The S-268 Cooperative Regional Research Project S-268 had four objectives which were mostly fulfilled during this project. The following is a critical review of accomplishments.

Objective 1: Evaluate selected pathogens as bioherbicides. Three pathogens were chosen for cooperative research and development: Colletotrichum truncatum (COLTRU project), Alternaria destruens (dodder project), and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis (PST project). The potential for commercial development of all three pathogens as bioherbicides were established through cooperative research and testing of various inoculum preparations, formulations, and application methods. Colletotrichum truncatum, a pathogen of hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), was shown to be an effective control for this weed in rice, soybean, and cotton. Alternaria destruens, a pathogen of Cuscuta spp. (dodders), was developed and tested as a control for dodder (Cuscuta spp.) in carrot, cranberry, safflower, and tomato. A data package was developed and submitted to the EPA for possible registration of this bioherbicide, under the trade name SMOLDER, in 2001. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis (PST), a bacterial pathogen, when applied in an aqueous suspension containing an organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet L-77, causes severe apical chlorosis in its natural hosts, such as Canada thistle, common ragweed, giant ragweed, Jerusalem artichoke, and wild and volunteer sunflower. It also causes similar effects in several weeds that are not among its natural hosts, such as cocklebur, horseweed, and prickly lettuce. Results from the field trials conducted in several locations in the USA and Canada were mixed: some target weeds were controlled satisfactorily by PST in some locations and in certain crops but not in others. Therefore, further research will be needed to develop PST as a commercial bioherbicide.

Objective 2: Enhance efficacy of bioherbicide candidates. Under this objective, the effects of various oils, emulsions, surfactants, and solid substrates were tested to improve the efficacy, handling properties, and survival of C. truncatum, A. destruens, PST, and other pathogens. These materials were also evaluated as a means to overcome environmental constraints to infection and disease development. Effect of cultural conditions on the efficacy and survival of these pathogens was also evaluated in several studies. The potential for improving the bioherbicidal efficacy of some pathogens through enhanced toxin production was also studied. In general, plant oils and some oil emulsions improved the efficacy of both mucoid (e.g., Colletotrichum) and dry-spored (e.g., Drechslera) fungi with concomitant decrease in the length of the dew period required for infection. The surfactant Silwet L-77, in general, was found to improve the efficacy of the bacterial pathogen PST and certain small-spored fungi like Myrothecium. Emulsions were effective in enhancing the efficacy of small- (Myrothecium) and large-spored fungi (Drechslera, Exserohilum). Finally, the feasibility of controlling two or more weeds while also improving the level of weed control was demonstrated by using a mixture of two or three bioherbicidal pathogens (e.g., Bipolaris sacchari, Drechslera gigantea, Exserohilum longirostratum, E. rostratum).

Objective 3: Develop systems for mass-production of stable bioherbicide formulations. Several granular formulations of the abovementioned fungal pathogens were developed and tested. These included starch encapsulation, Pesta, peat prills, vermiculite, sodium alginate, dilute gelatin, and methyl cellulose, natural substrates such as crop residues, and seeds/grains. Water-dispersible granule formulations containing a variety of mycoherbicide agents were also developed and tested. Survival of the pathogen propagules in the field and shelf-life of the formulations were evaluated. A technique for mass production and multiple-harvesting of bioherbicide fungi by a biphasic culturing system was developed and shown to be a feasible method for mass-production of two bioherbicide agents, Drechslera gigantea and Exserohilum rostratum.

Objective 4: Develop genetic characterization and transformation of bioherbicide candidates as a means of enhancing efficacy and assessing environmental risk. Molecular probes were developed to identify and characterize various isolates and species of pathogens studied in this project. The RAPD technique was used to assess the relatedness of several Colletotrichum species. Using molecular markers and cultural mating studies, seven Colletotrichum isolates from distantly related plant hosts (crops and weeds) were found to mate with each other in culture under controlled laboratory conditions and in the field. Progeny from crosses between isolates of different host origins showed normal Mendelian segregation. In other experiments, heterothallic isolates from the southern United States were unable to mate with strains from New Zealand indicating that geographically isolated inter-sterility groups exists in C. gloeosporioides. In field trials of inter-strain competition, a benomyl-resistant C. gloeosporioides strain was competitive with the wild-type isolate when coinoculated with the wild-type on northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica). A nitrate non-utilizing mutant was not competitive in similar tests. When all three strains were inoculated in three-way competition tests, mutant strains were not competitive with the wild-type strain, decreasing to less than 5% of the total population of the fungus within 60 days. Collectively, these results indicate not only the possibility for gene exchanges between some bioherbicide pathogens and related pathogens in nature but also the existence of some inherent safety mechanisms controlled by fitness traits.

Molecular techniques were also used to understand the phylogenetic relationship among isolates of Cercospora species pathogenic to waterhyacinth. Isolates collected from several geographic regions of the world were compared by using partial DNA sequences from three protein-coding genes: elongation factor-1α, β-tubulin, and histone H3. The isolates studied were grouped into a major group (clade-grouping) composed of isolates from Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Florida (United States), South Africa, and Zambia and a minor clade-grouping of isolates from Texas (United States). Conventional taxonomic characteristics such as the shape and dimensions of conidia were unreliable criteria for taxonomic/phylogenetic differentiation of isolates that composed the two clade-groupings. Therefore, it was concluded that the separation of the Cercospora species pathogenic to waterhyacinth solely by morphological and virulence characteristics was invalid. The description of the species C. piaropi was emended to include C. rodmanii as a synonym.

