NRSP_OLD6: The US Potato Genebank: Acquisition, Classification, Preservation, Evaluation and Distribution of Potato (Solanum) Germplasm

(National Research Support Project Summary)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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Date of Annual Report: 07/22/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/28/2011 - 06/29/2011
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2010 - 01/01/2011

Participants

Abad, Dr. Jorge A. (jorge.a.abad@aphis.usda.gov)-USDA, APHIS;
Ashworth, Dr. Edward (edward.ashworth@maine.edu)-Maine Agricl & Forest Exp. Sta;
Bamberg, Dr. John (john.bamberg@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, US Potato Genebank;
Bizimungu, Dr. (benoit.bizimungu@agr.gc.ca)-Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;
Bretting, Dr. Peter K. (peter.bretting@ars.usda.gov)-USDA, ARS, NPL;
Brown, Dr. Chuck R. (chuck.brown@ars.usda.gov)-Washington State University;
Chandler, Dr. Larry (larry.chandler@ars.usda.gov)-USDA, ARS, Area Director;
De Jong, Dr. Walter (wsd2@cornell.edu)-Cornell University;
Del Rio, Dr. Alfonso (adelrioc@wisc.edu)-US Potato Genebank;
Douches, Dr. David S. (douchesd@msu.edu)-Michigan State University;
Goktepe, Dr. Fahrettin (Fahrettin.goktepe@oregonstate.edu)-Oregon St University;
Hoopes, Bob (robert.hoopes@fritolay.com)-Frito Lay;
Janskey, Shelley (shelley.jansky@ars.usda.gov)-USDA, ARS, UW Wisconsin;
Lindroth, Dr. Rick Lindroth (lindroth@wisc.edu)-University of Wisconsin;
Martin, Max (mwmarti1@wisc.edu)-US Potato Genebank;
Miller Jr., Dr. J. Creighton (jcmillerjr@tamu.edu)-Texas A&M University;
Palta, Dr. Jiwan (jppalta@wisc.edu)-University of Wisconsin;
Schartner, Jesse (jesse.schartner@ars.usda.gov)-US Potato Genebank;
Simon, Dr. Philipp W. (philipp.simon@ars.usda.gov)-USDA, ARS, Research Leader;
Spooner, Dr. David (david.spooner@ars.usda.gov)-USDA, ARS, US Potato Genebank;

Brief Summary of Minutes

A formatted word document of these minutes and other relevant reports can be found at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6/admin.html or by following the link at the bottom of this section.

NRSP-6 TAC 2011 MINUTES

NRSP6 TAC meeting hosted by Potato Genebank, Sturgeon Bay, WI,
June 28, 2011

Walter DeJong, Chair, NRSP-6 TAC 11
Creighton Miller, Vice- Chair, NRSP-6 TAC 11
Fahrettin Goktepe, Secretary, NRSP-6 TAC 11

The meeting was called to order at 8:20 a.m.

ATTENDANCE
Present: Richard L. Lindroth, Phillip Simon, Larry Chandler, Ed Ashworth, John Bamberg, Jiwan Palta, Walter DeJong, Fahrettin Goktepe, Bob Hoopes, Shelley Jansky, Max Martin, Jesse Schartner, Creighton Miller, Alfonso del Rio, David Douches, Jorge Abad

On Conference Call: Peter Bretting, Chuck Brown, Benoit Bizimungu, David Spooner

The meeting started with a welcoming speech by Richard Weidman, Superintended of the Peninsular Research Station (University of Wisconsin). Weidman summarized some background information about the research station.

-The research station was in service since 1922
-The station currently has 4 Full time FTE
-The station owns about 120 acres land
-The Peninsular Station is also home to the NRSP-6, US Potato Genebank
-The station has research about tree ,small fruits and it is facilitated with
online weather station network, real-time weather data, serve the community
for horticultural crops

BUSINESS

Preliminaries

1. There were no announcements

2. There was a change to the Agenda. Chair proposed to move item # 10, 11 right
after item #6. Miller moved to accept, it was seconded it by Simon and the
change was accepted.

3. Minutes of the 2010 meeting were reviewed. Bamberg commented on follow up
regarding 2010 meeting decisions: Clonal collection was virus tested.

4. Chair appointed Resolutions Comm: Jansky, with input from Miller

5. Lead AA:

Rick Lindroth, the Lead AA and Associate Dean went through budgetary items. At the end of his report, Lindroth indicated that there is currently no plan for permanent closure due to the budget cuts however; there is a possibility to make some shifts in the programs. There was a question in regards to what will happen to the potato genebank if the research station is shut down. It was emphasized that potato genebank greatly relies on greenhouses, fields and other facilities at this station.

The following is Lindroth's complete report:

The single factor that has dominated our work over the last 6 months has been budget cuts at the federal, state, and university levels. At the federal level, we've seen what is likely to be a permanent loss of earmark funding, including losses to a number of ag-related projects and programs. The UW has had a policy to not pursue earmark funding, so our losses are not great, but they are still substantial to some programs (e.g., the Babcock Institute for International dairy research and development). Projections for future federal support of ag-related research are grave: the House of Representatives passed its Agriculture bill a few weeks ago. It includes deep cuts to USDA R&D, including a 12.9% ($146 million) cut from FY 2011 funding levels to the intramural Agricultural Research Service; a 16.7% ($203 million) cut to the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA); and within NIFA, a 13.9% ($37 million) cut to the competitive, extramural Agriculture and Food Research Initiative. Notably for our interests, the House Ag bill has a cut of $28 million to Hatch (12%).

At the state level, our new governor vowed to eliminate a $3 billion deficit without raising taxes. That resulted in a $250 million cut to the University of Wisconsin System, with ~$95 million at UW-Madison.

We still don't know what the cut will be to the UW College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. We are preparing for a cut in the range of $1-3 million. The most recent information was that the cut would be at the high end, which represents 7.1% of our state-funded budget. To absorb that cut by not firing faculty, (and not filling a number of faculty vacancies) means cuts of ~15% to non-faculty, state-supported entities.

Where this information intersects with this committee is with respect to CALS Agric Research Stations. They will likely be hit with a 15% budget cut, on top of a 10% cut in the last budget cycle. There is no way that the system can absorb that magnitude of cut, so the CALS deans team is looking into merging some programs and staff, and potentially closing some stations. So, for example, there's a very real possibility that the potato breeding program will move from Rhinelander to Hancock station.

No decisions have been finalized about closing any station, and no station will be closed this year. But Peninsular is one that has been identified as a likely candidate for mothballing.

Finally, the major budget issue that is confronting NRSP6 is transitioning off of the OTT pass-through funds. There seems to be some discrepancy in terms of understanding of the long-term nature of NRSP funding, but the current NRSP committee does not view NRSP funds as a stable source of long-term funding for projects. They view them as start-up funds to get projects up and running, after which the projects will transition to other sources of funds. That is the challenge that lies before NRSP6, and one that John, Phil Simon and I have been wrestling with the last few weeks. (Since we were notified by Arlen Leholm that we needed to document private sources of funding for this year, or risk not having funding approved.)

Lindroth report was followed by a serious discussion about the NRSP6 budget uncertainty.

Ed Ashworth, Regional AA, understands that there are budgetary frustrations. He proposed the possibility of rolling the potato genebank budget into the North Central Regional budget then the money can be reallocated to potato genebank. Bretting indicated NRSP6 review committee has certain criteria to apply and it looks different than the regional project. Bretting also indicated that it may not be easy to roll NRSP6 budget into a regional genebank budget because University of Wisconsin pays for some. Miller emphasized that we have to propose a permanent solution, because every year we are facing the same issue. Miller asked Bretting what would be his suggestions for a long term solution. Bretting respond it that he did not know an easy solution, but whatever we do; we have to stay on course. He also indicated that they have conducted an intensive study in Lake Tahoe in 2006, and there was a unanimous agreement to continue supporting both regional and potato genebank. Last year, the project was renewed for 5 years but that doesnt guarantee that the money will be there for upcoming years. Lindroth pointed out that since NRSP review committee is going to meet next week, we dont have enough time to review the funding structure so we need to move forward to secure the funding and keep the doors open. The question was about how the NRSP review committee functions. Bretting attempted to reach Erik, so he can provide the committee with some information about the nature of review committee and how they function, but Erik wasnt available. Once the review committee sets and approves the budget, it will go to the NRSP technical advisory committee including Experiment Station Directors who will meet in September.

6. Other regional AAs

7. NRSP-6 Report:

Bamberg (Annual Report, CY10 to date appended and pdf posted on genebank website) Report was a PowerPoint presentation. Adele Douglass has received the Potato Genebank Special Recognition award. Annual report is structured by genebank mission area.

- Acquisition and associated works: Collecting in US to stock genebank and R&D type work. Two potato species are native to US. Bamberg and del Rio were on an expedition to collect these native species in 2010 in the Santa Rita Mountains.

- Collections: Need to look at what is available outside or in different countries and goal is to bring them in and evaluate them for different traits. Roy Navarre is currently testing a high antioxidant clones. Continue to collaborate with other genebanks.

* There was a question about if the open pollinated seeds would be a problem to maintain the original sources. Max responded that S. andigena collections are generally tubers so we maintain the original source. David Spooner : there is a certain degree of outcrossing, prefer to use materials for which we know the parentage. Chuck Brown: dominant traits are easy to recover, the traits with low heritability and epistatic interactions might be lost. Walter De Jong: as long as the alleles are present, we can recover the targeted ones. Shelley Jansky asked if inbreeding depression would be a concern. John Bamberg indicated that USPG received most of these material as TPS, so the original clones to which descriptive data was attached had already been compromised. Bob Hoopes suggested that if we dont have the original clones, it is better to maintain open pollinated seeds. Walter De Jong added that open pollinated seeds would be the cheapest way to maintain alleles.

- Bamberg recounted a recent success story as a model for how the genebank promotes germplasm use: Roy Navarre asked for a certain high antioxidant clone we did not have. We found it would take up to two years to obtain it from CIP and through Quarantine. We suggested screening some of the primitive cultivars already in USPG. We used pre-existing characterization data to select 100 populations, making screenhouse tubers of 15 seedlings each. Max preselected these tubers and sent 100 to Roy Navarre, who did the antioxidant analysis. One clone was identified with phenomenal levels of antioxidantshigher than reported in any previous potato, as reported at the 2010 Potato Association of America meeting in Corvallis Oregon last August.

- John also highlighted few specific research projects on the collected germpasm: S. jamesii anti-prostate cancer property, anticancer tomatine, potato-unique satiety protein, resistance to tuber greening after illumination in S. microdontum.

- Preservation: 235 seed increase. Have about 4,500 seed (200/year for 20-year cycle). Involves disease and viability monitoring.

8. ARS:

David Spooner:

CIP is collecting now but they are not allowed to distribute materials.

Chuck Brown:

1st part of his project: Extraction of Colombia root knot nematode resistance from potato gene bank materials, the clone (BC5) with potential resistance graduated through western regional trials. This clone is also resistant to black dot, pink rot and among all white flesh potato tested, it has the highest total phenolic. 2nd part of his project: searching for super high carotenoids, Papa Amarilla type potato, difficult to move out the genes for high carotenoids from these potatoes due to the strong linkage with a lack of dormancy. With help of molecular markers and intensive studies, a tetraploid (orange flesh) potato with dormancy was developed. Black Dot: One of the main problems for the region, Verticilium vs black dot, in terms of soil born diseases, black dot is the new main problem for Pacific Northwest Potato industry.

Shelley Jansky:

We are extensively using gene bank germplasm, few highlights from our studies;
Looking at cold sweetening, this work was published in PAA journal, currently creating new populations for genetic studies. Storage period; some materials were stored for 9 months and they are still looking great. Diploid hybrid; evaluating for late blight resistance. Tetraploid hybrid; evaluating for early blight resistant in red skin varieties and developing new population for early blight resistant. The question was what is the main source of early blight whether Alternaria solani was replaced by Alternaria alternate? Jansky responded that A. solani is still their main source of early blight. PVY resistance; a family derived from S. chacoense is presumably PVY resistant, it was interesting to see that the resistance was heat tolerant. The resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene and it is extremely resistant. S. chacoense could also be a source for scab resistance. 524-8 was identified to be scab resistance. Photoperiod and tuberization response is being studied. Amylose conten is relatively stable over all locations and during tuber development, but changes during the storage.

9. NPL report:

Peter Bretting discussed the Office of National Programs Report, and personnel changes, retirements and open positions; the goal is to fill these positions in the near future. Rejuvenating the data base; the new version is going to be implemented in US next year. Budget; ARS lost essentially all of the earmarks and the loss of NPGS was about $700 thousand from FY10 funding level. The good news was that the Presidents FY12 budget proposes a substantial budget increase which is about $3.3 million. Bamberg asked Bretting if he could make some comment whether there were any discussion about possible charges for the germplasm materials. Bretting responded that the material is and will be free of charge. He referred to the NPGS policy which explains the reason why the materials are free of charges. In case of international shipping costs, Bretting indicated that it should be arranged between receiver and shipping company because ARS is not entitled to collect fees. Ed Ashworth added that NRSP6 budget is mainly salary in which less than 5% will be shipping and handling costs therefore covering the shipping costs will not make huge differences.

10. CSREES (Thro)
Ann Marie Thro was in a trip to Afghanistan, couldnt attend the meeting.

11. Regional and ARS Technical Reports (submitted texts appended)

Western Region:

Fahrettin Goktepe reported that 586 units were distributed to the Western Region in 2010. Receiving states were CA, ID, OR, UT,HI and WA. Material was requested by universities, private companies and individuals.
Private sector was very active, and materials were requested for different objectives including to evaluate for organic production. Materials were of good quality and received in good condition. Genebank materials users were very appreciative for the service they receive, they will continue to request these materials in the future and integrate into their research program to respond to their needs. Materials have been used for studies on: disease resistance, health attributes, molecular genetics, new cultivars for organic potato production, heat and drought tolerance, teaching and education. Roy Navarre (USDA/ARS) is currently screening potato genebank materials for asparagine content in raw materials and acrylamide content in finished products (winner of CGC evaluation grant for 2011).

North Central Region:

David Douches received an interesting phone call from a home owner gardener with some misleading information and a website about ecos purple potato. The claim was this purple potato can survive under freezing soil temperature in WI area. It was indicated that UW wasnt aware of such claim and there wasnt any scientific study to support this. [note: the likely explanation is that this is not a true potato at all]. Resistance for Colorado potato beetle is under investigation on the materials received from NRSP6 and the selections are being made through detached leaf bioassay and screen cages. SolCAP updates: SNP genotyped 10species selections that were submitted by Dr. Spooner. Tetraploid population for late blight and scab resistance. CIP sent 48 clones to look at the genetic diversity compare to US materials. Population study of Rio Grande Russet x Premier Russet from Rich Novy, and Atlantic x Superior from Jiwan Palta. A candidate PVY resistance gene in tomato or pepper especially in tomato such as eIF4E could be useful for PVY resistance studies in potato. Jiwan Palta mentioned that clones from NRSP-6 genebank are being actively used to develop specialty type potatoes. Cold tolerance and cold respond in potato for frost resistance are being investigated in their program. Collaboration with CIP for calcium uptake in diploid and tetraploid level is in their trial studies.

