program has developed serological detection and improved RT-PCR primers for this pathogen. RT-PCR assays exist for Little cherry virus 2, but the program has not yet succeeded in developing monoclonal antibodies.

3. PCR detection of Xyllela was optimized. Samples and isolates have come from Simon Scott. The next step will be to validate the method with a wide range of isolates.

4. Development of techniques for detecting Foveaviruses. Characterization continues of local isolates of Foveaviruses including, Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus, Cherry rusty mottle virus, Montmorency stem pitting virus, and Cherry twisted leaf virus. Several additional distinct isolates are under investigation in Chelan County. These viruses are being subjected to genetic analysis to aid in development of broad-spectrum molecular and serological assays.

Hop Stunt Viroid was discovered in OR and WA, and the hop industry has provided ca. $250,000 for equipment to automate extraction, detection and identification of the pathogens. NRSP-005 can capitalize on availability of these facilities.

National Clean Plant Network. Ken Eastwell reviewed the history of efforts to develop NCPN and how this might replace NRSP-5 in the future. Efforts started in about 2001. The Plum pox virus outbreak in Pennsylvania highlighted the need for redundancy in clean plant programs and sources. The NCPN is embedded in the pending Farm Bill, and mandatory funding is specified. Eastwell reviewed the proposed structure of NCPN and referred to a handout entitled "Strategic Implementation Plan for the NCPN."

Comments from Administrative Advisors:

Marc Linit, North Central Region. NC directors met earlier this year in Las Vegas. There's no question that the work of NRSP-5 is of high quality and needed. But the NC directors have questioned whether the program is truly national, or more for the benefit of certain states. They have suggested that industry be more supportive of the program. The NC directors hope that NCPN will succeed in supplanting NRSP-5, but they did vote to support the 1-year extension of the NRSP-5 budget.

Reuben Moore, Southern Region. The environment in which the experiment station directors are working has hurt NRSP-5. They get so many requests that they have to look for programs to drop. The feeling is that this program may have never been appropriate for an NRSP.

Ralph Cavalieri, Western Region. The WR directors support the funding recommendations unanimously. If NCPN is funded through the Farm Bill, then they will decline future funding of NRSP-5.

Budget request:

Ken Eastwell led the discussion of the current submission to the NRSP committee for an extension until the funds from the NCPN can be made available. The required submission is based an maintaining the status quo and still reflects less than adequate funding for optimal program operation.

Facilities review:

The advisory committee was given a tour of all of the components of the program at WSU-Prosser that are required for NRSP-005 operations including the research laboratories, the WSU ELISA Testing Service Center, the greenhouse and screenhouse facilities, the growth chambers for heat therapy, and the orchard operations that are needed to support the greenhouse and laboratory programs.

Nursery operations:

The group visited a nursery operation (E.W. Brandt and Sons and associated companies) that represents a full spectrum of activities from nursery stock production and distribution to fruit production. Rapid access to new varieties and the ability to distribute virus-tested clones internationally were emphasized as important points of the contemporary global fruit tree industry.

The meeting adjourned at 4:30 pm.

Accomplishments

1. Rescuing a Breeding Program: NRSP-005 saved many advanced selections from Michigan State University's peach breeding program from a plum pox virus (PPV) imposed quarantine. In an arrangement negotiated with USDA-APHIS-PPQ, prior to the destruction of all trees in the breeding program, budsticks from 58 more advanced peach selections were sent to NRSP-005 for virus screening and propagation in the greenhouses located at WSU-Prosser. Tests for plum pox and other viruses were conducted on the submitted budwood in 2007 and on the propagated trees in 2007 and 2008. No plum pox virus was detected in any of 10 tests conducted for the virus. Budwood will now be sent back to MSU this summer for re-establishment in an area distant from the PPV quarantine area. 2. Assisting USDA-APHIS-PPQ: The USDA-APHIS-PPQ facility in Beltsville, MD, receives imported clones of deciduous fruit trees to secure new germplasm for plant breeders in the country. NRSP-005 assisted in that effort by providing therapy for specific virus-infected clones. From 2006 to 2007, 26 stone and pome fruit pear clones were submitted by PPQ for therapy. In 2008, following therapy, 17 of these clones were returned as trees to PPQ for confirmatory testing. Additionally, 42 pome fruit selections were submitted by PPQ for virus assays on fruiting trees. All testing was initiated by inoculating trees with tissue from these selections. These inoculated test trees will be monitored over three growing seasons for symptoms of virus and virus-like agents. 3. Distribution of virus-negative budwood and virus isolates: Over 17,700 virus-tested buds of 519 varieties were distributed by NRSP5 to research and industry between July 1, 2007 and April 18, 2008. These distributions were to all areas of the country and to eight foreign countries. Recipients of this budwood included scientists from land grant universities, federal research facilities, germplasm repositories, quarantine centers, private nurseries, and commercial tree fruit growers located in 17 states, and included clients from all regions of the country. As usual, the vast majority of the buds were provided to nurseries in certification programs for subsequent production of virus certified trees for orchards throughout the USA. Varieties represented in these distributions included proprietary and non-proprietary selections, many imported from foreign sources. Over 650 buds from diseased standards were also sent to 4 scientists for research purposes, as were other tissues from infected and healthy trees. 4. Acquisitions: During the past autumn and winter, 185 stone and pome fruit varieties were submitted to NRSP5 for virus testing and therapy. Though these numbers are not as high as last year's record numbers, they are still substantially above acquisition numbers in most previous years. These accessions came from nine foreign countries and from California, Maryland, Michigan, Oregon, Maryland, West Virginia, Minnesota, and Washington. They included 2 almonds, 38 apples, 17 cherries, 11 apricots, 62 peaches and nectarines, 25 pears, and 28 plums. Preliminary testing indicates that 14% of these will require therapy to remove viruses and/or viroids.

Publications

Bajet NB, Unruh TR, Druffel KL, Eastwell KC. 2008. Occurrence of Two Little Cherry Viruses in Sweet Cherries in Washington State. Plant Disease 92:234-238. Eastwell KC. 2008. Ilarviruses (Bromoviridae). Encyclopedia of Virology, 3rd edition. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, in press.

Impact Statements

NRSP-005 is the center of expertise within the U.S. that provides field testing and heat therapy for the importation of fruit tree genetic resources for industry and research.
Recognition by USDA-APHIS of this expertise allowed Michigan State University to rescue their multiyear investment in the University‘s peach breeding program from PPV quarantine.
Sustained release of virus tested fruit tree propagation material from NRSP-005 provides the foundation for distribution of several million healthy trees for commercial and research purposes each year, thus limiting annual losses caused by virus diseases to orchards across the US.
Improvements in the heat therapy process accelerate access by U.S. producers and breeders to new cultivars from foreign countries.
Continued research and development of virus detection methods improves the speed with which new introductions become available to the U.S. industry. New method development and their use by NRSP-005 enhances program performance and international acceptance of its standards.