Abstracts:

1. Abbas, H.K. and Boyette, C.D. 1999. Solid rice formulation enhances efficacy of the mycoherbicide (Colletotrichum truncatum). Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 39:145.
2. Bianco, S., Pitelli, R.A., Bellingieri, P.A, Mullahey, J.J., and Charudattan, R. 1998. Growth and nutrient uptake by tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal). WSSA Abstracts. 38:21.
3. Bianco, S., Pitelli, R.A., Mullahey, J.J., and Charudattan, R. 1997. Response of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) to soil liming. WSSA Abstracts. 37:29.
4. Boyetchko, S.M., Bailey, K.L., Mortensen, K., Wolf, T.M. and Zhang, W.M. 1997. Survey and evaluation of fungal pathogens for biological control of grass weeds. Phytopathology 87(6): S11 [Abstr.].
5. Boyetchko, S.M., and Holmström-Ruddick, B. 1996. Host-range rhizobacteria effective as biocontrol agents of downy brome. Can. J. Plant Pathol. l8: 86-87. [Abstr]
6. Caesar, A.J. 1996. Effects on native grasses of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp. pathogenic to leafy spurge and assessments of host range of Fusarium spp. on 27 cultivated species. Abstr. APS/MSA joint annual meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
7. Caesar, A. J. and Campobasso, G. 1996. Comparative ecology of Fusarium spp. from Euphorbia spp. in the U.S. and Europe. Abstr. APS/MSA joint annual meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
8. Chandramohan, S., and Charudattan, R. 1996. Multiple-pathogen strategy for bioherbicidal control of several weeds. WSSA Abstracts 36:49.
9. Chandramohan, S. and Charudattan, R. 1997. Bioherbicidal control of grassy weeds with a pathogen mixture. WSSA Abstracts. 37:56.
10. Chandramohan, S., and Charudattan, R. 1998. A technique for mass production and multiple-harvesting of two bioherbicide fungi by solid-substrate culturing. WSSA Abstracts. 38:81.
11. Chandramohan, S., Charudattan, R., and Megh Singh. 1997. Field-testing of a "multiple-pathogen strategy" for bioherbicidal control of grassy weeds. Phytopathology 87 (Suppl.): S17 (Abstr.).
12. Chandramohan, S., Charudattan, R., and Sonoda, R.M. 1997. Field-testing of a pathogen mixture for control of guineagrass. Phytopathology 87 (Suppl.): S18 (Abstract).
13. Chandramohan, Charudattan, R., Sonoda, R.M., and Singh, M. 1999. Field tests of a pathogen mixture for bioherbicidal control of guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). WSSA Abstracts 39:75.
14. Charudattan, R. 1996. Bioherbicides: Microbial control of weeds. S.E. Branch, Am. Soc. Microbiol. Nov. 7-9, 1996, Gainesville, FL (Abstr.).
15. Charudattan, R. 1999. Plant Pathogens for Biological Control of Waterhyacinth - A Status Report. Page 80, in: M. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Organization for Biological Control, First Global Working Group Meeting for Biological and Integrated Control of Water Hyacinth, St. Lucia Park Hotel, Harare, Zimbabwe, 16 to 19 Nov. 1998. Plant Protection Res. Inst., Pretoria, S. Africa.
16. Charudattan, R., Rosskopf, E.N., Liu, L-C., and Kadir, J. 1996. Development of biological control agents for pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) and nutsedges (Cyperus spp.). Abstracts of the Puerto Rican Soc. Agric. Sci. (SOPCA) meeting, Nov. 22, 1996, Hato Rey, PR.
17. Charudattan, R., Wyss, G.S., Kadir, J.B., Rosskopf, E.N., DeValerio, J.T., Chandramohan, S., and Yandoc, C.B. 1999. Different Strategies for different weeds: biological control of nutsedges, pigweeds, tropical soda apple, and grasses with plant pathogens. X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Bozeman, Montana, USA. July 4-14, 1999. Abstract # 054.
18. Chase, C.A., Shilling, D.G., Bewick, T.A., and Charudattan, R. 1996. Fungal isolates with potential for the biological control of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica [L.] Beauv.). WSSA Abstracts 36:49.
19. DeValerio, J.T. and Charudattan, R. 1999. Field testing of Ralstonia solanacearum [Smith] Yabuuchi et al. as a biocontrol agent for tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal). WSSA Abstracts 39:70.
20. DeValerio, J.T., Charudattan, R., Mullahey, J.J., Sherrod, W.H., and Roberts, P.D. 2000. Biological control of Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple) by Ralstonia solanacearum (E.F. Smith) Yabuuchi applied with the Birch Wet Blade™ mower system. WSSA Abstracts 40:28-29.
21. Hanson, K.G., and Boyetchko, S.M. 1997. Modification of screening methods to increase success for potential biological control agents of green foxtail. Can. J. Plant. Pathol. l9:109-110 [Abstr.].
22. Jackson, M.A. 1996. Optimizing Nutritional Conditions for the Liquid Culture Production of Effective Fungal Biopesticides. Ann. Mtg. Soc. for Industrial Microbiol., Research Triangle Park, NC. Abstr. P.79
23. Kadir, J., and Charudattan, R. 1996. Dactylaria higginsii (Luttrell) M.B. Ellis: A potential bioherbicide for nutsedges (Cyperus spp.). WSSA Abstracts 36:49.
24. Kadir, J. and Charudattan, R. 1998. Factors affecting the efficacy of Dactylaria higginsii (Luttrell) M.B. Ellis as a bioherbicide for control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). WSSA Abstracts. 38:45.
25. Kadir, J.B., Charudattan, R., Berger, R.D., Stall, W.M., and Brecke, B.J. 1997. Field efficacy of Dactylaria higginsii for control of purple nutsedge. Phytopathology 87 (Suppl.): S49 (Abstract).
26. Kadir, J.B., Charudattan, R., Stall, W.M., and Bewick, T.A. 1997. Effect of Dactylaria higginsii on the interference of purple nutsedge with tomato and pepper. Phytopathology 87 (Suppl.): S50 (Abstract).
27. Pereira, A., Pitelli, R.A., Nemoto, P., Mullahey, J.J., and Charudattan, R. 1997. Seed production by tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) in Brazil. WSSA Abstracts. 37:29.