North East Region:

Walter DeJong noted that the Northeast region received 647 units of germplasm, spread across 14 requests, in 2010.

These went to large universities and some small farms in NY and surrounding area. SolCAP is making genotyping easier. It is possible for someone to order SNP primers. The markers are user friendly for breeders. Identifying markers; if it is dosage sensitive, it is better to screen parental materials. Markers associated with general combining ability are useful. There was a recent article in Financial Times where Plant breeding is listed as one of the ten "hottest" fields in science. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/bedd6da8-9d37-11e0-997d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1QJurEHq4

Southern Region:

Creighton Miller reported seventeen orders in the Southern Region included a total of 129 accession, this was down significantly from 422 units ordered in 2009. Texas is currently using Solanum jamesii in human prostate cancer studies. Craig Yencho is working on heat necrosis, disease resistance such as early blight, powdery scab and Colorado Potato Beetle . He also stated that TAMU has already suffered from budget cuts. Miller has been ½ time for four years. Next year will be his last year to serve at NRSP6 committee. He was the only person working on potato for more than 35 years. Now, with Zebra Chip still the big issue, there are more than 20 working on some aspect of potato research. A major effort continued in 2010 involving research on the Zebra chip complex with emphasis on screening for host plant tolerance/resistance.

Agriculture and Agrifood Canada:

Benoit Bizimungu reported 91units were ordered from genebank. AAFC is the main user, with major focus on incorporation of genetic resistance to pests such as Colorado potato beetle and diseases such as late blight, PVY, PLRV, Verticillium wilt. Most of the wild potatoes species they are using are ones native to Mexico. Increasing nutritional components with pigmented potatoes and starch composition are also being addressed in their studies. Fifteen new potato cultivars are being registered by Canada food agency. Two of those were from Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, the rest are mainly from Europe. Canadian plant genetic resources collection includes new cultivars, breeding lines and commercial cultivars.

12. Industry Perspective

Bob Hoopes stated that Frito-Lay has a long history of using NRSP-6 germplasm which is still going strong and has been quite successful in developing new clones. Frito-Lay crops out of FL, CA and TX and has developed clones which are adaptable to those areas. Long term storage like 9 months and reducing sugar for decent chip color is extremely important trait for Frito-Lay. Two clones, 440 & 438 developed by Shelley Jansky, are source of good chip color. Frito-Lay has used at least 20 wild species. Wild species used for health and wellness studies and Corinne for PVY resistance. Some European clones are also being used as source of PVY resistance. DNA markers for PVY resistance.

13. APHIS/Quarantine report -- Jorge Abad

- The USDA/APHIS facility is located in Beltsville, MD with about 35 acres land, surrounded by trees isolated from commercial production

- Abad and his lab with crop specialist and 2 tissue culture specialist are responsible for potato, sweet potato, cassava and kiwifruit

- Can request for anyone that is a legal resident of the US

- Most of the emphasis is given to the detection of viruses, viroids and bacteria

- It cost APHIS about $4,000/accession to test, clean up via therapy, retest and ensure that it is free of any pest and pathogen before it is being released.

- Received all of the materials in tissue culture as plantlets,75 accession/year, if there is any suspicion or if the results are positive , they go through therapy followed by PCR, Elisa, Rt-PCR and biological test such as grafting onto sensitive indicators

- Test to see if the virus is DNA or RNA virus.

- If the material is positive with quarantine diseases, it will be destroyed.

- If the virus is seed transmitted , more dangerous, we inoculate the healthy plants to identify the symptoms, such as leaf necrosis, tip malformation distortion

- A new strain of PVS, symptomless , could not be detected on indicator plants but just under PCR. PVS -Andean is completely different strain or isolate.

- There were 72 potato clones in the PGQR in the 2010-2011, 65 of them were released, 5 of them tested positive, they are currently in therapy, 2 of them did not grow.

14. Resolutions:

WHEREAS, Mrs. Adele Douglass has served as the lead person for technical support of evaluation publications from the US Potato Genebank for 18 years; therefore be it
RESOLVED, that the NRSP-6 Technical Advisory Committee congratulates Mrs. Douglass for her productivity, enthusiasm, and dedication to potato germplasm research, and awards her the Potato Genebank Special Recognition Award for 2010 under the sponsorship of Controlled Environment Technology Systems (CETS). The plaque reads, Gratefully acknowledging potato genebank technical work of outstanding value to the potato industry

WHEREAS, the NRSP-6 Technical Advisory Committee met at the Potato Genebank in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin on June 28, 2011; and
WHEREAS, those participating were involved in productive and stimulating discussions; therefore be it
RESOLVED, that the NRSP-6 Technical Advisory Committee expresses its appreciation to Dr. John Bamberg and his staff for coordinating the meeting, and be it further
RESOLVED, that an original of this resolution be provided to Dr. John Bamberg and that a copy be filed as a part of the official minutes of this meeting.

15. Elect new officers and set next meeting location

Officers
Chair: Creighton Miller
Vice-Chair: Fahrettin Goktepe or the replacement
Secretary: David Douches

Next Meeting Venue = Texas, exact venue to be determined

Respectfully Submitted,

Fahrettin Goktepe

Tour of the USPG facilities was held on the morning of June 29th

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

A. Acquisitions and associated work Bamberg and del Rio collected in the Santa Rita Mountains in SE Arizona in late September (supported with extramural funding from USDA), sampling 22 new S. fendleri sites (report available on request). This expedition was prompted by an observation by Correll that the Arizona sky islands have the most diverse potato germplasm. Dr. Bamberg and del Rio also recollected true seed from 3 of the 2009 Santa Catalina sites which had been collected as only 10 plants each. Four new acquisitions were from Peru having drought tolerance and high phenolics, two clones from Poland with frost tolerance, two of Dr. Helgesons somatic fusions with late blight resistance, and 25 Arizona collections by Dr. Bamberg and Dr. del Rio. The NRSP-6 web page (http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6) was updated to include all new stocks and screening information. Clients who have ordered from NRSP-6 within the past four years were contacted three times in 2010 informing them of new stocks of true seed, tubers, in vitro plantlets, or herbarium samples. B. Preservation and Evaluation We increased 235 wild seed populations, performed 600 PSTVd tests, 1450 germination tests, 106 ploidy determinations, and 30 tetrazolium seed viability tests. Cultivated species can be difficult to seed increase under screen or glass, so a backlog had developed. Over nine seasons we have removed most of that backlog by growing over 865 accessions (mostly andigena) in the field for OP seeds. This compromises the distinctiveness of the original material, but that seed was already produced mostly on samples of uncertain identity and genetic composition and, unlike wild species, having no natural site of origin. The in vitro collection of cultivars was tested for viruses by A. Charkowski, Madison. Cooperation with other genebanks: - Test cold tolerant hybrids and calcium fertilization response with CIP in Peru. Some selections reported as having very promising frost resistance and yield in Puno and Cuzco. Some germplasm responds to calcium fertilization with 60% yield increase. - Did follow-up to easy versus remote collection sites study. Produced AFLP data with help of visiting scientist. - Requested all microdontum stocks from other world genebanks. - Recovered topiary mutant to the genebank from E. Leue, PanAm Seeds. Evaluation for useful traits: - General: Continue selecting 2x tuberosum family with improved tubers and male fertility. Discovered new highly female-crossable, high-flowering and good field-tuberizing 2x tuberosum clone. Made F1 hybrids with all microdontum, boliviense and representatives of 30 other species. - K: Prepare samples for testing 200 field-grown varieties. Prepared samples of an additional 200 clones from the collection. Tested 500 individuals of the pop identified as having extremely high proteinase inhibitor, produced field tubers of 70 Colombian phureja populations (rich in colors and antiox), and field tested reputed long-day adaptation of 70 phu/stn populations (donated by F. Haynes). - Anti-cancer: Changed course from microdontum to instead confirm high tomatine okadae with R. Navarre and made hybrids with tuberosum. - Ca: Pursue mapping and enhancement with NRI grant collaborators. Found microdontum populations with even higher tuber calcium than previous elites. - pH: Select and test hybrids for screening in improved 2x tuberosum background. GA: Genotype 2x and 4x revertants of dwarf-to-normal. Also testcrossed three Texas Norkota sports (coop with C. Miller). Discovered 2x forms of GA dwarfs have surprisingly high levels reversion to normal phenotype. These may have application in transformation. Production of custom forms, selections and hybrids resulted in: Discovery of a super-high antioxidant clone (with R. Navarre); high anti-cancer tomatine in breeding-friendly S. microdontum, anti-prostate-cancer proliferation factors in S. jamesii (C. Miller); anti-appetite proteinase inhibitor at six times the level of the previous standard extraction stocks; and novel materials resistant to black dot (C. Brown), late blight (H. Lozoya), chitwoodi nematode (C. Brown), high thiamine and folate clones (A. Goyer). All genebank S. microdontum families were cooperatively screened (B. Narasimhamoorthy) resulting in identification of extremely high protein stocks in this breeding-friendly species. We facilitated selection of clones suitable for organic production (A. Charkowski). We are producing replicate powder samples of over 400 field-grown clones for starch composition screening (S. Jansky). We secured an agreement with two Peruvian Universities to invest in testing our super-high antioxidant clone as means to mitigate cognitive effects of lead poisoning in children in Peruvian mining citiesand produced about 80 pounds of tubers for rat food. Produced and screened 93 populations of microdontum tubers for tuber late blight (D. Douches). Screened all of these and found some with consistent resistance to greening under fluorescent light and replanted for 2nd tuber generation to confirm. Evaluation of genetic diversity with in species and populations (continue or start) Assess drift due to low germination in model population PI 473166. Complete a priori visual clustering of LON species accessions. Planned comparison of diversity from collections from Rincon, Chiricahua, Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, Huachuca, Guadalupe and Pinaleno sky islands we have now collected in the southwest USA. Planned study of potential of drift due to selection of first-germinating seedlings. Investigated use of cell DNA content screening of seeds to detect apomicts. C. Classification This year David Spooner did research on: 1) phylogeny of wild potato ingroups and outgroups, 2) chromosome evolution of potato, 3) evolution of cultivated potato, 4) geographic information system (GIS) analyses of distribution of escaped populations of wild potato and of ploidy of cultivated potato, and 5) characterization of genebank acceccions of potato. D. Distribution The volume and types of stocks sent to various consignee categories are summarized in a table found in our annual report. NRSP-6 distributed 8,240 units of germplasm in 201 orders to clients in 31 states of the USA and 20 orders to 12 other countries. E. Outreach Bamberg and del Rio presented papers at the 2010 Potato Assn of America meeting. Bamberg got invitation (paid) to be keynote speaker at Latin American Potato Assn (ALAP) meeting at Cusco, Peru. Invitation to present southwest USA germplasm collecting and research program at ASHS. Invitation (paid) to present general genebank talk at US Botanic Gardens Potato Expo on the capitol mall in DC. Invited to present genebanks service to potato industry at NPC planning session in Orlando. An agenda brief on NRSP-6 progress was sent to all regional association spring meetings. Bamberg continued as Editor in Chief for the American Journal of Potato Research, and Chair of the USDA Potato Crop Germplasm Committee.

Publications

A. Publications issued by NRSP-6 Personnel Ames, M. and D.M. Spooner. 2010. Phylogeny of Solanum series Piurana and related species in Solanum section Petota based on five conserved ortholog sequences. Taxon 59:1091-1104 + 4-pg foldout Fig.1 (tree.). Bamberg, John B. 2010. Tuber dormancy lasting eight years in the wild potato Solanum jamesii. Am J Pot Res 87:226-228. Bamberg, J.B. and A. del Rio. 2010. Selfing potato species produce robust spontaneous seed increase under floating mesh. Am J Pot Res 87:113. (Abstract) Bamberg, J.B. and A. del Rio. 2010. Diversity relationships in tetraploid wild potato native to the USA. Am J Pot Res 88:29-30. (Abstract) Bamberg, John B. and Alecia M. Kiszonas. 2010. Survey of tuber pH variation in potato (Solanum) species. Am J Pot Res 87:167-176. Bamberg, John, A. del Rio, C. Fernandez, A. Salas, S. Vega, C. Zorrilla, W. Roca, and D. Tay. 2010. Comparison of Remote versus Easy In Situ collection locations for USA wild Solanum (potato) germplasm. Am J Pot Res 87:277-284. Cai, X, D. Spooner, D. Halterman, A. Charkowski, R. Groves, and S. Jansky. 2010. A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: resistance to potato virus Y in wild relatives of the cultivated potato. Am J Pot Res 88:32. (Abstract) Chung, Y.S., K. Holmquist, D.M. Spooner, and S.H. Jansky. 2010. A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: Resistance to soft rot in wild relatives of cultivated potato. Phyto 101(2):205-212. Del Rio, A. and J.B. Bamberg. 2010. Impact of seedling transplant selection on the genetic diversity of genebank populations of outcrossing potato species. Am J Pot Res 87:118. (Abstract) Del Rio, A., J. Bamberg, R. Centeno-Diaz, J. Soto, A. Salas, W. Roca, and D. Tay. 2010. Microsatellite (SSR) marker analysis to examine the effects of pesticide contamination on the genetic diversity of potato species. Am J Pot Res 88:35-36. (Abstract) Gavrilenko, T., O. Antonova, A. Ovchinnikova, L. Novikova, E. Krilova, N. Mironenko, G. Pendinen, A. Islamshina, N. Shvachko, S. Kiru, L. Kostina, O. Afanasenko, and D.M. Spooner. 2010. A microsatellite and morphological assessment of the Russian National cultivated potato collection. Genet Res Crop Evol 57:1151-1164. Kumar, Syam, Roy Navarre and John Bamberg. 2010. Phytonutrient analysis of S. Phureja, S. stenotomum and S. andigena genotypes. Am J Pot Res 88:50-51. (Abstract) Lou, Q.F., M. Iovene, D.M. Spooner, C.R. Buell, and J.M. Jiang. 2010. Evolution of chromosome 6 of Solanum species revealed by comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping. Chromosoma 119:435-442. Lozoya-Saldana, Hector, Aida Juarez Cruz, M. Teresa Colinas Leon, and John Bamberg. 2010. Enzymatic activation against (Phytophthora infestans Mont., de Bary) in Solanum species. Am J Pot Res 88:53. (Abstract) Mione, T. and D.M. Spooner. 2010. Jaltomata bohsiana, A new species and key to the Jaltomata (Solanaceae) of Mexico. Novon 20:186-189. Nitzan, Nadav, R.A. Quick, W.D. Hutson, J.B. Bamberg, and C.R. Brown. 2010. Partial resistance to potato black dot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes in Solanum tuberosum group andigena. Am J Pot Res 87:502-508. Rodriguez, F., M. Ghislain, A.M. Clausen, S.H. Jansky, and D.M. Spooner. 2010. Hybrid origins of cultivated potatoes. Theor Appl Genet 121:1187-1198. Simon, R., C. Xie, A. Clausen, S. Jansky, D. Halterman, T. Conner, S. Knapp, J. Brundage, D. Symon, and D.M. Spooner. 2010. Wild and cultivated potato (Solanum sect. Petota) escaped and persistent outside of its natural range. Invasive Pl Sci Mgmt 3:286-293. Spooner, D.M. 2010. Botany of the potato, 2. Morphology and anatomy, 3. Plant introduction and maintenance. pp. 4-7 In: W.H. Bohl and S.B. Johnson (eds.). Commercial potato production in North America, ed. 2. The Potato Association of America Handbook, Supplement Vol. 57 of USDA Handbook 267. The Potato Association of America, Orono, ME. http://potatoassociation.org/documents/A_ProductionHandbook_Final.pdf Spooner, D.M. 2010. COSII-based mapping and diversity in potato, tomato, sweet potato, and carrot. 2010 Plant and Animal Genome Meeting. (Abstract) Spooner, D.M. 2010. Development of asymmetric single-strand sequence polymorphism (SSCP) to separate COSII alleles in potato, tomato, sweet potato, and carrot. 2010 Plant and Animal Genome Meeting. (Abstract) Spooner, D.M. 2010. Unraveling the evolutionary history of wild potatoes and tomatoes. Botany 2010 Annual Meeting Abstracts. (Abstract) Spooner, D.M. 2010. Complex multiple reticulate origins of potato polyploids. Botany 2010 Annual Meeting Abstracts. (Abstract) Spooner, D.M. 2010. Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae). Botany 2010 Annual Meeting Abstracts. (Abstract) Spooner, D.M. 2010. Multiple nuclear ortholog (COSII) phylogeny of wild Potatoes and tomatoes. Crop Science Society of America Annual meeting Abstracts. (Abstract) Spooner, D.M., T. Gavrilenko, S.H. Jansky, A. Ovchinnikova, E. Krylova, S. Knapp, and R. Simon. 2010. Ecogeography of ploidy variation in cultivated potato (Solanum sect. Petota). Am J Bot 97:2049-2060. B. Journal Articles and Abstracts Reporting Research with NRSP-6 Stocks Agrawal, Lalit and Roy Navarre. 2010. Exploring opportunities to increase potatoes protein content and disease resistance using molecular methods or germplasm mining. Am J Pot Res 88:29. (Abstract) Alyokhin, Andrei and Raymond Choban. 2010. Maturity-dependent mortality of Colorado potato beetle eggs treated with novaluron. Am J Pot Res 87:557-560. Bhaskar, P.B., L. Wu, J.S. Busse, B.R. Whitty, A.J. Hamernik, S.H. Jansky, C.R. Buell, P.C. Bethke, and J. Jiang. 2010. Suppression of the vacuolar invertase gene prevents cold-induced sweetening in potato. Plant Physio 154:939-948. Bizimungu, B., T. Archbold, G. Kereliuk, A. Sullivan, A. Murphy, and M.Z. Fan. 2010. Variation of fibre components in potato breeding germplasm and association with quality parameters. In: Potato Association of America Abstracts, August 15-19, 2010. Corvallis, OR, USA. (Abstract) Boluarte-Medina, T., N. Manrique-Carpintero, S.M. Piovano, A. Pereira, and R.E. Veilleux. 2010. Activation tagging in potato: developing a population of mutants to facilitate genetic studies. Am J Pot Res 88:31. (Abstract) Brown, C.R., J.M. Crosslin, R. Quick, and L. Hamlin. 2010. Characterization of resistance to PVY derived from Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja. Am J Pot Res 88:32. (Abstract) Brown, C.R., H. Mojtahedi, L.-H. Zhang, and E. Riga. 2009. Independent resistant reactions expressed in root and tuber of potato breeding lines with introgressed resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi. Phyto 99(9):1085-1089. Cho, J., Y. Park, J. Kim, H. Cho, K. Cho, and D. Chang. 2010. Selection of new potato germplasm with common scab resistance from wild species of potato in Korea. Am J Pot Res 88:33. (Abstract) Clough, M., G. Yencho, W. Christ, W. De Jong, D. Halseth, K. Haynes, M. Henninger, C. Hutchinson, M. Kleinhenz, G. Porter, and R. Veilleux. 2010. An interactive online database for potato varieties evaluated. HortTech 20:245-249. DeKoeyer, D., K. Douglass, A. Murphy, S. Whitney, L. Nolan, Y. Song, W. De Jong. 2010. Application of high-resolution DNA melting of genotyping and variant scanning of diploid and autotetraploid potato. Mol Breed 25:67-90. Douches, David S., J. Coombs, K. Felcher, W.W. Kirk, C. Long, and G. Bird. 2010. Missaukee: A round white potato variety combining chip-processing with resistance to late blight, Verticillium wilt and golden cyst nematode. Am J Pot Res 87:10-18. Douches, D.S., F.M. Navarro, C.A. Thill, and A.L. Thompson. 2010. North Central Regional potato cultivar development. Am J Pot Res 88:36. (Abstract) Farnsworth, B.L., N.C. Gudmestad, J.A. Pasche, G.A. Secor, N. David, R. Nilles, H. Hatterman-Valenti, M. Glynn, J.R. Sowokinos, C. Rosen, D. Preston, and A.L. Thompson. 2010. Am J Pot Res 88:37-38. (Abstract) Goyer, A. 2010. Why and how to increase the contents of vitamins in potato? Proceedings of 1st Annual Washington Oregon Potato Conference, Kennewick, WA, January 26-28, 2010. Pp 14-20. Goyer, A. 2010. Thiamine and folate in potato: Targets for increased nutritional value and enhanced disease resistance. Am J Pot Res 88:40-41. (Abstract) Halterman, Dennis, Shelley Jansky and Austin Meier. 2010. Verticillium wilt in potato: Host-pathogen interactions and breeding for resistance. Am J Pot Res 88:42-43. (Abstract) Haynes, K.G., L. Wanner, C.A. Thill, J.M. Bradeen, J. Miller, R.G. Novy, J.L. Whitworth, D.L. Corsini, and B.T. Vinyard. 2010. Common scab trials of potato varieties and advanced selections at three U.S. locations. Am J Pot Res 87:261-276. Houser, Andrew J. and Robert D. Davidson. 2010. Development of a greenhouse assay to evaluate potato germplasm for susceptibility to powdery scab. Am J Pot Res 87:285-298. Jansky, Shelley H. 2010. Potato Flavor. Am J Pot Res 87:209-217. Jansky, Shelley, Andy J. Hamernik and Paul C. Bethke. 2010. Germplasm release of tetraploid clones with resistance to cold-induced sweetening. Am J Pot Res 88:45-46. (Abstract) Kirk, W.W., A. Rojas, P.G. Tumbalam, E. Gachango, P.S. Wharton, F.A. El-Samen, D. Douches, J. Coombs, C. Thill, and A. Thompson. 2010. Effect of different genotypes of Phytophthora infestans (Mont. De Bary) and temperature on tuber disease development. Am J Pot Res 87:509-520. Kozlov, V.A. 2010. Using of species S. andigenum for creating basis material of potato // Potato growing: collected of scientific publication RUE «Research and practical center of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for potato, fruit and vegetable growing». -Minsk. V.17. P.127-137. Kozlov, V.A., A.V. Chashinsky and N.V. Rusetsky. 2010. Involvement rarely using wild potato species into selection. / Introduction of non-traditional and rare plants / Materials of theoretical and practical conference. -Mychurinsk. V.1. P.201-202. Kozlov, V.A., N.V. Rusetsky, A.V. Chashinsky, and I.A. Shutinskaya. 2010. Creating of new basic material of potato on the basis of wild and cultural species // Adaptive intensification of agriculture and crop production: state of the art and ways of development / Materials of multinational theoretical and practical conference. Gorki. P.193-197. Lisovskaja, V.M., N.V. Pavlyuchuk, E.V. Voronkova, and A.P. Yermishin. 2010. Resistance against PVX of diploid interspecific hybrids between Solanum acaule Bitt. And dihaploids of S. tuberosum. Vesti NAN Belarusi Ser Biol Navuk 1:24-19. Luksha, V.I., A.V. Savchuk, E.V. Voronkova, and A.P. Yermishin. 2010. Gene-cytoplasmic male sterility of hybrids between dihaploids of Solanum tuberosum and diploid potato species. Vesti NAN Belarusi Ser Biol Navuk 4:65-70. Manrique-Carpintero, N., S.M. Piovano, J. Tokuhisa, I. Ginzberg, and R.E. Veilleux. 2010. SNP discovery at candidate genes in the glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway of potato. Am J Pot Res 88:54. (Abstract) Mayton, H., H. Griffiths, I. Simko, S. Cheng, J. Lorenzen, W. De Jong, and W.E. Fry. 2010. Foliar and tuber late blight resistance in a Solanum tuberosum breeding population. Pl Breed 129:197-201. Mukherjee, Ananya, Andrei Alyokhin, Gary Sewell, and Benildo G. de los Reyes. 2010. Sources of aphid resistance mechanisms from the tuber-bearing Solanum germplasm. CSSA Annual Meeting, November 3, 2010. (Abstract) Nitzan, Nadav, K.G. Haynes, J.S. Miller, D.A. Johnson, T.F. Cummings, D.L. Batchelor, C. Olsen, and C.R. Brown. 2010. Genetic stability in potato germplasm for resistance to root galling caused by the pathogen Spongospora subterranean. Am J Pot Res 87:497-501. Novy, Rich and D. Douches. 2010. Breeding and Genetics: Contributing to increased sustainability in potato production. Am J Pot Res 88:58. (Abstract) Novy, R. G., J.L. Whitworth, J.C. Stark, S.L. Love, D.L. Corsini, J.J. Pavek, M.I. Vales, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, C.C. Shock, B.A. Charlton, C.R. Brown, N.R. Knowles, M.J. Pavek, T.L. Brandt, S. Gupta, and N. Olsen. 2010. Clearwater Russet: A dual-purpose potato cultivar with cold sweetening resistance, high protein content, and low incidence of external defects and sugar ends. Am J Pot Res 87:458-471. Ono, Seijiro and Kazuyoshi Hosaka. 2010. Efficient chromosome number estimation using flow cytometry in the backcross of Solanum demissum (2n=6x=72) to S. tuberosum (2n=4x=48). Am J Pot Res 87:553-556. Ortega, J., S. Yilma and M.I. Vales. 2010. Premier Russet: A source of strain-specific resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) and identification of molecular markers associated with PVY resistance. Am J Pot Res 88:59-60. (Abstract) Pelletier, Y., J. Pompon, P. Dexter, and D. Quiring. 2010. Biological performance of Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on seven wild Solanum species. Annals of Appl Bio 156(3):329-336. Polyukhovich, Y.V., E.V. Voronkova, A.V. Savchuk, and A.P. Yermishin. 2010. Use of S. verrucosum and diploid bridge lines produced in participation of S. verrucosum for introgression into breeding of 1EBN potato species from Mexico. Kartofelevodstvo 17:149-158. Polyukhovich, Y.V., O.V. Makhanko, A.V. Savchuk, E.V. Voronkova, and A.P. Yermishin. 2010. Production of bridge lines for overcoming interspecific incompatibility in potato. Vesti NAN Belarusi Ser Biol Navuk 2:51-58. Pompon, J., D. Quiring, P. Giordanengo, and Y. Pelletier. 2010. Role of xylem consumption on osmoregulation in Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). J Insect Physio 56:610-615. Pompon, J., D. Quiring, P. Giordanengo, and Y. Pelletier. 2010. Characterization of Solanum chomatophilum resistance to Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Crop Pro 29:891-897 . Pudota, B. Bhaskar, Lei Wu, J.S. Busse, B.R. Whitty, A.J. Hamernik, S.H. Jansky, C.R. Buell, P.C. Bethke, and Jiming Jiang. 2010. Suppression of the vacuolar invertase gene prevents cold-induced sweetening in potato. Pl Physio 154:939-948. Rondon, Silvia I. 2010. The Potato Tuberworm: A literature review of its biology, ecology, and control. Am J Pot Res 87:149-166. Sanetomo, Rena and Kazuyoshi Hosaka. 2010. Difference in the pollen DNA of reciprocal F1 hybrids between the common potato and a wild hexaploid species, Solanum demissum. Am J Pot Res 88:64. (Abstract) Sanetomo, Rena and Kazuyoshi Hosaka. 2010. Factors affecting unilateral compatibility in Solanum demissum x S. tuberosum. Am J Pot Res 88:64. (Abstract) Stark, J.C., R.G. Novy, J.L. Whitworth, N.R. Knowles, M.J. Pavek, S.L. Love, M.I. Vales, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, C.R. Brown, B.A Charlton, D.L. Corsini, J.J. Pavek, N. Olsen, and T. Brandt. 2010. Classic Russet: A potato cultivar with excellent fresh market characteristics and high yields of U.S. no. 1 tubers suitable for early harvest or full-season production. Am J Pot Res 87:360-373. Tai, H., Y. Pelletier, K. Worrall, L. Calhoun, and D. DeKoeyer. 2010. Comparative metabolite profiling of S. tuberosum and CPB-resistant Solanum species. Am J Pot Res 88:66. (Abstract) Thill, C.A. and J. Miller. 2010. Minnesota potato breeding program report. 2010. Proc. of the 41st Annual Meeting, NCCC-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee, December 2010, Chicago, IL. Vales, M.I., C.R. Brown, D.C. Hane, S.R. James, C.C. Shock, B.A. Charlton, S. Yilma, A.R. Mosley, D. Culp, E. Feibert, J.C. Stark, M.J. Pavek, N.R. Knowles, R.G. Novy, J.L. Whitworth, and S. Jansky. 2010. Purple Pelisse: A tri-state specialty fingerling potato with purple skin and purple flesh. Am J Pot Res 88:67-68. (Abstract) Wanner, Leslie A. 2010. Relative rankings of common scab severity in potato varieties and breeding material at high disease pressure in the greenhouse. In: Potato Association of America Abstracts, August 15-19, 2010. Corvallis, OR, USA. (Abstract) Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, J.C. Stark, J.J. Pavek, D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, J.S. Miller, M.I. Vales, A.R. Mosley, S. Yilma, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, B.A. Charlton, C.R. Brown, N.R. Knowles, and M.J. Pavek. 2010. Yukon Gem: A yellow-fleshed potato cultivar suitable for fresh-pack and processing with resistances to PVY° and late blight. Am J Pot Res 87:327-336. Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, J.C. Stark, J.J. Pavek, D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, J.S. Miller, M.I. Vales, A.R. Mosley, S. Yilma, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, B.A. Charlton, C.R. Brown, N.R. Knowles, and M.J. Pavek. 2010. Yukon Gem: A new yellow-fleshed variety with late blight resistance and differential resistance to PVY strains. Am J Pot Res 88:69. (Abstract) Yermishin, A.P., E.V. Voronkova and V.A. Kozlov. 2010. Genetic bases of plant selection. V.2. Particular plant genetics. Chapter 4. Potato/ed. By A.V. Kilchevsky, L.V. Chotilevoi. -Minsk. Belorussian Sci. P.156-234. Zhang, L., C.R. Brown, D. Culley, B. Baker, E. Kunibe, H. Denney, C. Smith, N. Ward, T. Beavert, J. Coburn, J.J. Pavek, N. Dauenhauer, and R. Dauenhauer. 2010. Euphytica 174:15-29. C. Theses Reporting Research with NRSP-6 Stocks Kittipadakul, P. 2010. Genetic dissection of tuberization in response to photoperiod in potato. PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Plant Breeding and Plant Genetics, Madison, WI. Pompon, J. 2010. Performance influenced by host-plant selection and feeding behavior in potato colonizing aphids. PhD Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. Vunnam, Rakesh. 2010. Antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of potato tubers are affected by cultivar and hermetic treatment. MS Thesis, McGill University, Plant Science Dept., Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.