28. Pereira, W., Charudattan, R., and Kadir, J. 1998. Susceptibility of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) accessions to Dactylaria higginsii (Lutrell) M.B. Ellis. WSSA Abstracts. 38:45.
29. Pettersen, M.S., Charudattan, R., Hiebert, E., Zettler, F.W., and Elliott, M.S. 2000. Tobacco mild green mosaic tobamovirus strain U2 causes a lethal hypersensitive response in Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple). WSSA Abstracts 40:84
30. Rosskopf, E.N. and Charudattan, R. 1996. A broad-spectrum bioherbicide for Amaranthus species. S.E. Branch, Am. Soc. Microbiol. Nov. 7-9,1996, Gainesville, FL (Abstr.).
31. Rosskopf, E.N. and Charudattan, R. 1999. Biological control of weeds as an alternative to methyl bromide. X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Bozeman, Montana, USA. July 4-14, 1999. Abstract # P158.
32. Rosskopf, E.N., Charudattan, R., DeValerio, J.T., and Stall, W.M. 1996. Control of pigweeds and amaranths (Amaranthus spp.) with a fungus: Three years of field experimentation. WSSA Abstracts 36:48.
33. Rosskopf, E.N., Gaffney, J.F., and Charudattan, R. 1996. Potential negative effects of CO₂ application and subsequent pH changes on biocontrol agent efficacy. Phytopathology 86 (No.11 Suppl.): S10 (Abstr.).
34. Rosskopf, E.N., Gaffney, J.F., and Charudattan, R. 1997. The effect of spray propellant on the efficacy of bioherbicide candidates. WSSA Abstracts. 37:62.
35. Schisler, D.A. 1996. Mycoherbicide Efficacy as Influenced by Phylloplane Microbial Interactions. Ann. Mtg. Amer. Phytopathology Soc., Indianapolis, IN, Abstr. P.138
36. Semer, C.R, IV, Charudattan, R., and Yandoc, C.B. 1997. Evaluation of a new species of Botryosphaeria (Anamorph: Fusicoccum) as a biocontrol agent for melaleuca [Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake]. WSSA Abstracts. 37:60.
37. Shabana, Y.M., Charudattan, R., and DeValerio, J.T. 1996. Frequencies of microorganisms associated with hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle) in nature. WSSA Abstracts 36:49.
38. Shabana, Y.M., Charudattan, R., and DeValerio, J.T. 1997. Herbicidal activity of microorganisms against hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle]. WSSA Abstracts. 37:57.
39. Shabana, Y. M., Charudattan, R., and Elwakil, M. A. 1999. Growth and spore production by Alternaria eichhorniae. Phytopathology 89 (Suppl.): S71.
40. Shabana, Y.M., Cuda, J.P., Charudattan, R. 1998. Integrated control of Hydrilla verticillata with fungal and insect biocontrol agents. Phytopathology 88 (Suppl.): S80.
41. Shabana, Y.M., Elwakil, M.A., and Charudattan, R. 1998. Status and progress of biological control of waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, in Egypt. Abstracts, 7^th Int. Congr. Plant Pathol., Edinburgh, Scotland. Abstr. No. 5.2.41.
42. Smither-Kopperl, M.L., Charudattan, R., and Berger, R.D. 1996. Epidemiology of an underwater disease: I. Settling and viability of macroconidia of Fusarium culmorum in aqueous solutions. Phytopathology 86(No.11 Suppl.): S13 (Abstr.).
43. Smither-Kopperl, M.L., Charudattan, R., and Berger, R.D. 1997. Epidemiology of an underwater disease II: Settlement viability and germination of spores of Fusarium culmorum, a potential biocontrol agent of hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle], in aqueous solutions. WSSA Abstracts. 37:59.
44. Smither-Kopperl, M.L., Charudattan, R., and Berger, R.D. 1997. Plectosporium tabacinum, a pathogen of the aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata in Florida. Phytopathology 87 (Suppl.): S92.
45. Smither-Kopperl, M.L., Charudattan, R., Berger, R.D. 1998. A model system to investigate the spread of Plectosporium tabacinum disease on hydrilla. Phytopathology 88 (Suppl.): S83.
46. Tessmann, D.J. and Charudattan, R. 1998. Pathogenic variability of Cercospora piaropi and C. piaropi on waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). WSSA Abstracts. 38:79.
47. Tessmann, D.J., Charudattan, R., and Kistler, H.C. 1998. A molecular characterization of Cercospora species pathogenic to waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) based on three conserved genes. Phytopathology 88 (Suppl.): S88.
48. Vincent, A.C. and Charudattan, R. 1999. Effects of formulations of Myrothecium roridum Tode ex. Fr. and Cercospora rodmanii Conway on waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms-Laub.) Under greenhouse and field conditions. WSSA Abstracts 39:71-72.
49. Wyss, G. S. and Charudattan, R. 1999. Infection process of Phomopsis amaranthicola on Amaranthus spp. and implications for biological control. Phytopathology 89 (Suppl.): S86.
50. Wyss, G.S., and Charudattan, R. 2000. Interactions of various pesticides with Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biocontrol agent of Amaranthus species. WSSA Abstracts 40:29-30.
51. Wyss, G.S., Henkel, T., Charudattan, R., and DeValerio, J.T. 1999. Mass-production of conidia of Dactylaria higginsii (Luttrell) M.B. Ellis, a potential biocontrol agent for nutsedges (Cyperus spp.) on natural and synthetic media and grains. WSSA Abstracts 39:74.
52. Yandoc, C.B., Chandramohan, S., Charudattan, R., and Shilling, D.G. 1998. Evaluation of fungal isolates for their potential as biological control agents for cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.]. WSSA Abstracts. 38:45.
53. Yandoc, C. and Charudattan, R. 1998. Use of natural substrates for the production of fungal inoculum for biological weed control studies. WSSA Abstracts. 38:80.
54. Yandoc, C.B., Charudattan, R., and Shilling, D.G. 1999. Enhancement of efficacy of Bipolaris sacchari (E. Butler) Shoem., a bioherbicide agent of cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.], with adjuvants. WSSA Abstracts 39:72.
55. Zhang, W.M., Wolf, T.M., Bailey, K.L., Mortensen, K., and Boyetchko, S.M. 1998. Principles for selection of adjuvants used in bioherbicide formulations. WSSA Abstracts 38:44 [Abstr.].