Impact Statements

Annual healthcare cost of obesity is about $147B. In 2009 we started working with Kemin Company to improve the yield of PI2, a safe and effective appetite suppressant from potato. To date, we have identified exotics with roughly 6-fold concentration as the standard cultivar previously used!
We are also working with S. Jansky to screen for lower-glyceamic starch composition. This could help prevent and manage diabetes, which incurs extra annual healthcare costs of about $10-12K per person per year in the US. Cancer costs the nation about $90B.
With cooperators R. Navarre and C. Miller we made progress in identifying anti-cancer potato germplasm (jamesii antiproliferation and high tomatine okadae) for use in breeding, and have hybridized the latter with our new universal crosser.
Hypertension promoted by sodium is a prominent risk factor for stroke. Estimates indicate that a high potassium diet would reduce hypertension and avert 100,000 deaths each year. In 2009-2010 we prepared test samples and are arranging tests for potassium.
With R. Navarre, we also identified a phureja clone with extremely high antioxidants, well-known for their health-promoting effects.
Lead poisoning is a worldwide threat, with mental development of children being particularly at risk. The high antiox clone has been exported to Peru and testing is being arranged to test the ability of high antiox potato to attenuate lead toxicity effects on cognitive skill in young rats.

Date of Annual Report: 05/16/2012

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 04/17/2012 - 04/18/2012
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 09/01/2011

Participants

Bamberg, John (john.bamberg@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS;
Bizimungu, Benoit (benoit.bizimungu@agr.gc.ca) - Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada;
Bretting, Peter (peter.bretting@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS;
Brown, Charles (chuck.brown@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS;
Chandler, Larry (larry.chandler@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS;
De Jong, Walter (wsd2@cornell.edu) - Cornell University;
Holm, David (spudmkr@lamar.colostate.edu) - Colorado State University;
Jansky, Shelley (shelley.jansky@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS;
Koym, Jeffrey (j-koym@tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University;
Krucker, Michelle (michele.krucker@simplot.com) - J.R. Simplot Co.;
Lindroth, Richard L. (lindroth@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin;
Miller, Creighton (jcmillerjr@tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University;
Nessler, Craig (CNessler@tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University;
Scheuring, Douglas (d-scheuring@tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University;
Spooner, David (david.spooner@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS;
Turner, Sarah (turnersarahd@neo.tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University;
Wisler, Gail (gail.wisler@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS;

Brief Summary of Minutes

To view all reports from the 2012 NRSP-6 TAC meeting, please go to:

http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6/NRSP6_TAC_Minutes_2012_CollegeStation_FINAL_PACKAGE.pdf

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

A. Acquisitions and associated work A genebank team re-collected spots known to be highly diverse in AZ, and found some new, totally unreported robust sites for jamesii in NM. The final days were spent collecting the first live fendleri from the TNC land in the Davis Mts of west TX, and also rediscovering jamesii there. This made 32 new accessions for the genebank. We have been offered to lead an expedition accompanied by a film crew in fall 2012. Fourteen new clonal stocks were imported-- 10 from Spain, two from Columbia, one from Peru, and one from Canada. Seventeen new populations of S. microdontum were added. Two new USA jamesii collections were collected and donated by D. Kinder, professor of medical chemistry at Ohio Northern University (anticancer interest). Three named papa criolla orange fleshed selections were donated by C. Quiros (CA). The NRSP-6 web page (http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6) was updated to include all new stocks and screening information. Clients who have ordered from NRSP-6 within the past four years were contacted three times in 2011, informing them of new stocks of true seed, tubers, in vitro plantlets, or herbarium samples. B. Preservation and Evaluation We increased 217 seed populations, performed 500 PSTVd tests, 1433 germination tests, 31 ploidy determinations, and 30 tetrazolium seed viability tests. Renovation of the E greenhouse range last fall, along with improved potting techniques and fertilization regime is supporting good seed increases. With help of cooperators, we made progress evaluating germplasm in several ways. We selected orange-fleshed stocks from hybrids of S. phureja based on taste, appearance and cooking quality evaluated by a native Colombian (FL) familiar with the ideal for traditional papa criolla. With A. Goyer (OR), we identified cultivated and wild species with multiple times the folate levels of standard cultivars. We have begun the process of fine screening, and creating hybrids for breeding and MAS. The often inadequate intake of folate impacts a broad range of serious physical and mental diseases. The cooperative project with Kemin (IA) continued to make surprising gains, this year again nearly doubling the previously highest known concentration of an anti-appetite enzyme in potato tubers. We continued evaluation of microdontum, a species with a remarkable array of useful traits, this year doing work to show that resistance to illuminated tuber greening is highly heritable. In cooperation with C. Brown (WA) we selected yellow-fleshed clones from populations known to have low sugars, which he and colleagues selected for those able to make a processed product not dependent on high-acrylamide frying conditions for acceptable color. Work continued with cooperators at the International Potato Center (CIP) at Lima Peru, and J. Palta (WI) to better understand and exploit the great yield and quality increases resulting when some native cultivars are supplied with extra fertilizer calcium. We produced tubers on plants selected for high nutrients and antioxidants, to which Titanium or Water sprays had been applied pursuant to testing the effect of Ti "hormesis". Short day winter California field plots (Oct - Jan) were tried, resulting in some success in production of field tubers of wild species that do not form at all in the field at Sturgeon Bay. Some individuals have severe, even life-threatening allergic reaction to uncooked potato protein. We began investigating the potential for testing a spectrum of germplasm for greater or lesser allergenicity. The tetraploid, purple-flowered wild potato native to the USA, previously S. fendleri, has been lumped with several Mexican species of series Longipedicellata to a single S. stoloniferum. When over 400 populations of coded randomized potted plants were physically clustered by only a quick a priori impression, groups with high affinity to previously-named fendleri, stoloniferum and polytrichon emerged. We demonstrated that volunteers of widely varying familiarity with potato have no difficulty in making an instant, accurate visual classification, and every population originating from the USA is always identified as the fendleri form. Thus, visually perceived differences in these forms that were previously represented as species are not imaginary. The fendleri form clearly differs in flowering duration, tuber initiation and yield. We conclude that the tetraploid Longipedicellata of the USA are exclusively of the fendleri form, and that the loss of this name reduces practical information by obscuring its distinction from the stoloniferum and polytrichon forms of Mexico. We expanded work on the Microdontum Multifaceted Project (MMP) by identifying 1741 informative AFLP loci for help in selecting a core collection. AFLP loci were treated as though they were traits, with the banded condition considered to be the desired state. At least one band unique to a population was present in 45 populations, and these 45 populations together captured 98% of all bands. Adding another 14 populations for a total of 59 captured all bands. This core set was assessed for whether it encompassed those populations known to have useful traits, including nutritional and quality components; and disease, stress and pest resistances. As with AFLP bands, all 25 of the most desirable phenotypic traits were also found in populations in the core set of 59 populations. These AFLP markers may also reveal the influence of eco-geo parameters, and introgression from other species. C. Classification This year David Spooner did research on: 1) a taxonomic monograph of cultivated potato, 2) a test of taxonomic predictivity of potato taxonomy using soft rot as a test case, 3) a test of taxonomic predictivity of potato taxonomy using virus Y as a test case, 4) A DNA-based analysis of taxonomic relationships in the wild potato group Solanum series Conicibaccata, 5) a summary of the use of field work for taxonomy, 6) a report of the development of a new technique (SSCP analysis) for separating allelic variants cheaper and more accurately than by cloning, 7) a geographic information systems analysis of the discovery of Solanum morelliforme in South America, 8) a summary of taxonomy in Solanum series Lycopersicon, the sister group of potato. D. Distribution NRSP-6 distributed 4,436 units of germplasm to 197 domestic clients in 34 states of the USA and 20 foreign clients to 12 other countries. About ½ of domestic orders are for breeding and genetics, about ¼ for home gardeners, and the remaining ¼ for pathology, physiology, entomology, taxonomy, educational, etc. E. Outreach See publications section for genebank research published on a variety of issues. An agenda brief on NRSP-6 progress was sent to all regional association spring meetings, and essentially makes up the Impact Statement below. Visitors: The genebank hosted the annual national meeting of NRSP-6 TAC in July 2011. We cooperated with Master Gardeners to teach third grade students of the local private and public schools about the diversity of potatoes and plant a potato garden they harvested in the fall. This taught students where their food comes from and about genetic diversity. Dr. M. Srivastav, Senior Scientist at the Indian Ag Research Institute in New Delhi, India toured the genebank, as did a delegation of nine potato specialists from Guizhou province, China (hosted by J. Palta, WI). Bamberg continued as Editor in Chief for the American Journal of Potato Research, and Chair of the USDA/ARS Potato Crop Germplasm Committee.

Publications

Publications by NRSP-6 Personnel Bamberg, J.B. 2011. Variation for tuber greening in the wild potato Solanum microdontum. Am J Pot Res 89:31. (Abstract) Bamberg, J.B. and A.H. del Rio. 2011. Diversity relationships among wild potato collections from seven Sky Island mountain ranges in the Southwest USA. Am J Pot Res 88(6):493-499. Bamberg, J.B. and A.H. del Rio. 2011. Use of native potatoes for research and breeding. HortSci Proc 46(11):1444-1445. Bamberg, J.B., A.H. del Rio and J. Penafiel. 2011. Successful prediction of genetic richness at wild potato collection sites in Southeastern Arizona. Am J Pot Res 88:398-402. Cai, X.K., D.M. Spooner and S.H. Jansky. 2011. A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: Resistance to potato virus Y in wild relatives of the cultivated potato. Phytopath 101:1074-1080. Chung, Y.S., K. Holmquist, D.M. Spooner, and S.H. Jansky. 2011. A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: resistance to soft rot in wild relatives of cultivated potato. Phytopath 101:205-212. Del Rio, A., J. Bamberg and J. Penafiel. 2011. Predicting genetic richness at wild potato collection sites in Southeastern Arizona. Am J Pot Res 89:33. (Abstract) Fajardo, D. and D.M. Spooner. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of Solanum series Conicibaccata and related species in Solanum section Petota inferred from five conserved ortholog sequences. Syst Bot 36:163-170. Gavrilenko, O.,A. Antonova, L. Ovchinnikova, L. Novikova, E. Krylova, N. Mironenko, G. Pendinen, 1, A. Islamshina, N. Shvachko, S. Kiru, L. Kostina, O. Afanasenko, and D. Spooner. 2011. A microsatellite and morphological assessment of the VIR cultivated potato collection. Proceedings of 18th Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research (EAPR). July 24-29, 2011, Oulu, Finland. Pp 85. Grandillo, S., R. Chetelat, S.K. Knapp, D.M. Spooner, I. Peralta, M. Cammareri, O. Perez, P. Termolino, P. Tripode, M.L. Chiusano, M.R. Ercolano, L. Fruschiante, L. Monte, and D. Pignone. 2011. Solanum section Lycopersicon, pp 129-216. In: C. Kole (ed.). Wild crop relatives: Genomic and breeding resources. Vol 5, Vegetable, Springer Verlag, Berlin. Ovchinnikova, A., E. Krylova, T. Gavrilenko, T. Smekalova, M. Zhuk, S. Knaap, and D.M. Spooner. 2011. Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 165:107-155. Palta, J. and J. Bamberg. 2011. Addressing the impact of temperature stress on potato production: merging physiological and genetic approaches. Am J Pot Res 89:43. (Abstract) Rodriguez, F., D. Cai, Y. Teng, and D.M. Spooner. 2011. Asymmetric single-strand conformation polymorphism: an accurate and cost-effective method to amplify and sequence allelic variants. Am J Bot 98:1061-1067. Simon, R., A.F. Fuentes and D.M. Spooner. 2011. Biogeographic implications of the striking discovery of a 4000 kilometer disjunct population of the wild potato Solanum morelliforme in South America. Syst Bot 36:1062-1067. Spooner, D.M. 2011. The significance of field work in monographic studies. In: T. Stuessy & W.H. Lack (eds.), Monographic Plant Systematics: Fundamental Assessment of Plant Biodiversity. A.R.G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein. Regnum Veg 153:25-32. Journal Articles and Abstracts Reporting Research with NRSP-6 Stocks Bizimungu, B., D.G. Holm, L.M. Kawchuk, M. Konschuh, C.A. Schaupmeyer, J. Wahab, D.R. Waterer, D. Driedger, H. Wolfe, P. McAllister, R.J. Howard, H.W. Platt, and D.R. Lynch. 2011. Alta Crown: A new russet potato cultivar with resistance to common scab and a low incidence of tubers deformities. Am J Pot Res 88:72-81. Bradeen, J.M. 2011. Cloning of late blight resistance genes: strategies and progress. In: M.M. Bradeen and C. Kole (eds). Genomics and Breeding of Potato (Enfield, NH: CRC Press-Science Publishers, Inc.). Pp. 153-183. Bradeen, J.M. and R. Aversano. 2011. Genetic and Genomic Resources. In: L. Frusciante and G. Roversi (eds.). La Patata (The Potato), Monheim am Rhein, Germany: Bayer Crop Sci. Bradeen, J.M., E.A. Quirin, H. Mann, R.S. Meyer, and A. Litt. 2011. Meta-analysis of Solanum resistance gene analogstowards a comprehensive catalog of R-gene alleles for research and crop improvement. Am Phytopathological Soc Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI. Butler, C.D., B. Gonzalez, K.L. Manjunath, R.F. Lee, R.G. Novy, JC Miller, and JT Trumble. 2011. Behavioral responses of adult potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozideae), to potato germplasm and transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous. Crop Pro 30:1233-1238. Carpintero, N.M., S. Piovano, J. Tokuhisa, I. Ginzberg, and R. Veilleux [Pres]. 2011. SNP discovery at candidate genes in the glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway of potato., Plant and Animal Genomes Conference XIX, San Diego, CA, January 15-19, 2011. Carpintero, N.M., S. Piovano, J. Tokuhisa, I. Ginzberg, and R. Veilleux [Pres]. 2011. SNP discovery at candidate genes in the glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway of potato. 8th Solanaceae and 2nd Cucurbitaceae Joint Conference, Kobe, Japan, Nov. 28-Dec.1, 2011. Carter, J., T. Boluarte, N. M. Carpintero, S. Piovano, A. Pereira, N. Lu, and R. Veilleux. 2011. Transposon based activation tagging in doubled monoploid potato. Am J Pot Res 89:32. (Abstract) Carter, J., T. Boluarte, N. M. Carpintero, S. Piovano, A. Pereira, N. Lu, and R. Veilleux [Pres]. 2011. Transposon based activation tagging in doubled monoploid potato. 95th Annual Meeting of The Potato Association of America, Wilmington, NC, August 14-18, 2011. Carter, J., T. Boluarte, N. M. Carpintero, S. Piovano, A. Pereira, N. Lu, and R. Veilleux [Pres]. 2011. Transposon based activation tagging in doubled monoploid potato. Annual Meeting of the American Society for Hort. Science, Waikoloa Village, Hawaii, September 25-28, 20ll. Carvallo, M., M-T. Pino, Z. Jeknic, C. Zou, C. Doherty, S-H. Shiu, T.H.H. Chen, and M.F. Thomashow. 2011. A comparison of the low temperature transcriptomes and CBF regulons of three plant species that differ in freezing toleranceSolanum commersonii, Solanum tuberosum and Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 62:3807-3819. Chalaya, N. and S. Kiru. 2011. Selected sources of resistance to Golden Potato Cyst Nematode. J Kartofel I ovoschi. N 6, Pp 30-31. (rus.) Chalaya, N. and S. Kiru. 2011. Sources of resistance to Golden Potato Cyst Nematode G. rostochiensis (Woll) among wild potato species accessions from VIR Potato Collection in: Integrated plant protection strategy and tactics. Belarus, Minsk. Plant Protection Res Inst. Pp 809. (rus.) Charkowski, A., R. Genger, D. Rouse, R. Groves, E. Mueller, and J. Guenthner. 2011. Production of healthy seed potatoes on organic farms. American Phytopathological Society meeting, Hawaii, August 7-11, 2011. (Abstract) Chevalier, E., A. Loubert-Hudom, E.L. Zimmerman, and D.P. Matton. 2011. Cell-cell communication and signaling pathways within the ovule: from its inception to fertilization. New Phytologist 192:13-28. Daigle, C., V. Joly and D.P. Matton. 2011. Discovering new MAPK signaling cascades involved in plant reproduction using co-expression analyses and deep transcriptomic sequencing of ovules and pollen tubes. 8th Canadian Plant Genomic Workshop, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 22-25 August 2011. Douches, D., K. Felcher, J. Coombs, D. Zarka, A. Van Deynze, J. Hamilton, C. Hansey, and C. R. Buell. 2011. Development of a SNP-based genetic map for potato. Am J Pot Res 89:34. (Abstract) Douches, D. [Pres], K. Felcher, J. Coombs, D. Zarka, A. Van Deynze, J. Hamilton, C. Hansey, R. Buell, and R. Veilleux. 2011. Development of a SNP-based genetic map for potato. 95th Annual Meeting of The Potato Association of America, Wilmington, NC, August 14-18, 2011. Douches, D.S., F.M. Navarro, C.A. Thill and A.L. Thompson. 2011. North central regional potato cultivar development. Am J Pot Res 88:36. (Abstract) Galek, R., M. Rurek, W.S. De Jong, G. Pietkiewicz, H. Augustyniak, and E. Sawicka-Sienkiewicz. 2011. Application of DNA markers linked to the potato H1 gene conferring resistance to pathotype Ro1 of Globodera rostochiensis. J Appl Genet 52:407-411. Gao, L., Z.J. Tu, F. Katagiri, and J.M. Bradeen. 2011. RNA-seq analysis of potato tuber transcriptome dynamics against the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Am Phytopathological Soc Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI. Ginzberg, I., T. Muddarangappa, E. Fogelman, U. Demirel, A. Mweetwa, J. Tokuhisa, and R.E. Veilleux. 2011. Induction of potato steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway by over expression of cDNA encoding primary metabolism HMG-CoA reductase and squalene synthase. Planta (In press). Goyer, A. 2011. Thiamine and folate in potato: targets for increased nutritional value and enhanced disease resistance. Am J Pot Res 88:49-41. Goyer, A. and K. Sweek. 2011. Genetic diversity of thiamine and folate in primitive cultivated and wild potato (Solanum) species. J Ag Food Chem 59:13072-13080. Haga, E.R., S.H. Jansky and D.A. Halterman. 2011. Characterization of early blight resistance derived from the wild potato species Solanum berthaultii. Am J Pot Res 89:36-37. (Abstract) Hamilton, J.P., C.N. Hansey, B.R. Whitty, K. Stoffel, A.N. Massa, A. van Deynze, W.S. De Jong, D.S. Douches, and C.R. Buell. 2011. Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in elite North American potato germplasm. BMC Genomics 12:302. Huang, S., C.R. Buell, and R.G.F. Visser. 2011. The Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium (2011). Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato. Nature 475:189-195. Iorizzo, M., D. Mollov, D. Carputo, and J.M. Bradeen. 2011. Disease resistance gene transcription in transgenic potato is unaltered by temperature extremes and plant physiological age. European J Plant Path 130:469-476. Jansky, S.H. and K. McMillan. 2011. Starch granule variability in tubers from wild and cultivated Solanum species. Am J Pot Res 89:38-39. (Abstract) Jansky, S.H., A. Hamernik and P.C. Bethke. 2011. Germplasm release: Tetraploid clones with resistance to cold-induced sweetening. Am J Pot Res 88:218-225. Kear, Philip J. and Bruce McClure. 2011. How did flowering plants learn to avoid blind date mistakes? Self-incompatibility in plants and comparisons with non-self rejection in the immune response. In: Self and non-self, Lopez-Larrea, Carlos (ed.). Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX. (in press) Kinnear, T., T.M.S. Wolever, A.M. Murphy, J.A. Sullivan, Q. Liu, and B. Bizimungu. 2011. Effect of preparation method on the glycaemic index of novel potato clones. Food & Function 8(2):438-444. Kozlov, V.A. 2011. The main economically valuable traits study of potato collection. VA Kozlov, etal: Materials of Theoretical and Practical Conference, Almaty Province, Settlement Kainar, 7-8 July 2011, Kazakhstan REPVG, Almaty, Kainar, p 318-Victor Kozlov. Kuhl, J.C., R.G. Novy and J.L. Whitworth. 2011. Genetic characterization of the Rlretb locus in two Backcross 4 Families. Am J Pot Res 89:39. (Abstract) Liu, Y., A. Décor and D.P. Matton. 2011. Isolation of pollen tube guidance chemoattractant(s) through a deep transcriptomic comparative analysis of ovular expressed genes in Solanum chacoense. 8th Canadian Plant Genomic Workshop, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 22-25 August 2011. Lu, Z.-H., R.Y. Yada, Q. Liu, B. Bizimungu, A.M. Murphy, D.L. DeKoeyer, X.-Q. Li, and R.G. Pinhero. 2011. Correlation of physicochemical and nutritional properties of dry matter and starch in potatoes grown in different locations food chemistry. Food Chemistry 126(3):1246-1253. Mann, H., M. Iorizzo, L. Gao, N. DAgostino, D. Carputo, M.L. Chiusana, and J.M. Bradeen. 2011. Molecular Linkage Maps: Strategies, Resources and Achievements. In: J.M. Bradeen and C. Kole (eds). Genomics and Breeding of Potato (Enfield, NH: CRC Press-Science Publishers, Inc.) Pp. 68-89. McCord, P.H., B.R. Sosinski, K.G. Haynes, M.E. Clough, and G.C. Yencho. 2011. Linkage mapping and QTL analysis of agronomic traits in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. Tuberosum). Crop Sci (in press) McCue, K.F., D.R. Rockhold, A. Chhan, and W.R. Belknap. 2011. Structure of two Solanum tuberosum steroidal glycoalkaloid glycosyltransferase genes and expression of their promoters in transgenic potatoes. Am J Pot Res 88(6):485-492. McCord, P.H., B.R. Sosinski, K.G. Haynes, M.E. Clough, and G.C. Yencho. 2011. QTL mapping of internal heat necrosis in tetraploid potato. Theor Appl Genet 122:129-142. Miraglia, V., A. Traini, J.M. Bradeen, M. Iorizzo, M.L. Chiusano, and D. Carputo. 2011. Structural genomics of wild potato species based on DArT alignments. Proceedings of Joint Meeting AGI-SIBV-SIGA, Assisi, Italy. Mweetwa, A., D. Hunter, R. Poe, K. Harich, I. Ginzerg, R.E. Veilleux, and J. Tokuhisa. 2011. Steroidal glycoalkaloids in Solanum chacoense. (In press) Navarro, F.M., B.D. Bowen, H.I. Groza, A.J. Bussan, J. Jiang, and J.P. Palta. 2011. Nicolet: A new long storage potato chipping variety with high yield potential. Am J Pot Res 89:42. (Abstract) Navarro, F.M., B.D. Bowen, H.I. Groza, A.J. Bussan, J. Jiang, and J.P. Palta. 2011. Tundra: A new long storage potato chipping variety with consistently high specific gravity. Am J Pot Res 89:42. (Abstract) Novy, R.G., C.D. butler, B. Gonzalez, M.L. Keremane, R.F. Lee, and J.T. Trumble. 2011. Impact of tri-species potato germplasm on behavioral responses of adult potato psyllid and implications for transmission of the bacterium associated with zebra chip disease. Am J Pot Res 89:42-43. (Abstract) Polyukhovich, Y.V., A.V. Savchuk, E.V. Voronkova, and A.P. Yermishin. 2011. Efficiency of hybridization between Solanum verrucosum Schldl and 1EBN wild diploid potato species with using rescue pollination by S. Phureja IvP 35. Proc Nat Ac Sci Belarus 55, No. 3:88-92. Polyukhovich, Y.V., E.V. Voronkova and A.P. Yermishin. 2011. Introgression of species-specific DNA loci of wild potato species Solanum bulbocastanum in interspecific hybrids. The First Conf Young Researchers Ukraine, Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 5-7 October, 2011, Belaya Tserkov, Ukraine. P. 62. Sanetomo, R. and K. Hosaka. 2011. Reciprocal differences in DNA sequence and methylation status of the pollen DNA between F1 hybrids of Solanum tuberosum x S. demissum. Euphytica 182:219-229. Sanetomo, R. and K. Hosaka. 2011. A maternally inherited DNA marker, descended from Solanum demissum (2n=6x=72) to S. tuberosum (2n=4x=48). Breed Sci 61:426-434. Sanetomo, R., S. Ono, and K. Hosaka. 2011. Characterization of crossability in the crosses between Solanum demissum and S. tuberosum, and the F1 and BC1 progenies. Am J Pot Res 88:500-510. Syverson, R.L. and J.M. Bradeen. 2011. A novel class of simple PCR markers with SNP-level sensitivity for mapping and haplotype characterization in Solanum species. Am J Pot Res 88:269-282. Torres, G.A., Z.Y. Gong, M. Iovene, C.D. Hirsch, C.R. Buell, G.J. Bryan, P. Novak, J. Macas, and J. Jiang. 2011. Organization and evolution of subtelomeric satellite repeats in the potato genome. G3 1:85-92. Turner, S.D., L. Reddivari, R. Navarre, D.C. Scheuring, and J.C. Miller Jr. 2011. Effects of bioactive compounds from different potato genotypes on prostate cancer development in athymic nude mice. Natl Assn Pl Breeders 2011 Annual Conf, Texas A&M University, College Station, May 23-25, Abstracts, p57. (Abstract) Turner, S.D., L. Reddivari, R. Navarre, D.C. Scheuring, and J.C. Miller Jr. 2011. Effect of purple and white potato extracts on prostate cancer development in athymic nude mice. Am J Pot Res 89:49. (Abstract) Veilleux, R. [Pres] and S. Piovano. 2011. Derivation of DM 1-3 516 R44, the clone representing the draft genome of potato. Plant and Animal Genomes Conference XIX, San Diego, CA, January 15-19, 2011. Veilleux, R. [Pres], J. Carter, T. Boluarte, N.M. Carpintero, S. Piovano, A. Pereira, and N. Lu. 2011. Transformation of monoploid potato with an activation tagging construct. 8th Solanaceae and 2nd Cucurbitaceae Joint Conference, Kobe, Japan, Nov. 28-Dec.1, 2011. Vleeshouwers, V.G.A.A., R. Finkers, D. Budding, M. Visser, M.M.J. Jacobs, R. van Berloo, M. Pel, N. Champouret, E. Bakker, P. Krenek, H. Rietman, D.-J. Huigen, R. Hoekstra, A. Goverse, B. Vosman, E. Jacobsen, and R.G.F. Visser. 2011. SolRgene: an online database to explore disease resistance genes in tuber-bearing Solanum species. BMC Plant Bio 11:116. Wang, Y., A. Itaya, X. Zhong, Y. Wu, J. Zhang, E. van der Knaap, R. Olmstead, Y. Qi, and B. Ding. 2011. Function and evolution of a MicroRNA that regulates a Ca2+-ATPase and triggers the formation of phased small interfering RNAs in tomato reproductive growth. Plant Cell 23:3185-3203. Weber, B., S.H. Jansky and D.A. Halterman. 2011. Resistance to early blight in hybrids between a Solanum tuberosum haploid and S. raphanifolium. Am J Pot Res 89:49. (Abstract) Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, J.C. Stark, J.J. Pavek, D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, N. Olsen, S.K. Gupta, T. Brandt, M.I. Vales, A.R. Mosley, S. Yilma, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, B.A. Charlton, C.C. Shock, N.R. Knowles, M.J. Pavek, J.S. Miller, and C.R. Brown. 2011. Alpine Russet: A potato cultivar having long tuber dormancy making it suitable for processing from long-term storage. Am J Pot Res 88:256-268. Yermishin, A.P. 2011. Sv-lines an effective tool for introgression of 1EBN species germplasm into breeding. In: EAPR 2011 (Abstracts of the 18th Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research July 24-19, 2011, Oulu, Finland) J. Santala and J.P.T. Valkonen (eds.) Helsinki, Finland. P. 245. (Abstract) Yermishin, A.P., Y.V. Polyukhovich, A.V. Savchuk, and E.V. Voronkova. 2011. A new look at the problem of inter-EBN interspecific crosses in potato. In: EAPR 2011 (Abstracts of the 18th Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research July 24-19, 2011, Oulu, Finland) J. Santala and J.P.T. Valkonen (eds.) Helsinki, Finland. P. 71. (Abstract) Yilma, S., J. Whitworth, R. Novy, and E. Karaagac. 2011. Molecular markers assisted pyramiding of genes for extreme resistant (ER) to PVX (Rx1), hypersensitive resistant to PVX (Nb ), ER to PVY (PVYadg ), and potato pale cyst nematode resistant (Globodera pallida) (Gpa2) in potato. Am J Pot Res 89:51. (Abstract) Theses Reporting Research with NRSP-6 Stocks Esplin, D. 2011. Early generation selection for cold chipping in potato genotypes developed by conventional tetraploid breeding and by interspecific and interploidy hybridizations. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota. Makhanko, O.V. 2011. Incompatibility in interspecific and intraspecific hybridization of diploid potato and ways of its overcoming. PhD Thesis, Institute of Genetics and Cytology NAS Belarus, Minsk. 150 p. Szabala, Bartosz. 2011. Expression of Dhn24 gene is associated with acclimation to cold and adaptation to water deficit in Solanaceae species potential function of DHN24 protein in acclimate to cold. PhD Thesis, Institute of Plant Genetics.