Book Chapters:

1. Abbas, H.K., and Duke, S.O. 1997. Plant pathogens and their phytotoxins as herbicides. Pages 1-20 in: Toxins in Plant Disease Development and Evolving Biotechnology, Eds. R.K. Uphadhyay and K.G. Mukerji.
2. Abbas, H.K., Duke, S.O., Shier, W.T., Riley, R.T. and Kraus, G. 1996. The chemistry ... and fumonisins, pp. 293-308. B.R. Singh and A.T. Tu (eds.) Natural Toxins II, Plenum Press, NY.
3. Duke, S.O., Abbas, H.K., Amagasa, T., and Tanaka, T. 1996. Phytotoxins of microbial origin with the potential for use as herbicides. Pages 82-113 in Natural Products and their Potential in Agriculture, Critical Reviews in Applied Chemistry Series, Ed. L. Copping.
4. Fravel, D.R., Connick, W.J., Jr. and Lewis, J.R. 1998. Formulation of microorganisms to control plant diseases, in Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, Beneficial Microorganisms, Nematodes and Seed Treatments (Burges, H.D., Ed.), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 187-202.
5. Hoagland, R.E. 1999. Biochemical ... and microbes. pp. 107-125. IN H.G. Cutler and S.J. Cutler (Eds.) Biological Active Natural Products: Agrochemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
6. Hoagland, R.E. 1999. Allelochemical ... pathogens. IN F.A. Mascias, J.C.G. Galindo, ... H.G. Cutler (Eds.). Recent ... Allelopathy. Cadiz Press, Cadiz, Spain, In Press.
7. Hoagland, R.E., Zablotowicz, R.M. and Wagner, S.C. 1996. Effects of saponins on the ... bacteria, pp. 83-95. G.R. Waller and K. Yamasaki (eds.) Saponins ... Agriculture, Plenum Press, NY.
8. Isaacson, D.L. and Charudattan, R. 1999. Biological Approaches to Weed Management. Chapter 22, Pages 593-626 In: J.R. Ruberson, ed. Handbook of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, New York.
9. Mc Guire, M.R., Connick, W.J., Jr. and Quimby, P.C., Jr. 1999. Formulation of microbial pesticides, in Controlled Release Pesticides (Scher, H.B., Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 173-193.
10. Mortensen, K. 1998. Biological Control of weeds using microorganisms. Pages 223-248 In: G.J. Boland, and L.D. Kuykendall (Eds.), Plant-Microbe Interactions and Biological Control. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York..
11. Rosskopf, E.N., Charudattan, R., and Kadir, J.B. 1999. Use of Plant Pathogens in Weed Control. Pages 891-918 In: T.W. Fisher, T.S. Bellows, L.E. Caltagirone, D.L. Dahlsten, C. Huffaker, G. Gordh, eds. Handbook of Biological Control. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
12. Weidemann, G.J., Boyette, C.D., and Templeton, G.E. 1995. Utilization criteria for mycoherbicides. Pages 238-251 in: Biorational Pest Control Agents: Formulation and Delivery. F.R. Hall and J.W. Barry, eds. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C.
13. Wolf, T.M., Downer, R.A., Hall, F.R., Wagner, O.B., and Kuhn, P. 1996. Effect of electrostatic charging on the dose transfer of water based pesticide mixtures. Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: 15th Vol., ASTM STP 1268, Herbert M. Collins, Franklin R. Hall, and Michael Hopkinson, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 4-16.

Conference Proceedings:

1. Abbas, H.K., Johnson, B.J. and Egley, G.H. 1996. Biological control of ... Alternaria helianthi. Second International Weed Control Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, Vol. IV, 1229-1234.

1. Abbas, H.K., Tanaka, T., Duke, S.O., and Stack, M.E. 1995. Plant growth inhibition by natural products isolated from Alternaria spp. Proc. 22nd Ann. Meeting Plant Growth Regulation Soc. of Am. pp. 115-119.