Publications Attachment:

Attachment

Impact Statements

We added four new golden-fleshed potatoes to the collection, and selected several from within the genebank. Working with cooperators from WA and OR, these selections were shown to allow the production of chips and fries with the desired yellow color, but much reduced levels of the toxin acrylamide.
We added to the genebank the clone with phenomenal levels of total antioxidants-as high as leafy green vegetables-which we selected with help of cooperators in TX and WA.
Our work with cooperators in Peru continued to make progress on identifying germplasm which responds to calcium applications with better yield, tuber quality, and frost resistance.
Work continued on the project to do multiplex tuber testing of the species microdontum which has a remarkable array of useful traits, including anti-cancer components. This year we tested the 94 populations of that species for tuber greening, finding some with very strong resistance.
S. Jansky tested powdered tuber samples of 400 cultivars and 30 wild species which we provided for analysis of starch types, pursuant to a potato with a lower glyceamic index.
Continued work with a cooperator in IA resulted in identifying germplasm with more than 5-fold the natural appetite suppressing protein of standard cultivars-potentially a significant tool for addressing obesity.
With an OR cooperator, we found levels of folate in exotic wild and cultivated species with over 5-fold that of standard cultivars, showing that potato could be bred to become a significant dietary source of this vitamin-- which impacts birth defects, cancer, heart disease, and mental health.
We continued exploring for germplasm with higher potassium-a nutrient essential for preventing stroke and maintaining bone and muscle with age, but present at much below the optimal levels in the US diet.
We again collected germplasm in-country, finding populations at sites never before reported or collected in AZ, NM and TX, and we have already identified two novel mutants in these materials. These and similar USA stocks were used as research models to find more efficient collecting methods. For example, we used AFLPs to identify certain sky-island mountain ranges in AZ with particular genetic diversity, and prioritized them for more intensive collecting.
We tested winter tuberization trials in Davis and Parlier, CA.
We added about $25K in industry support for 2011. We already have a promise of $20K from two companies, and reasonable hope for significant additions to that from two more in 2012.
Of the 7 billion people on earth, one billion lack enough calories, one billion have enough calories, but are hurting for lack of essential nutrients, and another billion are overfed (The Economist, Feb18, 2012). NRSP6 collaborators are doing work that impacts each of these one-billion-man problems. The genebank‘s role is two-fold - providing the germplasm and also providing the ideas and technology for how it can be best deployed.
Stroke, cancer and obesity costs in the US are at least 100 times that of the total annual farmgate value of the potato crop, so we conclude that the prospect of making a significant impact through nutrition compares favorably with using germplasm to increase yield or reduce production costs. However, a more nutritious potato may also be the best help for producers, if a better potato would increase demand and our competitiveness with other food alternatives.
The ability to efficiently evaluate traits is rapidly improving. We are on the brink of a leap forward in breeding through molecular markers and genetic technology. Potato is an increasingly important world food. Climate is changing, and health issues and their economic impact are increasing in our aging population. Because of these factors, there has never been a more important (or exciting) time to be involved in improving potato through mining the rich deposits of traits in the US Potato Genebank.

Date of Annual Report: 07/23/2013

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/25/2013 - 06/26/2013
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2011 - 09/01/2012

Participants

Abad, Dr. Jorge A. (jorge.a.abad@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA, APHIS PPQ PGQP;
Bamberg, Dr. John (john.bamberg@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS - US Potato Genebank Project Leader;
Bizimungu, Dr. Benoit (benoit.bizimungu@agr.gc.ca) - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;
Brown, Dr. Chuck R. (chuck.brown@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS - WSU;
Bretting, Dr. Peter K. (peter.bretting@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, NPL;
Caravati, Curzio (seedsaver@curzio.com) - Kenosha SSE Potato Project;
Cassity, Angela - Kenosha SSE Potato Project;
Douches, Dr. David S. (douchesd@msu.edu) - Michigan State University;
Gieringer, Ray - CETS;
Gray, Caroline (cpgray@lamar.colostate.edu) - Colorado State University;
Hoopes, Dr. Robert (potato_breeder@yahoo.com) - formally Frito-Lay;
Krucker, Michele (michele.krucker@Simplot.com) - Simplot;
Lindroth, Dr. Rick (lindroth@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin;
Martin, Max W. (mwmarti1@wisc.edu) - US Potato Genebank (UW);
Nessler, Dr. Craig (CNessler@tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University;
Palta, Dr. Jiwan (jppalta@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin;
Petrick, Janina (j_petrick@gbms.us) - CETS;
Petrick, Scott - CETS;
Schartner, Jesse (jesse.schartner@ars.usda.gov) - US Potato Genebank (USDA);
Thro, Dr. Ann Marie (athro@nifa.usda.gov) - USDA, NIFA, NPL;
Wisler, Dr. Gail C. (gail.wisler@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, NPL;
Yencho, Dr. G. Craig (Craig_Yencho@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University;

Brief Summary of Minutes

To view all reports from the 2013 NRSP-6 TAC meeting, please go to: http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6/NRSP6_TAC_MINUTES_2013_FINAL_PACKAGE.pdf

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Our annual report can be accessed far below at the Publication Attachment link. A. Acquisitions and associated work In 2012, the collecting and research activities in the southwest USA passed the 20-year milestone, and represented our most ambitious trip thus far. We accomplished each of six objectives: 1) Venue scouting for Hungry Film Inc., 2) Re-discover fendleri at Demlong 119 at Riggs Lake (Pinaleno Mts.) diversity hotspot, 3) Matryoshka fruit mutant re-collections 4) Fruit gall collecting 5) Patagonia and Canelo Mountains exploration (20 new germplasm accessions), 6) 20th anniversary reunion collecting and Hungry Film Inc. documentary shooting. USDA/ARS/Plant Exploration Office supplied $5K. A detailed trip report is available on request. We imported 11 elite breeding stocks from other countries. We conducted an expedition to Arizona to collect 20 wild populations (B4dRFS). The NRSP-6 web page (http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6) was updated to include all new stocks and screening information. Clients who have ordered from NRSP-6 within the past four years were contacted three times in 2012, informing them of new stocks of true seed, tubers, in vitro plantlets, or herbarium samples. We used email and the website to extend technical instruction like transplanting techniques and use of nylon slipper socks for preparing samples. B. Preservation and Evaluation A total of 203 accessions were increased as botanical seed populations and 1818 clonally. About 1010 potato virus tests were performed on seed increase parents, seedlots and research materials. Germination tests were performed on 1131 accessions, ploidy determinations were made on 28 accessions, and tetrazolium seed viability tests were done on 26 seedlots. With help of cooperators, we made progress evaluating and improving germplasm on several ongoing projects. Over 2200 field plots at USPG, about 500 field plots in two sites in CA, and 4 large screenhouses at USPG full of stocks supporting screening for golden tuber flesh, antioxidants, folate, thiamine, tomatine, anti-obesity, forms in series LON, starch balance, % dry matter, anti-diabetes, allergenicity, tuber greening, K-reduction, Matryoshka fruit mutant, GA dwarfism, sessile tubers, taste, and floral volatiles. This year, the project to select orange-fleshed stocks from hybrids of S. phureja based on taste, appearance and cooking quality evaluated by a native Colombian (FL) familiar with the ideal for traditional papa criolla resulted in the first selections declared good enough for market by cooperator. With A. Goyer (OR), we screened all microdontum populations for folate, produced materials for fine screening and MAS breeding. Lack of folate is associated with a broad range of serious physical and mental diseases. The cooperative project with Kemin (IA) continued to make gains in 2012. Exotics were identified and hybridized that have over 6-fold the concentration of an anti-appetite compound of common cultivars. We selected some with very high levels and good tuber type. This addresses the US obesity epidemic, which is responsible for more than 1/5 of all healthcare-related costs. We expanded work on the Microdontum Multifaceted Project (MMP) by identifying 1741 informative AFLP loci for help in selecting a core collection. AFLP loci were treated as though they were traits, with the banded condition considered to be the desired state. At least one band unique to a population was present in 45 populations, and these 45 populations together captured 98% of all bands. Adding another 14 populations for a total of 59 captured all bands. This core set was assessed for whether it encompassed those populations known to have useful traits, including nutritional and quality components, as well as disease, stress and pest resistances. As with AFLP bands, all 25 of the most desirable phenotypic traits were also found in populations in the core set of 59 populations. These AFLP markers may also reveal the influence of eco-geo parameters, and introgression from other species. In hybrids of this same species, we confirmed extreme tuber greening resistance after illumination exhibits high heritability. Short day winter growouts in three places in California continue to be used to extend our evaluation capacity. This year, work with cooperators J. Palta (UW), International Potato Center, and the Peruvian national potato program resulted in selections from our cold hardiness breeding project with S. commersonii that were declared by local Puno farmers to be hardy and productive enough to be cultivars. It is hard to overestimate the importance of diabetes when one considers the recent rapid increase in diagnoses worldwide, the chronic nature of the disease, and how it exacerbates other major diseases of the kidneys, cardiovascular and nervous systems, and attendant amputations, and blindness. The ADA estimates diabetes at about 26m persons in the USA, and another 80m with prediabetes, for total annual healthcare costs at $174B. This year it was reported that potato cultivars contain significant levels of biguanides, the antigluconogenic compounds in Metformin. We have already produced and sent tubers of 25 representative wild species' tubers to cooperators at CSU in hopes of finding germplasm with high biguanide levels. C. Classification David Spooner's work related to NRSP6 this year included: 1) the use of plastid microsatellites to investigate cultivated potato diversity and origins, 2) a summary of the use of next-generation sequencing techniques for plants, 3) a genomics in-situ hybridization (GISH) analysis of polyploidy in North and Central American hexaploid potato species, 4) an analysis of resistance to potato wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) in cultivated potatoes, 5) a treatment of potato in an upcoming encyclopedia of genetics. D. Distribution service Distribution of germplasm is at the heart of our service. The volume and types of stocks sent to various consignee categories are summarized in the table on page 5 of our annual report (attached below under Publications). Total orders increased about 20% in 2012. NRSP-6 distributed 190 domestic orders to clients in 23 states of the USA and 22 foreign orders to 12 other countries. About ½ of domestic orders are for breeding and genetics, about ¼ for home gardeners, and the remaining ¼ for pathology, physiology, entomology, taxonomy, and education. In 2012 we maintained the popular offering of 100 cultivars as tubers by devising and implementing an iron-clad disease control and quarantine program for their production (full details available at our website).

Publications

NRSP6 and associated USDA/ARS project staff publications Bamberg, JB and JC Miller, Jr. Comparisons of ga1 with other reputed gibberellin mutants in potato. American Journal of Potato Research 89:142-149. Cai, D, F Rodriguez, Y Teng, C Ane, M Bonierbale, LA Mueller, and DM Spooner. Single copy nuclear gene analysis of polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota). Bmc Evolutionary Biology 12: del Rio, Alfonso H., JB Bamberg, Ruth Centeno Diaz, J. Soto, A. Salas, W. Roca and D. Tay. Pesticide contamination has little effect on the genetic diversity of potato species. American Journal of Potato Research 89:348-391. del Rio, Alfonso H., JB Bamberg, Ruth Centeno-Diaz, A. Salas, W. Roca and D. Tay. Effects of the pesticide Furadan on traits associated with reproduction of wild potato species. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3:1608-1612. Egan, A.N.,Schlueter, J.,Spooner, D.M. Applications of next-generation sequencing in plant biology. American Journal of Botany 99:175-185. Goyer, A., C Brown, R Knowles, L Knowles and JB Bamberg. Attacking the acrylamide dilemma by developing low sugar high carotenoid processing potatoes. Potato Progress (Washington State Potato Commission): 12(1):2-3. Haga, E.,Weber, B.,Jansky, S. Examination of potential measures of vine maturity in potato. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3:495-505. Jansky, S.,Hamernik, A.,Cai, X. Rapid cycling with true potato seed. Seed Science and Technology 40:43-50. Khiutti, A.,Afanasenko, O.,Antonova, O.,Shuvalov, O.,Novikova, L.,Krylova, E.,Chalaya, N.,Mironenko, N.,Spooner, D.M.,Gavrilenko, T. Characterization of resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum in cultivated potato accessions from the collection of Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry. Plant Breeding 131:744-750. Kittipadukal, P.,Bethke, P.C.,Jansky, S.H. The effect of photoperiod on tuberisation in cultivated and wild potato species hybrids. Potato Research 55:27-40. Pendinen, G.,Spooner, D.M.,Jiang, J.,Gavrilenko, T. Genomic in situ hybridization reveals both auto-and allopolyploid origins of different North and Central American hexaploid potato (Solanum sect. Petota) species. Genome 55:407-415. Spooner, D., Jansky, S., Clausen, A., del Rosario Herrera, M. ,Ghislain, M. The Enigma of Solanum maglia. In: the Origin of the Chilean Cultivated Potato, Solanum tuberosum Chilotanum Group(1). Economic Botany 66:12-21. Weber, B.N., Hamernik, A.J., Jansky, S.H. Hybridization barriers between diploid Solanum tuberosum and wild Solanum raphanifolium. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 59:1287-1293. Weber, B.N., Jansky, S.H. Resistance to Alternaria solani in hybrids between a Solanum tuberosum haploid and S. raphanifolium. Phytopathology 102:214-221.