1. Bailey, K.L., Boyetchko, S.M., Mortensen, K., and Wolf, T. 1997. Biological Control of Weeds Using Plant Pathogens. Pages 205-210 in Proc. Soils & Crops Workshop ¡97, February 20-21, 1997. University of Saskatchewan.
2. Bailey, K.L. and Mortensen, K. 1996. Evaluation of a fungal pathogen for control of Canada thistle. Page 417 In: V.C. Moran and J.H. Hoffmann (eds.), Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Stellenbosch, South Africa, University of Cape Town, 19-26 January 1996.
3. Bailey, K.L. and Mortensen, K. 1997. Evaluation of a fungal pathogen for control of Canada thistle. Pages 181-183 in Expert Committee on Weeds, Proc. 1996 National Meeting, Victoria, B.C., December 9-12, 1996. B.C. Ministry of Forest, Victoria, B.C.
4. Birdsall, J.L., Quimby, P.C. Jr., and Rees, N.E. 1996. Biological control of range and crop weeds. Addendum In: Proc. Nevada Regional Alfalfa Symposium. Sparks, NV.
5. Boyetchko, S.M. 1996. Formulating bacteria for use as biological control agents. Pages 85-88 IN: Proc. 1996 National Meeting of Expert Committee on Weeds, Victoria, B.C., December 9-12, 1996.
6. Boyetchko, S.M. 1997. Efficacy of rhizobacteria as biological control agents of grassy weeds. Pages 460-465 In: Proc. Soils & Crops Workshop ¡97, Saskatoon, Sask.
7. Boyetchko, S.M., and Holmström-Ruddick, B. 1996. Efficacy of rhizobacteria as biological control agents of downy brome. Page 333 In: V.C. Moran and J.H. Hoffmann (eds.), Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Stellenbosch, South Africa, University of Cape Town, 19-26 January 1996.
8. Boyetchko, S.M., Wolf, T.M., Bailey, K.L., Mortensen, K. and Zhang, W.M. 1997. Survey and evaluation of fungal pathogens for biological control of grass weeds. Expert Committee on Weeds, November 29 - December 4, 1997, Charlottetown, P.E.I. [Abstr]
9. Boyette, C.D., Quimby, P.C., Jr., Connick, W.J., Jr., Zidack, N.K., and Bryson C.T. 1999. Biological control ... Colletotrichum truncatum. Tenth Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds. 10:64.
10. Bryson, C.T. and Sudbrink, D.L., Jr. 1999. Investigations for the biological control of cogongrass. X Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds 10:106.
11. Caesar, A.J., Spencer, N.R., and Quimby, P.C. Jr. 1996. Native pathogens and biological control: field applications of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp. on Euphorbia esula. Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, International Organization of Biological Control Conference, Montpellier, France.
12. Charudattan, R. 1996. Biological control of weeds: An international overview. Pages 270-282 in: V. SICONBIOL (Simpósio de Controle Biológico), June 9-14,1996, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil.
13. Charudattan, R. 1996. Recent developments in the field of microbial herbicides. Pages 63-84 in: Biopesticides in Crop Protection. '96 Agricultural Biotechnology Symposium, Aug. 22, 1996, The Research Center for New Bio-Materials in Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.
14. Charudattan, R. 1998. Experience on water hyacinth control in USA. Pages 47-51. Anonymous eds., in: Reunion Regional Sobre Control Integrado del Lirio Acuatico. Instituto Mexicano de Technologia del Agua, Cuernavaca, Mexico. Nov. 24-28, 1997. Organizacion de la Alimentacion y la Agricultura de las Naciones Unidas, FAO, Roma.
15. Charudattan, R. and DeValerio, J.T. 1996. Biological control of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum, using plant pathogens. Pages 73-78 in Anon. Ed., Tropical Soda Apple Symposium Proceedings, Jan. 9-10, 1996, Bartow, FL. IFAS, Univ. Florida, Gainesville.
16. Connick, W.J., Jr., Boyette, C.D., Daigle, D.J., Williams, K.S., and Vinyard, B.T. 1995. Extending shelf life of granular bioherbicide formulations. Proc. Intern. Symp. Contr. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 22:99-100.
17. Hoagland, R.E. and Abbas, H.K. 1995. Phytotoxicity of Fusarium spp. and their natural products. Proc. 22nd Ann. Meet. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. of Am. pp. 115-119.
18. Jackson, M.A., Schisler, D.A., Cliquet, S., and Bothast, R.J. 1996. Submerged Culture Sporulation: Influence of Nutrition on Colletotrichum and Paecilomyces Spore Attributes. 6th International Fungal Spore Conference, Konstanz, Germany, Abstr. P.57.
19. Jackson, M.A., Schisler, D.A., and Bothast, R.J. 1995. Conidiation Environment Influences Fitness of the Potential Bioherbicide, Colletotrichum truncatum. Proc. 8th International Symp. Biological Control of Weeds, Canterbury, New Zealand. p.659-664.
20. Jackson, M.A., D.A. Schisler, C.D. Boyette, W.J. Connick, Jr. and N.K. Zidack. 1998. Improving Mycoherbicide Fitness using Nutrition Management during Production and Formulation. British Mycological Society Symposium "The Future of Fungi in the Control of Pests, Weeds and Diseases", Southampton, United Kingdom. P.37.
21. Mooney, H.D., Boyetchko, S.M., and Punja, Z.K. 1996. Development of application techniques for biological weed control using rhizobacteria. Pages 297-299 In: V.C. Moran and J.H. Hoffmann (eds.), Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Stellenbosch, South Africa, University of Cape Town, 19-26 January 1996.
22. Mortensen, K. 1996. Constraints in development and commercialization of a plant pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae in biological weed control Proc. II Int. Weed Contr. Congress Vol. 4: 1297-1300, 25-28 June, 1996, Copenhagen Denmark. H. Brown, G.W. Cussans, M.D. Devine, S.O. Duke, C. Fernandez-Quintanilla, A. Helweg, R.E. Labrada, M. Landes, P. Kudsk, and J.C. Streibig (eds.), Dept. Weed Control and Pesticide Ecology.
23. Mortensen, K. 1996. Surveying for pathogens as potential weed biocontrol agents. Pages 301-305 In: V.C. Moran and J.H. Hoffmann (eds.), Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Stellenbosch, South Africa, University of Cape Town, 19-26 January 1996.
24. Quimby, P.C., Jr., Birdsall, J.L., Caesar, A.J., McNeel, H., Rees, N.E., Sheley, R., and Spencer, N. 1996. Biological Control: The indispensable element in integrated management of leafy spurge. In: Proc. 3rd National Integrated Pest Management Symp. / Workshop. Washington, D.C. Feb. 27 - March 2.
25. Quimby, P.C., Jr., and Sheley, R.L. 1996. Symposium: Perspectives on management of exotic invasive weeds. Weed Sci. Soc. of Amer. 36th Annual Conf., Norfolk, VA, Feb. 3-9.
26. Quimby, P.C., Jr., Zidack, N.K., and Boyette, C.D. 1996. "Stabileze" process for microbials. Proc. of Can. Expert Committee on Weeds. Victoria, B.C. Dec. 1996.
27. Schisler, D.A., Jackson, M.A., McGuire, M.R., and Bothast, R.J. 1995. Use of Pregelatinized Starch and Casamino Acids to Improve the Efficacy of Colletotrichum truncatum Conidia Produced in Differing Nutritional Environments. Proc. 8th International Symp. Biological Control of Weeds, Canterbury, New Zealand. P.621-626
28. Young, J.A. and Birdsall, J.L. 1996. Ecology and control of whitetops. Pp. 20-24. In: Proc. North American Weed Mgt. Assoc. Ft. Collins, CO.

Journal Articles:

1. Abbas, H.K., and Barrentine, W.L. 1995. Alternaria helianthi and imazaquin for control of imazaquin-susceptible and resistant cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes. Weed Sci. 43:425-428.
2. Abbas, H.K., and Boyette, C.D. 1996. Control of morningglory species using Fusarium solani and its extracts. Int. J. Pest Manag. 42:235-239.
3. Abbas, H.K., Boyette, C.D., and Hoagland, R.E. 1995. Phytotoxicity of Fusarium, other fungal isolates, and of the phytotoxins fumonisin, fusaric acid, and moniliformin to jimsonweed. Phytoprotection 76:17-25.
4. Abbas, H.K., Bryson, C.T., and Heitholt, J.J. 1999. Edema on tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) and sticky nightshade (Solanum sisymbriifolium). J. Miss. Acad. Sci. 44:121-127.
5. Abbas, H.K., and Duke, S.O. 1995. Phytotoxins from plant pathogens as potential herbicides. J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 14: 523-543.
6. Abbas, H.K., Duke, S.O., Shier, W.T., Dadria, F.A., Woodward, R.P., and Mirocha, C. J. 1997. Comparison of ceramide synthase inhibitors with other phytotoxins produced by Fusarium species. J. Nat. Toxins 6:163-181.
7. Abbas, H.K., Egley, G.H., and Paul, R.N. 1995. Effect of conidia production temperature on germination and infectivity of Alternaria helianthi. Phytopathology 85:677-682.
8. Abbas, H.K., Pantone, D.J., and Paul, R.N. 1999. Characteristics of multiple-seeded ... common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.). Weed Technol. 12:257-263.
9. Abbas, H.K., and Paul, R.N. 1998. Ultrastructural effects of AAL-toxin from the fungus Alternaria alternata on black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) leaf discs and correlation with biochemical measures of phytotoxixcity. Toxicon 36:1821-1832.
10. Abbas, H.K., and Riley, R.T. 1996. The presence and phytotoxicity of fumonisins and AAL-toxin in Alternaria alternata. Toxicon 34:133-136.
11. Abbas, H.K., Smeda, R.J., Duke, S.O., and Shier, W.T. 1997. Fumonisin-plant interactions. Bull. Inst. Compr. Agr. Sci., Kinki Univ., 5:63-71.
12. Abbas, H.K., Tanaka, T., and Duke, S.O. 1995. Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium moniliforme and toxicity of AAL-toxin and fumonisin B-1 on tomato cultivars. J. Phytopathology 143:329-334.
13. Abbas, H.K., Tanaka, T., Duke, S.O., and Boyette, C.D. 1995. Susceptibility of various crop and weed species to AAL-toxin, a natural herbicide. Weed Technol. 9:125-130.
14. Abbas, H.K., Tanaka, T. and Shier, W.T. 1996. Biological activities of synthetic analogs of Alternaria alternata AAL-toxin and fumonisin ... cultures. Phytochemistry 40:1681-1689.
15. Badria, F.A., Abbas, H.K., and Shier, W.T. 1996. Chemical transformation of hydrolyzed fumonisin B2. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:1989-1992.
16. Bailey, B.A., Hebbar, K.P., Strem, M.D., Darlington, L.C., Connick, W.J., Jr., Daigle, D.J. and Lumsden, R.D. 1998. Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli for biocontrol of Erythroxylum coca var. coca. Weed Sci. 46:682-689.
17. Berner, D. K., N.W. Schaad, and B. Volksch. 1999. Selection of ethylene-producing bacteria for stimulation of Striga spp. seed germination. Biological Control. 15: 274-282.
18. Boyetchko, S.M. 1996. Impact of soil microbial agents on weed biology and ecology. Phytoprotection 77:41-56.
19. Boyetchko, S.M. 1997. Principles of biological weed control with microorganisms. HortScience 32:201-205.
20. Boyette, C.D., P.C. Quimby, Jr., Caesar, A.J., Birdsall, J.L., Connick, W.J. Jr., Daigle, D.J., Jackson, M.A., Egley, G.H., and Abbas, H.K. 1996. Adjuvants, formulations, and spraying systems for improvement of mycoherbicides. Weed Tech. 10:637-644.
21. Bryson, C.T. 1999. Potential for biological control of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica with Lepidopterous Larvae. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 39:37.
22. Caesar, A.J. 1996. Identification, pathogenicity, and comparative virulence of Fusarium spp. related to stand declines of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in the Northern Plains. Plant Dis. 80:1395-1398.
23. Chandramohan, S., Charudattan, R., Megh Singh, Sonoda, R.M. 2000. Biological herbicide to control grasses in citrus. Citrus and Vegetable Magazine. 64(7): 6-8.
24. Charudattan, R., Prange, V.J., and DeValerio, J.T.1996. Incorporation of "Bialaphos genes" into a pathogenic bacterium. Weed Technol. 10: 625-636.
25. Cisar, C.R. and D.O. TeBeest. 1999. Mating system of the filamentous ascomycete, Glomerella cingulata. Curr. Genet. 35: 127-133.
26. Connick, W.J., Jr., Daigle, D.J., Boyette, C.D., Williams, K.S. Vinyard, B.T. and Quimby, P.C., Jr. 1996. Water activity ... ("Pesta"). Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 6:277-284.
27. Connick, W.J., Jr., Daigle, D.J., Pepperman, A.B., Hebbar, K.P. Lumsden, R.D., Anderson, T.W. and Sands, D.C. 1998. Preparation of stable, granular formulations containing Fusarium oxysporum pathogenic to narcotic plants. Biol. Control. 13:79-84.
28. Connick, W.J., Jr., Daigle, D.J., Williams, K., Vinyard, B., Boyette, C.D., and Quimby, P.C. Jr. 1996. Shelf life of a bioherbicide product. Amer. Biotech. Lab. 14:34-35.
29. Connick, W.J., Jr., Ingber, B.F., Goynes, W.R., Daigle, D.J., Jackson, M.A. and Lewis, J.A. 1999. Microscopy as a research tool in the biocontrol of agricultural pests with fungal pathogens. Am. Lab. 31:13-15.
30. Connick, W.J., Jr., Jackson, M.A., Williams, K.S. and Boyette, C.D. 1996. Stability of microsclerotial inoculum ... granules. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14:34-35.
31. Daigle, D.J., Connick, W.J., Jr., Boyette, C.D., Jackson, M.A., and Dorner, J.W. 1998. Solid-state fermentation plus extrusion to make biopesticide granules. Biotechnol. Tech. 12:715-719.
32. Daigle, D.J. and Lumsden, R.D. 1998. Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli for biocontrol of Erythroxylum coca var. coca. Weed Sci. 46:682-689.
33. Derksen, D.A., Blackshaw, R.E., and Boyetchko, S.M. 1996. Sustainability, conservation tillage, and weeds in Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 76:651-659.