Publications Attachment:

Attachment

Impact Statements

In 2012, seed increases were very successful (over 200) and orders for germplasm increased over 20%.
We uploaded much evaluation data on percent dry matter (over 200 accessions) and unique AFLP alleles (97 accessions) to the public internet database.
The payoff in funding the genebank is in discovering and deploying traits that are useful to the public and the industry. We participated in successful selection of better stocks for golden flesh, desired yellow fry color, very high levels of total antioxidants, frost resistance in Peruvian highlands, anti-diabetes compounds, folate, potassium, resistance to tuber greening, and a natural appetite suppressing protein.
We continued work on improving germplasm management. We again collected 20 new in-country germplasm collections, finding populations at sites never before reported or collected.
We developed tech transfer like use of cheap nylon slipper socks for sample drying bags.
Salary and travel support plus cash gifts from industry totaled $48K in 2012.
Of the 7 billion people on earth, one billion lack enough calories, one billion have enough calories, but are hurting for lack of essential nutrients, and another billion are overfed (The Economist, Feb18, 2012). NRSP6 works with collaborators to impact each of these one-billion-man problems.
Stroke, cancer and obesity costs in the US are at least 100 times that of the total annual farmgate value of the potato crop, so we conclude that the prospect of making a significant impact through nutrition compares favorably with using germplasm to increase yield or reduce production costs. However, a more nutritious potato may also be the best help for producers, if a better potato would increase demand and its competitiveness with other food alternatives.
The genebank assists germplasm users by providing custom samples and technology. The genebanks role is two-foldproviding the germplasm and also providing the ideas and technology for how it can be best deployed.
We have generated adapted selections for extremely high antioxidants, anti-appetite protein, orange flesh, frost resistance. Raw germplasm has been identified with extremely high folate, total protein, calcium use efficiency.
We are planning or started on anti-diabetes biguanides, potassium, salicylic acid, anti-cancer tomatine, low allergenicity.
No other crop can compare to potato in utilization of exotic germplasm in pedigrees of new releases of potato varieties. In 2012, there were 6 new potato varieties released all with exotic germplasm in their pedigree: M7, AmaRosa, Purple Pelisse, Owyhee Russet, Palisade Russet, and Saikai 35.
The ability to efficiently evaluate traits is rapidly improving. We are on the brink of a leap forward in breeding through molecular markers and genetic technology. Potato is an increasingly important world food. Climate is changing, and health issues and their economic impact are increasing in our aging population. Because of these factors, there has never been a more important (or exciting) time to be involved in improving potato through mining the rich deposits of traits in the US Potato Genebank.

Date of Annual Report: 01/18/2013

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/18/2013 - 01/18/2013
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2012 - 01/01/2013

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached "Copy of Minutes" for NRSP6's 2013 report for midterm review.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 01/19/2013

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/19/2013 - 01/19/2013
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 01/01/2013

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached "Copy of Minutes" file for NRSP6's 2010 to 2012 Executive Summary.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 08/19/2014

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/24/2014 - 07/26/2014
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2012 - 09/01/2013

Participants

Abad, Dr. Jorge A. (jorge.a.abad@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA, APHIS PPQ PGQP;
Astarini, Dr. Ida Ayu (idaastarini@yahoo.com) - University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia;
Bamberg, Dr. John (john.bamberg@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS - US Potato Genebank Project Leader;
Bretting, Dr. Peter K. (peter.bretting@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, NPL;
Brown, Dr. Chuck R. (chuck.brown@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS - WSU;
Cooper, Rodney (rodney.cooper@ars.usda.gov) - Yakima Agricultural Research laboratory, Wapato, WA;
del Rio, Dr. Alfonso (adelrioc@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin Madison;
Higgins, Charlie (higginsfarms@comcast.net) - Norika America LLC;
Martin, Max W. (mwmarti1@wisc.edu) - US Potato Genebank (UW);
Miller, Dr. J. Creighton (jcmillerjr@tamu.edu) - Texas A&M;
Miller, Jeanie (guest);
Muders, Katja (muders@noria.de) - Norika America LLC;
Navarre, Dr. Duroy A. (roy.navarre@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS - Washington State University;
Ronis, Daniel H. (daniel.ronis@pepsico.com) - Frito-Lay, Rhineland, WI;
Sathuvalli, Vidyasagar (vidyasas@hort.oregonstate.edu) - Oregon State University;
Thurgood, Luke - J.R. Simplot Company;
Zhang, Linhai (zhang.linhai@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS - WSU;

Brief Summary of Minutes

To view all reports from the 2014 NRSP-6 TAC meeting, please go to: http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6/NRSP6_TAC_MINUTES_2014_FINAL_PACKAGE.pdf

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Our annual report can be accessed far below at the Publication Attachment link. A. Acquisitions and associated work In 2013, we collected 16 germplasm accessions from the southwest USA under the BdRFK (Bambergs, del Rio, Fernandez, Kinder) prefix. Another major accomplishment was to collect DNA samples from S. jamesii Megapopulations at the top and bottom of the range, especially the huge population at Mesa Verde. We are using DNA markers to find out if such populations are such incubators for diversity that they are the only place one needs to collect. We also tested new ideas for collecting when propagules are poor: 1) collecting in vitro in PPM medium needs no sterile hood and rescues clones that will not root in soil, 2) AFLP data has shown that collecting pollen captures unique alleles, 3) simple insecticide application to collected fruit prevents fruit fly grubs from destroying seeds. We made the first reported discovery and collection of potato from the Dragoon Mountains. We confirmed that jamesii still exists at the historic Faraway Ranch site, despite being unable to find it there since 1995. USDA/ARS/Plant Exploration Office supplied $5K and has again in 2014. Detailed trip report for 2013 and plan for 2014 are available on request. The genebank imported 7 elite breeding stocks from other countries and accepted 7 elite "M" clones from the Shelley Jansky program. The NRSP-6 web page (http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6) was updated to include all new stocks and screening information. Clients who have ordered from NRSP-6 within the past four years were contacted three times in 2013, informing them of new stocks of true seed, tubers, in vitro plantlets, or other samples. We used email and the website to extend technical instructions of various types. For example, a technique for breaking tuber dormancy was fine tuned to give reliable and uniform results, even for very deep dormancy tubers. B. Preservation and Evaluation A total of 170 accessions were increased as botanical seed populations and 1900 clonally. Over 720 potato virus tests were performed on seed increase parents, seedlots and research materials. Germination tests were performed on 1489 accessions, ploidy determinations were made on 60 accessions, and tetrazolium seed viability tests were done on 50 seedlots. Taxonomic status was assessed on all stocks grown. A total of 7122 units of germplasm were distributed in 249 orders. Orders were filled within one week of receipt. Nearly 200 field plots were planted to verify that seed multiplication efforts last year resulted in offspring seedlots that matched their parents. We used SNPs (cooperator Douches from MI) to assess partitioning of genetic diversity in model potato species with a view to understanding their best management. With help of cooperators, we made progress evaluating and improving germplasm on several ongoing projects. Over 1800 field plots at USPG, about 1500 seedlings tuberized in two sites in CA (cooperators Serimian and Pearson), and 4 large screenhouses at USPG full of stocks supporting screening for improved Criolla or "egg yolk" style specialty potato with golden flesh (cooperator Douglass from FL), folate (cooperator Goyer from OR), glycoalkaloids (cooperator Navarre from WA), anti-obesity (cooperator Kemin from IA), greening, K-screening, new Coronita fruit mutant (extra pistils in place of anthers), Zebra Chip resistance in bulbocastanum (cooperator Cooper in WA). We detected a significant association of tuber pH (very fast, cheap and easy to screen) with glycoalkaloids and folate (much harder to screen) and organized an experiment to test this more systematically. This year, work with J. Palta (UW), International Potato Center (CIP), and colleagues in the Peruvian national potato program (INIA) progress was made in the frost hardiness breeding project with S. commersonii. An elite selection was informally named "Cola de gato". We also initiated a program to re-breed the nonbitter, frost hardy S. ajanhuiri, a primitive cultivated species with reputed progenitor S. megistacrolobum native to the Puno Altiplano. Dr. Jansky's Enhancement: The germplasm release of clone M6 was published in the Journal of Plant Registrations. M6 is an inbred line derived from seven generations of self-pollination. It is homozygous for the Sli gene that confers self-compatibility, and it is male and female fertile. Jansky, S.H., Y.S. Chung, and P. Kittipadukal. 2014. M6: A diploid inbred line for use in breeding and genetics research. Journal of Plant Registrations. Yong Suk Chung completed his Ph.D. thesis entitled “Bacterial soft rot resistance and calcium enhancement in wild and cultivated potato.” A polymorphism in the CAX3-like candidate gene for calcium uptake by roots was found to be associated with tuber calcium levels. An additional 12 SSR markers also co-segregated with calcium in tubers. SSR4743 is located near the CAX3 homolog on chromosome 7. Predictivity of taxonomy and biogeography for late blight resistance was completed (Alexander Khiutti, visiting scientist, St. Petersburg, Russia). A collection of 143 accessions representing 34 wild Solanum species was screened for foliar late blight resistance using whole plants and for tuber late blight resistance using greenhouse-generated tubers. A manuscript is in preparation. Recombinant inbred lines are being developed in populations derived from wild species carrying resistance to early blight (S. raphanifolium) and common scab (S. chacoense). In addition, an F2 population derived from self-pollinating a clone from a cross between DM1-3 and M6 is segregating for a number of agronomic and disease resistance traits. It is being genotyped using the SolCAP SNP array and will be used for trait mapping. RILs are also being developed in this population. A population derived by crossing US-W4 with M6 has been grown in replicated field trials for three years. Yield comparable to that of cultivars is common among clones in this population. Phenotyping (tuber yield, size set; chip color) and genotyping are underway. C. Classification Dr. Spooner is working on monographs that will fully document the taxonomic reduction of the genebank's species to about 100 species. D. Distribution service Distribution of germplasm is at the heart of our service. The volume and types of stocks sent to various consignee categories are summarized in the table below. We filled almost 1/3 more orders in 2013 than 2012: 230 domestic orders to clients in 39 states of the USA and 19 foreign orders to 10 other countries. About ½ of domestic orders are for breeding and genetics, about ¼ for home gardeners, and the remaining ¼ for pathology, physiology, entomology, taxonomy, and education. In 2013 we maintained the popular offering of 100 cultivars as tubers by devising and implementing an iron-clad disease control and quarantine program for their production (full details available at our website).

Publications

Bamberg del Rio, Martin, Suriano and coauthors: Five journal articles now available online will be documented in this report when in print: AFLP core set of microdontum, Zebra chip resistance screening in bulbocastanum, New Matryoshka floral mutant, Selection for tuber quality in a Superior x Atlantic hybrid population, History and origin of Russet Burbank. Chung, Y.S., N.J. Goeser, and S.H. Jansky. 2013. The effect of long term storage on bacterial soft rot resistance in potato. American Journal of Potato Research. 90:351-356. Duangpan, S., W. Zhang, Y. Wu, S.H. Jansky, and J. Jiang. 2013. Insertional mutagenesis using Tnt1 retrotransposon in potato. Plant Physiology 163:21-29. Fajardo, D., K.G. Haynes, and S.H. Jansky. 2013. Starch characteristics of modern and heirloom potato cultivars. American Journal of Potato Research. 90:460-469. Fajardo, D., S.S. Jayanty, and S.H. Jansky. 2013. Rapid high throughput amylose determination in freeze dried potato tuber samples. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 80: e50407-e504407. Hirsch, C.N., C.D. Hirsch, K. Felcher, J. Coombs, D. Zarka, A. van Deynze, W. de Jong, R. Veilleux, S. Jansky, P. Bethke, D.S. Douches, and C.R. Buell. 2013. Retrospective view of North American potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) breeding in the 20th and 21st centuries. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 3:1003-1013. Jansky, S.H., A. Hamernik, and Y.S. Chung. 2012. M7 germplasm release: A tetraploid clone derived from Solanum infundibuliforme for use in expanding the germplasm base for French fry processing. American Journal of Potato Research. 89:448-452. Jansky, S.H., H. Dempewolf, E.L. Camadro, R. Simon, E. Zimnoch-Guzowska, D. Bisognin, and R. Simon, and M. Bonierbale. 2013. A case for crop wild relative preservation and use in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Crop Science. 53:1-9. Jansky, S.H., P. C. Bethke, and D. M. Spooner. 2014. Yield gains in potato: Contributing factors and future prospects. In: Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops. Ed. S. Smith, B. Diers, B. Carver, and J. Specht. CSSA, Madison, WI. Jansky, S.H., Y.S. Chung, and P. Kittipadukal. 2014. M6: A diploid inbred line for use in breeding and genetics research. Journal of Plant Registrations. doi: 10.3198/jpr2013.05.0024crg. Lindqvist-Kreuze, H., K. Cho, L. Portal, F. Rodríguez, R. Simon, LL. A. Mueller, D. M. Spooner, and M. Bonierbale. 2013. Linking the potato genome to the conserved ortholog set (COS) markers. BMC Genetics 2013. 14: 51. Mezghani, N., I. Zaouali, W. Wided Bel Amri, S. Rouz. P. W. Simon, C. Hannachi, Z. Ghrabi, M. Neffati, B. Bouzbida, and D. M. Spooner. 2014. Fruit morphological descriptors as a tool for discrimination of Daucus L. germplasm. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 61: 499-510. Spooner, D. M., M. P. Widrlechner, K. R. Reitsma, D. E. Palmquist, and P. W. Simon. 2014. Reassessment of practical subspecies identifications of the USDA Daucus carota germplasm collection: Morphological data. Crop Sci. 54: 706-718. Spooner, D.M. 2014. Research using biocultural collections, pp. 285-301.In: Salick, J., Konchar, K. & Nesbitt, M. (eds). Curating Biocultural Collections. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Spooner, D.M., and H. Ruess. 2014. Curating DNA specimens, pp. 87-96 In: Salick, J., Konchar, K. & Nesbitt, M. (eds). Curating Biocultural Collections. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Uribe, P., S. Jansky, and D. Halterman. 2014. Two CAPS markers predict Verticillium wilt resistance in wild Solanum species. Molecular Breeding. 33:465-476.

Publications Attachment:

Attachment

Impact Statements

Seed increase success was steady, and number of germplasm orders increased substantially, supporting the needs of the nation and world for resources to genetically improve the potato crop.
We participated in successful selection of better stocks for golden flesh, frost resistance in Peruvian highlands, folate, potassium, resistance to tuber greening, glycoalkaloids, and a natural appetite suppressing protein.
We again collected germplasm in-country, finding and making available populations at sites never before reported or collected, and developing novel technology to improve the genebank?s representation of diversity in the wild.
Salary and travel support plus cash gifts from industry totaled $40K in 2013.
The ability to efficiently evaluate traits is rapidly improving. We are on the brink of a leap forward in breeding through molecular markers and genetic technology. Potato is an increasingly important world food. Climate is changing, and health issues and their economic impact are increasing in our aging population. Because of these factors, there has never been a more important (or exciting) time to be involved in improving potato through mining the rich deposits of traits in the US Potato Genebank.