34. Epstein, A. H. and Hill, J.H.. 1995. The biology of rose rosette disease: a mite transmitted disease of uncertain aetiology. J. Phytopathology 143: 353 - 360.
35. Epstein, A.H., Hill, J.H. and Nutter, F.W. 1997. Augmentation of rose rosette disease for biocontrol of multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Weed Science 45: 172 - 178.
36. Hoagland, R.E. 1995. The mycoherbicide Alternaria cassiae infects and alters phenolic metabolism of Cassia alata seedlings. Phytoprotection 76:67-74.
37. Hoagland, R.E. 1995. Hydroponic seedling assay for the bioherbicides Colletotrichum truncatum and Alternaria cassiae. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 5:251-259.
38. Hoagland, R.E. 1996. Chemical interactions with bioherbicides to improve efficacy. Weed Technol. 10:651-674.
39. Hoagland, R.E. 1996. Herbicidal properties of the antibiotic monensin. J. Sci. Food Agric. 70:373-379.
40. Jackson, M.A., J.S. Frymier, B.J. Wilkinson, P. Zorner and S. Evans. 1998. Growth requirements for the production of stable cells of the bioherbicidal bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. J. Ind. Microbiol. 21:237-241.
41. Jackson, M.A., Schisler, D.A., Slininger, P.J., Boyette, C.D., Silman, R.W. and Bothast, R.J. 1996. Fermentation strategies for improving the fitness of a bioherbicide. Weed Technol. 10:645-650.
42. Jackson, M.A., Shasha, B.S., and Schisler, D.A. l996. Formulation of Colletotrichum truncatum microsclerotia for improved biocontrol of the weed hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata). Biol. Control 7:107-113.
43. Kadir, J.B. and Charudattan, R. 1999. Occurrence of Dactylaria higginsii on purple nutsedge in Florida. Plant Dis. 83:588.
44. Kadir, J.B. and Charudattan, R. 2000. Dactylaria higginsii, a fungal bioherbicide agent for purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Biol. Control. 17:113-124.
45. Kadir, J.B., Charudattan, R., and Berger, R.D. 2000. Effects of some epidemiological factors on levels of disease caused by Dactylaria higginsii on Cyperus rotundus. Weed Sci. 48: 61-68.
46. Kadir, J.B., Charudattan, R., Stall, W.M., and Bewick, T.A. 1999. Effect of Dactylaria higginsii on interference of Cyperus rotundus with L. esculentum. Weed Sci. 47:682-686.
47. Kadir, J.B., Charudattan, R., Stall, W.M., and Brecke, B.J. 2000. Field efficacy of Dactylaria higginsii as a bioherbicide for the control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Weed Technol. 14:1-6.
48. Kutcher, H.R., and Mortensen, K. 1999. Genotypic and pathogenic variation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 21: 37-41.
49. Luo, Y. and D.O. TeBeest. 1998. Effect of temperature and dew period on infection of northern jointvetch by wild-type and mutant strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. aeschynomene. Biol. Control 14: 1-6.
50. Luo, Y. and D.O. TeBeest. 1998. Behavior of a wild-type and two mutant strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. aeschynomene on northern jointvetch in the field. Plant Dis. 82: 374-379.
51. Martinez Jimenez, M., and Charudattan, R. 1998. Survey and evaluation of Mexican native fungi for biocontrol of waterhyacinth. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 36: 145-148.
52. Mortensen, K. and Makowski, R.M.D. 1997. Effects of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae on plant development and biomass of non-target field crops under controlled and field conditions. Weed Res. 37: 351-360.
53. Pitelli, R.A., Charudattan, R., and DeValerio, J.T. 1998. Effect of Alternaria cassiae, Pseudocercospora nigricans, and soybean (Glycine max) planting density on the biological control of sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia). Weed Technol. 12:37-40.
54. Quimby, P.C., Jr., Zidak, N., Boyette, C.D., and Grey, W. P. 1999. A simple method for stabilizing and granulating fungi. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 9: 5-8.
55. Rayachhetry, M.B., Blakeslee, G.M., and Charudattan, R.1996. Susceptibility of Melaleuca quinquenervia to Botryosphaeria ribis, a potential biological control agent. Plant Dis. 80:145-150.
56. Rosskopf, E.N., Charudattan, R., Shabana, Y.M., Benny, G.L. 2000. Phomopsis amaranthicola, a new species from Amaranthus sp. Mycologia 92: 114-122.
57. Schisler, D.A. and Jackson, M.A. 1996. Germination of Soil-incorporated Microsclerotia of Colletotrichum truncatum and Colonization of the Weed Sesbania exaltata. Can. J. Microbiol. 42: 1032- 1038.
58. Semer, C.R., IV and Charudattan, R. 1997. First report of Rhizoctonia solani causing a foliar leaf spot on Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius) in Florida. Plant Dis. 81:424.
59. Shabana, Y.M. and Charudattan, R.1996. Microorganisms associated with hydrilla in ponds and lakes in North Florida. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 34:60-68.
60. Shabana, Y.M. and Charudattan, R. 1997. Preparation and regeneration of mycelial protoplasts of Alternaria eichhorniae. Europ. J. Plant Pathol. 145:335-338.
61. Shabana, Y.M., Charudattan, R., DeValerio, J.T., and Elwakil, M.A. 1997. An evaluation of hydrophilic polymers for formulating the bioherbicide agents Alternaria cassiae and A. eichhorniae. Weed Technol. 11:212-220.
62. Smither-Kopperl, M.L., Charudattan, R., and Berger, R.D. 1998. Dispersal of spores of Fusarium culmorum in aquatic systems. Phytopathology 88: 382-388.
63. Smither-Kopperl, M.L., Charudattan, R., and Berger, R.D. 1999. Deposition and adhesion of spores of Fusarium culmorum on hydrilla. Can J. Plant Pathol. 21: 291-297.
64. Smither-Kopperl, M.L., Charudattan, R., and Berger, R.D. 1999. Plectosporium tabacinum, a pathogen of the invasive aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata in Florida. Plant Dis. 83:24-28.
65. Wilson, L.M., McCaffrey, J.P., Quimby, P.C. Jr., and Birdsall, J.L. 1997. Introduced hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.) in the western United States: An outlook for biological control with bibliography. Rangelands 19: 18-23.
66. Zidack, N.K., and Backman, P.A. 1996. Biological control of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) with the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Weed Sci. 44:645-649.