Date of Annual Report: 08/06/2015

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/23/2015 - 06/24/2015
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2013 - 09/01/2014

Participants

Abad, Jorge (jorge.a.abad@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA - APHIS; Ashworth, Edward (edward.ashworth@maine.edu) - USDA - University of Maine; Bamberg, John (john.bamberg@ars.usda.gov) - USDA - US Potato Genebank; Bizimungu, Benoit (benoit.bizimungu@agr.gc.ca) - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Caravati, Curzio (seedsaver@curzio.com) - Kenosha Potato Project; Cassity, Angela - Kenosha Potato Project; Coakley, K. - CETS Technologies; Coakley, R. - CETS Technologies; De Jong, Henry - Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada (retired); De Jong, Walter (wsd2@cornell.edu) - Cornell University; Douches, David (douchesd@msu.edu) - Michigan State University; Endelman, Jeffrey (endelman@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin; Gusmini, Gabriele (gabriele.gusmini@pepsico.com) - Frito-Lay; Gieringer, Ray - CETS Technologies; Holm, David (spudmkr@lamar.colostate.edu) - Colorado State University; Hoopes, Robert (potato_breeder@yahoo.com) - Frito-Lay (retired); Jansky, Shelley (shelley.jansky@ars.usda.gov) - USDA - University of Wisconsin; Jayanty, Sastry (sjayanty@colostate.edu) - Colorado State University; Lindroth, Rick (lindroth@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin; Martin, Max (mwmarti1@wisc.edu) - Potato Genebank; Novy, Richard (Rich.Novy@ars.usda.gov) - USDA - University of Idaho; Petrick, Janina (j_petrick@gbms.us) - CETS Technologies; Petrick, Scott - CETS Technologies; Ronis, Dan (daniel.ronis@pepsico.com) - Frito-Lay; Schartner, Jesse (jesse.schartner@ars.usda.gov) - USDA Potato Genebank; Spooner, David (david.spooner@ars.usda.gov) - USDA - University of Wisconsin;

Brief Summary of Minutes

To view all reports from the 2015 NRSP-6 TAC meeting, please go to http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6/NRSP6_TAC_MINUTES_2015_FINAL_PACKAGE.pdf

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Our annual report can be accessed far below at the publication attachment link. A. Acquisitions and associated work In 2014, we collected 18 germplasm accessions from Arizona under the BdRF (Bamberg, del Rio, Fernandez) prefix, with the kind support of K. Williams of the USDA Plant Exploration office at Beltsville. This trip followed the Mogollon Rim from Springerville to Flagstaff. We found robust populations at new sites quite separated from any previous collections, and extending the range of S. fendleri north by about 50 miles. The detailed trip report is available on request and on GRIN. We also sought and received 15 new cultivars and breeding clones from cooperators (La Rouge, Igorota, Amey, Peter Wilcox, Harley Blackwell, Sandy, Sylvia (CPVPA), Marine, Cynthia, (ver x cph) -8-1, (ver x cmm) -1, -2, -21-1; (ver x pnt) -1, -2. The NRSP-6 web page (http://www.ars-grin.gov/nr6) was updated to include all new stocks and screening information. Clients who have ordered from NRSP-6 within the past four years were contacted three times in 2014, informing them of new stocks of true seed, tubers, in vitro plantlets, or other samples. We used email and the website to extend technical instructions of various types. For example, we produced and selected the best 10% of seedling tubers in the winter at Davis, CA (see at right and insert). When planted in Wisconsin the following summer, they far outperformed random seedlings, allowing us to skip one field selection season. B. Preservation and Evaluation This year, 218 accessions were increased as botanical seed populations and 2,700 clonally. Over 700 potato virus tests were performed on seed increase parents, seedlots and research materials. Germination tests were performed on 1523 accessions, ploidy determinations were made on 23 accessions, and tetrazolium seed viability tests were done on 63 seedlots. Taxonomic status was assessed on all stocks grown. Nearly 4,000 individual field plots, greenhouse and screenhouse growouts were done locally, at the research farm at Hancock, WI, or with cooperators at Davis, CA. We initiated a new test of winter field growouts for tuber evaluation with cooperators at Hastings, FL and Yuma, AZ. We continued breeding for improved Criolla or "egg yolk" style specialty potato with golden flesh (cooperator Douglass from FL). We completed a project using SNPs (cooperator Douches from MI) to assess partitioning of genetic diversity in model potato species with a view to understanding their best management. We evaluated for heat stress tolerance (cooperators at Parlier, CA), folate (cooperator Goyer from OR), glycoalkaloids (cooperator Navarre from WA), anti-obesity (cooperator Kemin from IA), new Double Corolla mutant, Zebra Chip resistance in bulbocastanum (with R. Cooper in WA). We tested all S. verrucosum accessions for crossability to S. jamesii through mentor pollination. C. Classification Dr. Spooner is working on monographs that will fully document the taxonomic reduction of the genebank's holdings to about 100 species. D. Distribution service Distribution of germplasm is at the heart of our service. The volume and types of stocks sent to various consignee categories are summarized in the table below. In 2014, we had 200 domestic orders to clients in 37 states and 18 foreign orders to 9 other countries. Half of the domestic orders are for breeding and genetics, 1/4 for home gardeners, and remainder 1/4 for pathology, physiology, entomology, taxonomy and education. In 2014 we maintained the popular offering of 100 cultivars as tubers by devising and implementing an iron-clad disease control and quarantine program for their production (full details available at our website). E. Outreach Media coverage, Tours, Teaching, TechTran and Trips with presentations done Summer student interns participated in experiments: Ahna Keilar (seed germ and seedling transplant tech), Abe Keilar (crossing tech for jam and blb), Hannah Haight (prebiotic assay and nutrient microbial bioassays), Rosa Lozano, (Colombian student visitor for Criolla potatoes). Potato Association of America meeting in Spokane--research presentations/abstracts. Chinese, Russian, and Japanese potato scientists, UW River Falls Horticulture students, and Southern Door HS Spanish class tour genebank. Leadership: Bamberg continued as Editor in Chief for the American Journal of Potato Research, and Chair of the USDA/ARS Potato Crop Germplasm Committee. Reports & Plans: ARS: PGOC, CGC, CRIS, Annual Performance, Budget. NRSP6: Annual Report, TAC meeting minutes, Project Renewal FY16-20. PAA: AJPR Editor in Chief report. UW-Hort: Annual Performance. PARS: Tour guide & field book. Management of Grants & Awards: Potato CGC grants and AJPR Outstanding Paper.

Publications

Arbizu, C., H. Ruess, D. Senalik, P. Simon, and D. M. Spooner. 2014. Phylogenomics of the carrot genus (Daucus, Apiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 101:1666-1685. Arbizu, C., K. R. Reitsma, P. W. Simon, and D. M. Spooner. 2014. Morphometrics of Daucus (Apiaceae): A counterpart to a phylogenomic study. Amer. J. Bot. 101:2005-2016. Bamberg, J., Moehninsi, R. Navarre, and J. Suriano. 2015. Variation for Tuber Greening in the Diploid Wild Potato Solanum microdontum. American Journal of Potato Research 92:435-443. Bamberg, JB, A del Rio, D Douches, and J Coombs. 2014. Assessing SNPs for predicting heterogeneity and screening efficiency in wild potato species. American Journal of Potato Research (submitted 08/20/14). Bamberg, JB. and AH del Rio. 2014. Selection and Validation of an AFLP Marker Core Collection for the Wild Potato Solanum microdontum. American Journal of Potato Research 91:368-375. Bamerg, JB, J Suriano, A del Rio, WR Cooper, J Abad and C.Fernandez. 2014. Matryoshka: A New Floral Mutant in Potato. American Journal of Potato Research: 91:500-503. Bethke, P, N Atef, S Kubow, Y Leclerc, X Li, M Haroon, T Molen, JB Bamberg, M Martin and D Donnelly. 2014. History and Origin of Russet Burbank (Netted Gem) a sport of Russet Burbank. American Journal of Potato Research 91:579-593. Castañeda-Álvarez, N. P., de Haan, S., Juárez, H., Khoury, C. K., Achicanoy, H. A., Sosa, C. C., Bernau, V., Salas A., Heider, B., Maxted, N., and Spooner, D. M. 2015. Ex situ conservation priorities for the wild relatives of potato (Solanum L. section Petota). PLoS ONE 10(4): e0122599. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122599. Clausen, A., I. Peralta, and D. M. Spooner. 2014. Solanum section Petota. Flora of Argentina, vol. 13, Solanaceae, Ed. Fernando Zuloaga and Manuel Belgrano, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Cooper, WR and JB Bamberg. 2014. Variation in Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) oviposition, survival, and development on Solanum bulbocastanum germplasm. American Journal of Potato Research 91:532-537. Hardigan, M., J Bamberg, C Robin Buell and D Douches. 2015. Taxonomy and genetic differentiation among wild and cultivated germplasm of Solanum sect. Petota. The Plant Genome. 8:1:16. Jansky, S. and A. Hamernik. 2014. Rapid cycling of potato tuber generations by overcoming dormancy. American Journal of Potato Research. DOI 10.1007/s12230-014-9415-7. Jansky, S. H., D. M. Spooner, and P. Bethke. 2014. Yield gains in US potato, contributing factors and future prospects, pp 195-217. In: S. Smith (ed.), Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops: Contributing Factors and Future Prospects. Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI. Jansky, S. H., J. Dawson, and D. M. Spooner. 2015. How do we address the disconnect between genetic and morphological diversity in germplasm collections? American Journal of Botany: In press. Jansky, S.H. and D.A. Fajardo. 2014. Tuber starch amylose content is associated with cold-induced sweetening in potato. Food Science and Nutrition. Doi: doi: 10.1002/fsn3.137. Jansky, S.H., P. C. Bethke, and D. M. Spooner. 2014. Yield gains in potato: Contributing factors and future prospects. In: Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops. Ed. S. Smith, B. Diers, B. Carver, and J. Specht. CSSA, Madison, WI. Jansky, S.H., Y.S. Chung, and P. Kittipadukal. 2014. M6: A diploid inbred line for use in breeding and genetics research. Journal of Plant Registrations. doi: 10.3198/jpr2013.05.0024crg. Khiutti, A., D. M. Spooner, S. H. Jansky, and D. A. Halterman. 2015. Testing taxonomic predictivity of foliar and tuber resistance to Phytophthora infestans in wild relatives of potato. Phytopathology: In press. Limantseva, L., Mironenko, N., Shulalov, O., Antonova, O., Khiutti, A., Novikova, L., Afanasenko, O., D. Spooner, and T. Gavrilenko. 2014. Characterization of resistance to Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 in cultivated and wild potato species accessions from the Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry. Plant Breeding 133: 660–665. Mezghani, N., I. Zaouali, W. Wided Bel Amri, S. Rouz. P. W. Simon, C. Hannachi, Z. Ghrabi, M. Neffati, B. Bouzbida, and D. M. Spooner. 2014. Fruit morphological descriptors as a tool for discrimination of Daucus L. germplasm. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 61: 499-510. Särkinen, T., M. Baden, P. Gonzáles, M. Cueva, L. L. Giacomin, D. M. Spooner, R. Simon, H. Juárez, P. Nina, J. Molina, and S. Knapp 2015. Listado anotado de Solanum L. (Solanaceae) en el Perú (Annotated checklist of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) for Peru). Revista Peruana de Biología 22(1): 3-62. Spooner, D. M. In press. Solanum section Petota. In: Flora of North America. Spooner, D. M., and P. W. Simon. In press. Daucus. In: A Flora of Oregon; Stephen C. Meyers (ed.); Oregon State University Press Spooner, D. M., and P. W. Simon. In press. Daucus. In: Flora of North America. Spooner, D. M., M. Ghislain, R. Simon, S. H. Jansky, and T. Gavrilenko. 2014. Systematics, diversity, genetics, and evolution of wild and cultivated potatoes. Bot. Rev. 80: 283-383. Spooner, D. M., M. P. Widrlechner, K. R. Reitsma, D. E. Palmquist, S. Rouz, Z. Ghrabi-Gammar, M. Neffati, B. Bouzbida, H. Ouabbou, M. El Koudrim, and P. W. Simon. 2014. Reassessment of practical subspecies identifications of the USDA Daucus carota germplasm collection: Morphological data. Crop Science 54: 706-718. Spooner, D.M. and J.F. Pruski. In press. Simsia Persoon for Flora Mesoamericana (Flora series published by Missouri Botanical Garden), Natural History Museum, London, and the National Autonomous University, Mexico City. Spooner, D.M. In press. Solanum L. section Petota Dumort for Flora Mesoamericana. (Flora series published by Missouri Botanical Garden), Natural History Museum, London, and the National Autonomous University, Mexico City. Spooner, D.M., M. Guislain, R. Simon, S.H. Jansky, and T. Gavrilenko. 2014. Systematics, diversity, and evolution of wild and cultivated potatoes. Botanical Review. In press. Uribe, P., S. Jansky, and D. Halterman. 2014. Two CAPS markers predict Verticillium wilt resistance in wild Solanum species. Molecular Breeding. 33:465-476. Zorrilla, C, F Navarro, S Vega, JB Bamberg and JP Palta. 2014. Identification and Selection for Tuber Calcium, Internal Quality and Pitted Scab in Segregating Atlantic x Superior reciprocal tetraploid populations. American Journal of Potato Research 91:673-687.

Publications Attachment:

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Impact Statements

Seed increase success and distributions were steady, supporting the needs of the nation and world for resources to genetically improve the potato crop.
As the most consumed and most valuable US vegetable, potato substantially influences the farm economy and environment in many states. High value-added processing and high and regular consumption gives potato significant impact in all states with respect to the food economy and citizens? health.
NRSP6 is the premier potato genebank in the world, and the only program in the nation responsible for providing these potato genebank services. Potato is a prohibited import crop, so genetic resources already in the US genebank are the only ones readily available to germplasm users. Continuing restrictions on international germplasm collecting and sharing make what we already have at NRSP6 even more precious.
Because potato has more useful exotic germplasm than any other crop, there is much activity in federal, state, and private breeding and research programs using genebank stocks. Potato is a high input crop with many opportunities of improvement that can be addressed by germplasm.
We participated in successful selection of better stocks for golden flesh, frost resistance in Peruvian highlands, folate, potassium, resistance to tuber greening, glycoalkaloids, and a natural appetite suppressing protein.
Many new cultivars were published this year: Yukon Gem, Classic Russet, Clearwater Russet, Alta Crown, Cooperation-88, Alpine Russet, Sentinel, Huckleberry Gold, Teton Russet, Elkton, M7 Germplasm Release, AmaRosa, Purple Pelisse, Owyhee Russet, Palisade Russet, Saikai 35. They all have NRSP6 exotic germplasm in their pedigrees, including species S. andigena, acaule, chacoense, demissum, infundibuliforme, phureja, and vernei.
The ability to efficiently evaluate traits is rapidly improving. We are on the brink of a leap forward in breeding through molecular markers and genetic technology. Potato is an increasingly important world food. Climate is changing, and health issues and their economic impact are increasing in our aging population. Because of these factors, there has never been a more important (or exciting) time to be involved in improving potato through mining the rich deposits of traits in the US Potato Genebank.
Salary and travel support plus cash gifts from industry totaled $45K in 2014.