Theses/Dissertations:

1. Chandramohan, S. 1999.
2. Kadir, J.B. 1997.
3. Rosskopf, E.N. 1997. Evaluation of Phomopsis amaranthicola sp. nov. as a biological control agent for Amaranthus spp. Ph.D. dissertation., Univ. of FL, Gainesville, FL. 190 pp.
4. Tessmann, D.J. 1999.

Patents:

1. Yang, S-M, Dowler, W.M., Schaad, N.W. and Connick, W.J., JR. 1998. Combined carrier and weakly virulent or non-virulent plant pathogens to control weeds. U.S. Patent No. 5,795,845.
2. Boyette, C.D. and Mcalpine, J.R. 1996. Herbicidal control of sicklepod and coffee senna with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. U.S. Patent No. 5,279,773.
3. Chandramohan, S., and Charudattan, R. 2001. Use of pathogen mixtures in a "Multiple Pathogen Strategy" for bioherbicidal control of several weeds. U.S. Patent No. 6,265,347, July 24, 2001.
4. Charudattan, R., Y.M. Shabana, J.T. DeValerio, and E.N. Rosskopf. 1996. Phomopsis species fungus useful as a broad-spectrum bioherbicide to control several species of pigweeds. U.S. Patent No. 5,510,316. April 23, 1996.
5. Charudattan, R., Shabana, Y.M., DeValerio, J.T., and Rosskopf, E.N. 1996. Phomopsis species fungus useful as a broad-spectrum bioherbicide to control several species of pigweeds. U.S. Patent No. 5,510,316. April 23, 1996.
6. Kadir, J. and Charudattan, R. 1997. Control of Cyperus spp. with a fungal pathogen. U.S. Patent No. 5,698,491. December 16, 1997.
52. Quimby, P.C., Jr., Birdsall, J.L., Caesar, A.J., Zidack, N.K., Boyette, C.D., Connick, W.J., and Grey, W.E. 1996. Granulated formulation and method for stabilizing biocontrol agents. U.S. Patent Application No. 8,695,249.